`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 1 of 83 Page ID #: 133
`
`
`EXHIBIT 2
`
`EXHIBIT 2
`
`
`
`
`
`COMPLAINT-068
`
`COMPLAINT-068
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 2 of 83 Page ID #:134
`Case8=20-CV'°0490 ”meem 1'2 FiIIIIII1II1I|I1IIIIIIIIIIIIITIIIFIIIII|IIIIIIIIIIIlfFIIIIHIIIIIIII
`
`U5006977704B2
`
`US 6,977,704 B2
`(10) Patent N0.:
`(12) United States Patent
`
`Kataoka
`(45) Date of Patent:
`Dec. 20, 2005
`
`(54) LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY
`
`(75)
`
`Inventor:
`
`Shingo Kataoka, Kawasaki (JP)
`
`(73) Assignee: Fujitsu Display Technologies
`C0rp0rat10n, Kawasaki (JP)
`Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this
`.
`.
`patent ls extended or adjusted under 35
`U.S.C. 154(b) by 134 days.
`
`( * ) Notice:
`
`JP
`JP
`
`JP
`JP
`
`JP
`JP
`3111:
`JP
`
`8—292423
`9—269472
`
`10260427
`11—149093
`
`3:233:21
`2000—056305
`388883333;
`-
`2001_249340
`
`11/1996
`10/1997
`
`9/1998
`6/1999
`
`31333
`2/2000
`3/2000
`/2000
`9/2001
`
`(21) Appl. No.: 10/095,626
`
`(22)
`
`Filed:
`
`Mar. 12, 2002
`
`(65)
`
`Prior Publication Data
`US 2003/0048401 A1 Mar. 13, 2003
`
`(30)
`
`Foreign Application Priority Data
`
`Mar. 30, 2001
`
`(JP)
`
`....................................... 2001—098455
`
`Int. Cl.7 .............................................. G02F 1/1337
`(51)
`(52) US. Cl.
`........................................ 349/130; 349/136
`(58) Field of Search ................................. 349/130—136;
`428/11, 13
`
`(56)
`
`References Cited
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`.................... 349/88
`6,157,425 A * 12/2000 Kuo et al.
`6,437,845 B1 *
`8/2002 Yamada et al.
`.....
`349/129
`
`6,567,144 B1 *
`5/2003 Kim et al.
`..........
`349/128
`2001/0006410 A1 *
`7/2001 Yamada et al.
`............. 349/178
`
`FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`JP
`JP
`JP
`
`5—216014
`6—214218
`8—015707
`
`8/1993
`8/1994
`1/1996
`
`* cited by examiner
`
`Primary Examiner—Tarifur R. Chowdhury
`Assistant Examiner—Richard H Kim
`
`(74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm—Greer, Burns & Crain, Ltd.
`
`(57)
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`The invention relates to a liquid crystal display based on an
`MVA mode of multi-division alignment in which alignment
`states of liquid crystal molecules having a negative dielectric
`anisotropy are made different from each other, and provides
`a liquid crystal display in which a drop in transmittance is
`suppressed and response characteristics are improved. The
`liquid crystal display is constructed so as to include a pair of
`substrates having a predetermined cell gap and arranged
`opposite to each other, vertical alignment films formed
`between the pair of substrates, a liquid crystal layer sealed
`between the vertical alignment films and having a negative
`dielectric anisotropy, an alignment regulating structural
`member arranged on at least one of the pair of substrates, for
`regulating a total alignment direction of liquid crystal mol-
`ecules in the liquid crystal
`layer at a time of voltage
`application, and a cured material provided in the liquid
`crystal
`layer and including a liquid crystal skeleton for
`tilting the liquid crystal molecules.
`
`5 Claims, 52 Drawing Sheets
`
`UV IRRADIATION
`
`LIQUID CRYSTAL SKELETON
`
`ELECTRIC
`FIELD
`
`Warm RATE
`
`LIQUID CRYSTAL MOLECULE
`
`COMPLAINT-069
`
`COMPLAINT-069
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 3 of 83 Page ID #:135
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 3 of 83 Page ID #:135
`
`US. Patent
`
`Dec. 20, 2005
`
`Sheet 1 0f 52
`
`US 6,977,704 B2
`
`FIGJA
`
`fa—‘A—‘fi
`I UV IRRADIATION
`
`LIQUID CRYSTAL SKELETON
`
`ELECTRIC iFIELD
`
`ADSORPTION POWER
`
`ALIGNMENT REGULATING
`DIRECTION BY SIDE CHAIN
`
`
`ALIGNMENT
`REG ULATING
`
`DIRECTION BY
`ALIGNMENT
`ALIGNMENT FILM
`
`
`
`_ FILM
`
`VIII’IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIA SUBSTRATE
`
`COMPLAINT-070
`
`COMPLAINT-070
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 4 of 83 Page ID #:136
`f
`
`w.aSCU
`
`o.m
`
`2I
`
`zoEmoEEo2_meme2.memoO0‘fl2Em2m>oEs=%a0Emma
`Ce‘.
`€quEfszzzgéz.memoZauEé
`
`02:92BalmanOzm_$958888%0flmoz<m~555mmzonamm$ka..=xofimz_éoEo
`dmmmzon‘mm‘mbS‘
`
`
`55:28aSfimo2.loan2.memeP«33025$5.58Egon.$on2385
`0£93mm:4‘i‘W55:28
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`mozgfimfima292x:ozfimiz.20:32“.ozEEZzo_wmen5mno292x:-525$52.56Ego;205:2qu$385:to£5<:3u25:fignoE45255moms?to025:to02%lo02.5:nommmmimno2922:2285mwmozqmfiafix#522028359.9239Fzmzzgém0nowmamfim.95%;.no339602.10.53ozaa20220e2,2_29.25%29225t0floz<zo.mmmm&:mzorZuéoE20.8me205mg55%:10.:SEE222n0zoEfizNEo
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`pzwzzgé@BESS.
`
`
`52858mm”.858%:82186.;52858%;858qu858mg858%“.025809:052858%;
`a9,;,P6mano3Swuzgmofimm8U459
`
`
`
`
`
`DD
`
`mtwnH.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`._H5:“.0
`
`zoc<u<moE
`
`
`2“6mmaméw.$353.5
`
`1..529.6352955ac5:no
`
`
`
`
`
`62BB#.4mmpl,%7
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`COMPLAINT-071
`
`COMPLAINT-071
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 5 of 83 Page ID #:137
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 5 of 83 Page ID #:137
`
`US. Patent
`
`Dec. 20, 2005
`
`Sheet 3 0f 52
`
`US 6,977,704 B2
`
`FIG.3
`
`(ms)
`RESPONSESPEED
`
`
`O
`
`20
`
`40
`
`60
`
`80
`
`100
`
`TRANSMITTANCE(°/o)
`
`FIG.4
`
`
`
`(ms)
`RESPONSESPEED
`
`
`VOLTAGE (v)
`
`COMPLAINT-072
`
`COMPLAINT-072
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 6 of 83 Page ID #:138
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 6 of 83 Page ID #:138
`
`US. Patent
`
`Dec. 20, 2005
`
`Sheet 4 0f 52
`
`US 6,977,704 B2
`
`FIG.5
`
`
`
`TILTANGLEBpr(deg)
`
`FILM MATERIAL Y
`
`+ VERTICAL ALIGNMENT
`FILM MATERIAL x
`
`+ VERTICAL ALIGNMENT
`
`O
`
`I
`
`2
`
`3
`
`4
`
`5
`
`6
`
`7
`
`8
`
`VOLTAG E (V)
`
`COMPLAINT-073
`
`COMPLAINT-073
`
`
`
`a
`f07e
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 7 of 83 Page ID #:139
`t
`._H2
`4O
`O
`d
`g
`
`8Pw.aSCU
`
`_t
`
`Cea
`ma«6OE
`
`3S8U
`
`92BB#.4mme77w9P6,
`
`2O5QfO0fl5ma
`
`m%-
`
`e......
`
`Pllllll
`
`O.tVn
`
`mm.m0,w2
`
`1m
`
`9mw
`
`om|IIDD‘
`
`COMPLAINT-074
`
`COMPLAINT-074
`
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 8 of 83 Page ID #:140
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 8 of 83 Page ID #:140
`
`US. Patent
`
`Dec. 20, 2005
`
`Sheet 6 0f 52
`
`US 6,977,704 B2
`
`FIG]
`
`COMPLAINT-075
`
`COMPLAINT-075
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 9 of 83 Page ID #:141
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 9 of 83 Page ID #:141
`
`US. Patent
`
`Dec. 20, 2005
`
`Sheet 7 0f 52
`
`US 6,977,704 B2
`
`
`
`COMPLAINT-076
`
`COMPLAINT-076
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 10 of 83 Page ID #:142
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 10 of 83 Page ID #:142
`
`US. Patent
`
`Dec. 20, 2005
`
`Sheet 8 0f 52
`
`US 6,977,704 B2
`
`FIGJOA
`8..
`
`FIGJOC
`8.
`
`
`
`COMPLAINT-077
`
`COMPLAINT-077
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 11 of 83 Page ID #:143
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 11 of 83 Page ID #:143
`
`US. Patent
`
`Dec. 20, 2005
`
`Sheet 9 0f 52
`
`US 6,977,704 B2
`
`FIGJZA
`
`FIGJZC
`
`2;; 5S:
`100000
`09M
`E E3
`
`FIGJZB
`9
`9
`
`FIGJZD
`
`9
`
`9 F
`
`IGJBA
`
`FIG.13C
`
`1152223 123;:
`«00000 oow
`
`2
`
`2
`
`FIGJBB
`5
`
`FIG.13D
`
`5
`
`COMPLAINT-078
`
`COMPLAINT-078
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 12 of 83 Page ID #:144
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 12 of 83 Page ID #:144
`
`US. Patent
`
`Dec. 20, 2005
`
`Sheet 10 0f 52
`
`US 6,977,704 B2
`
`FIG.14A
`
`FIG.14B
`
`\ fl/fl
`
`
`
`
`COMPLAINT-079
`
`COMPLAINT-079
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 13 of 83 Page ID #:145
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 13 of 83 Page ID #:145
`
`US. Patent
`
`Dec. 20, 2005
`
`Sheet 11 0f 52
`
`US 6,977,704 B2
`
`__ AMOUNT OF MONOMER
`ADDITION 2.5wt%
`CONVENTIONAL
`
`,1
`
`,
`
`,
`
`,I
`
`~-
`
`‘~ ..
`
`__ ‘
`
`I
`
`_____
`
`. ______________
`
`
`
`600
`
`”g 500
`E
`2 400
`I:
`LU 300
`(I)
`E5)
`CL 200
`
`100
`
`8m
`
`0
`
`
`
`
`0%
`
`20%
`
`40%
`
`60%
`
`80%
`
`100%
`
`TRANSMITTANCE (a.u.)
`
`COMPLAINT-0 80
`
`COMPLAINT-080
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 14 of 83 Page ID #:146
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 14 of 83 Page ID #:146
`
`US. Patent
`
`Dec. 20, 2005
`
`Sheet 12 0f 52
`
`US 6,977,704 B2
`
`g 250
`g 200
`P—
`
`Lu 150
`(/3
`
` 300
`
`Z 9
`
`3 100 ‘
`$
`7
`o:
`
`50
`
`0
`
`0%
`
`20%
`
`40%
`
`60%
`
`80%
`
`100%
`
`TRANSMITTANCE (a.u.)
`
`COMPLAINT-0 81
`
`COMPLAINT-081
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 15 of 83 Page ID #:147
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 15 of 83 Page ID #:147
`
`US. Patent
`
`Dec. 20, 2005
`
`Sheet 13 0f 52
`
`US 6,977,704 B2
`
`v
`
`m
`
`V
`
`CD
`‘_
`'
`0
`
`LL.
`
`<1-
`'—
`
`m
`
`COMPLAINT-0 82
`
`COMPLAINT-082
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 16 of 83 Page ID #:148
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 16 of 83 Page ID #:148
`
`US. Patent
`
`Dec. 20, 2005
`
`Sheet 14 0f 52
`
`US 6,977,704 B2
`
`FIGZOA
`
`M
`
`mm l H 181W”
`
`mm 0000“”
`
`FIG.20D MC???
`
`15
`
`14
`
`15
`
`COMPLAINT-0 83
`
`COMPLAINT-083
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 17 of 83 Page ID #:149
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 17 of 83 Page ID #:149
`
`US. Patent
`
`Dec. 20, 2005
`
`Sheet 15 0f 52
`
`US 6,977,704 B2
`
`FIG.21
`
`
`
`COMPLAINT-0 84
`
`COMPLAINT-084
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 18 of 83 Page ID #:150
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 18 of 83 Page ID #:150
`
`US. Patent
`
`Dec. 20, 2005
`
`Sheet 16 0f 52
`
`US 6,977,704 132
`
`FIG .22
`
`
`
`
`Boon.188a
`\000§100004.p
`
`
`FIG.23
`
`COMPLAINT-085
`
`COMPLAINT-085
`
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 19 of 83 Page ID #:151
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 19 of 83 Page ID #:151
`
`US. Patent
`
`Dec. 20, 2005
`
`Sheet 17 0f 52
`
`US 6,977,704 B2
`
`
`
`FIG.25
`
`
`
`COMPLAINT-0 86
`
`COMPLAINT-086
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 20 of 83 Page ID #:152
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 20 of 83 Page ID #:152
`
`US. Patent
`
`Dec. 20, 2005
`
`Sheet 18 0f 52
`
`US 6,977,704 B2
`
`
`
`
`
`0.000
`
`10.000 20.000 30.000 40.000 50.000 60.000 70.00am)
`
`COMPLAINT-0 87
`
`COMPLAINT-087
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 21 of 83 Page ID #:153
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 21 of 83 Page ID #:153
`
`US. Patent
`
`Dec. 20, 2005
`
`Sheet 19 0f 52
`
`US 6,977,704 B2
`
`
`
`12
`
`0.000
`
`10.000K
`
`20.000 30.000 40.000 50.000 60.000 70.000(,um)
`
`16
`
`................................................
`
`
`1 .000
`
`0.000
`
`10.000 20.000 30.000 40.000 50.000 60.00070.000(pm)
`
`COMPLAINT-088
`
`COMPLAINT-088
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 22 of 83 Page ID #:154
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 22 of 83 Page ID #:154
`
`US. Patent
`
`Dec. 20, 2005
`
`Sheet 20 0f 52
`
`US 6,977,704 B2
`
`(#m)
`
`F IG.30
`
`8
`
`1
`
`4,000
`
`
`.
`.
`.
`: ——_...
`
`. \—
`j
`.
`aooo --------. ------- .--------------------- h’
`
`11
`
`---------
`
`-
`
`5
`
`
` 12
`
`2000
`
`1 .000
`
`0.000
`
`0.000
`
`10000160000 30.000 40.000 50.000 60.000 70.000(pm)
`
`2
`
`.
`4
`
`FIG.31
`
`
`
`COMPLAINT-0 89
`
`COMPLAINT-089
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 23 of 83 Page ID #:155
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 23 of 83 Page ID #:155
`
`US. Patent
`
`Dec. 20, 2005
`
`Sheet 21 0f 52
`
`US 6,977,704 B2
`
`
`
`
`0.000
`0.000
`
`I
`12
`10.000‘20000 30.000 40.000 50.000 60.000 70.000(pm)
`
`2
`
`8
`
`COMPLAINT-090
`
`COMPLAINT-090
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 24 of 83 Page ID #:156
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 24 of 83 Page ID #:156
`
`US. Patent
`
`Dec. 20, 2005
`
`Sheet 22 0f 52
`
`US 6,977,704 B2
`
`
`
`COMPLAINT-091
`
`COMPLAINT-091
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 25 of 83 Page ID #:157
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 25 of 83 Page ID #:157
`
`US. Patent
`
`Dec. 20, 2005
`
`Sheet 23 0f 52
`
`US 6,977,704 B2
`
`
`
`FIG.37
`
`10
`
`(\%%§ ? ¢%%/
`Y
`‘
`_
`Ids
`
`
`
`22
`
`‘
`
`‘
`7
`17 ”Jag
`
`12%
`
`2
`
`COMPLAINT-092
`
`COMPLAINT-092
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 26 of 83 Page ID #:158
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 26 of 83 Page ID #:158
`
`US. Patent
`
`Dec. 20, 2005
`
`Sheet 24 0f 52
`
`US 6,977,704 B2
`
`FIG.38A
`
`FIG.388
`
`
`
`
`COMPLAINT-093
`
`COMPLAINT-093
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 27 of 83 Page ID #:159
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 27 of 83 Page ID #:159
`
`US. Patent
`
`Dec. 20, 2005
`
`Sheet 25 0f 52
`
`US 6,977,704 B2
`
`FIG.39A
`
`
`
`
`COMPLAINT-094
`
`COMPLAINT-094
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 28 of 83 Page ID #:160
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 28 of 83 Page ID #:160
`
`US. Patent
`
`Dec. 20, 2005
`
`Sheet 26 0f 52
`
`US 6,977,704 B2
`
`FIG.4OA
`
`
`
`
`COMPLAINT-095
`
`COMPLAINT-095
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 29 of 83 Page ID #:161
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 29 of 83 Page ID #:161
`
`US. Patent
`
`Dec. 20, 2005
`
`Sheet 27 0f 52
`
`US 6,977,704 B2
`
`
`
`COMPLAINT-096
`
`COMPLAINT-096
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 30 of 83 Page ID #:162
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 30 of 83 Page ID #:162
`
`US. Patent
`
`Dec. 20, 2005
`
`Sheet 28 0f 52
`
`US 6,977,704 B2
`
`
`
`COMPLAINT-097
`
`COMPLAINT-097
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 31 of 83 Page ID #:163
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 31 of 83 Page ID #:163
`
`US. Patent
`
`Dec. 20, 2005
`
`Sheet 29 0f 52
`
`US 6,977,704 B2
`
`FIG.45A
`
`FIG.4SB
`
`'
`
`
`
`P
`oms -
`
`
`12ms
`
`FIG.45C
`
`FIG.45D
`
`FIG.45E
`
`FIG.45F
`
`COMPLAINT-098
`
`COMPLAINT-098
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 32 of 83 Page ID #:164
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 32 of 83 Page ID #:164
`
`US. Patent
`
`Dec. 20, 2005
`
`Sheet 30 0f 52
`
`US 6,977,704 B2
`
`FI'G.4BB
`-.0
`1:5]
`
`PROBLEM 3
`'3‘ ‘_‘_ Ff" .‘
`40ms gag 0.
`
`'
`
`'
`
`FIG.46A 1
`
`20ms
`
`
`
`
`FIG.46E
`
`FIG.46F
`
`FIG.46G
`
`FIG.46H
`
`COMPLAINT-099
`
`COMPLAINT-099
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 33 of 83 Page ID #:165
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 33 of 83 Page ID #:165
`
`US. Patent
`
`Dec. 20, 2005
`
`Sheet 31 0f 52
`
`US 6,977,704 B2
`
`FIG.47D
`
`FIG.47F
`
`FIG.47E
`
`COMPLAINT-100
`
`COMPLAINT-100
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 34 of 83 Page ID #:166
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 34 of 83 Page ID #:166
`
`U S Patent
`
`Dec. 20, 2005
`
`Sheet 32 0f 52
`
`US 6,977,704 132
`
`
`
`CD
`00
`V.
`
`9 L
`
`L
`
`<wvdE
`
`COMPLAINT-101
`
`COMPLAINT-101
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 35 of 83 Page ID #:167
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 35 of 83 Page ID #:167
`
`US. Patent
`
`Dec. 20, 2005
`
`Sheet 33 0f 52
`
`US 6,977,704 B2
`
`FIG.49A
`
`+ COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE "
`
`(ms)
`
`RESPONSESPEED
`
`o
`
`25
`
`so
`
`75
`
`100
`
`RELATIVE TRANSMITTANCE (0/6)
`
`FIG.4QB
`
`Ton(m_)
`
`RELATIVE
`COMPARATIVE
`TRANSMITI'ANCE (%) EXAMPLE
`
`—-5 260.961
`
`EXAMPLE
`224.045
`
`125 445
`
`118. 874
`
`22222
`
`
`
`
`
`
`COMPLAINT-102
`
`
`
`260 515
`
`229 929
`
`
`:_ 2222
`
`
`'
`
`222222
`
`COMPLAINT-102
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 36 of 83 Page ID #:168
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 36 of 83 Page ID #:168
`
`US. Patent
`
`Dec. 20, 2005
`
`Sheet 34 0f 52
`
`US 6,977,704 B2
`
`FIG.SOB
`
`FIG.50A
`
`COMPLAINT-103
`
`COMPLAINT-103
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 37 of 83 Page ID #:169
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 37 of 83 Page ID #:169
`
`US. Patent
`
`Dec. 20, 2005
`
`Sheet 35 0f 52
`
`US 6,977,704 B2
`
`FIG.51B
`
`FIG.51A
`
`COMPLAINT-104
`
`COMPLAINT-104
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 38 of 83 Page ID #:170
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 38 of 83 Page ID #:170
`
`US. Patent
`
`Dec. 20, 2005
`
`Sheet 36 0f 52
`
`US 6,977,704 B2
`
`FIG.528
`
`FIG.52A
`
`COMPLAINT-105
`
`COMPLAINT-105
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 39 of 83 Page ID #:171
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 39 of 83 Page ID #:171
`
`US. Patent
`
`Dec. 20, 2005
`
`Sheet 37 0f 52
`
`US 6,977,704 B2
`
`UV LIGHT
`
`lllliil
`
`FIG.53
`
`COMPLAINT-106
`
`COMPLAINT-106
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 40 of 83 Page ID #:172
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 40 Of 83 Page ID #:172
`
`US. Patent
`
`Dec. 20, 2005
`
`Sheet 38 0f 52
`
`US 6,977,704 B2
`
`RESPONSE Ton
`
`’g 200
`E
`+— 150
`‘
`a
`E 100 ‘
`U)
`
`50
`
`%z
`
`0C
`
`L
`U)
`
`L“
`Q:
`
`0
`
`g 50
`
`If
`
`40
`
`E TRANSMITTANCE 25%
`5
`(STANDARD OF EVALUATION CELL)
`l
`
`
`
`0
`
`20
`
`40
`
`60
`
`80
`
`100
`
`ATTAINED TRANSMITrANCE (°/o)
`
`RESPONSE Toff
`
`I
`
`Q 30
`
`0.
`
`m 20
`Lu
`(J)
`E 10
`O.
`V)
`g
`
`0
`
`o
`
`20
`
`40
`
`60
`
`80
`
`100
`
`START TRANSMITTANCE (%)
`
`COMPLAINT-107
`
`COMPLAINT-107
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 41 of 83 Page ID #:173
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 41 of 83 Page ID #:173
`
`US. Patent
`
`Dec. 20, 2005
`
`Sheet 39 0f 52
`
`US 6,977,704 B2
`
`FIG.57
`
`—-—I—CELL THICKNESS=4 1.1m -.
`.
`- -------------------------------------------- 1"‘r"
`.
`.
`.
`.
`7
`-
`n
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`
`Ton(ms)
`RESPONSESPEED
`
`
`ATTAIN ED TRANSMITFANCE (0/0)
`
`FIG.58
`
`
` CONTRAST
`RATIO
`
`::::I
`:7-:;:
`._“::1:
`
`
`7i
`*
`i
`? _-_ . fij"
`
`.
`-—-O—CELL THICKNESS=ZOym
`
`‘- +CELL THICKNESS=40pm
`
`o
`
`0.5
`
`1
`
`1.5
`
`2
`
`2.5
`
`HEIGHT OF BANK (,um)
`
`COMPLAINT-108
`
`COMPLAINT-108
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 42 of 83 Page ID #:174
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 42 of 83 Page ID #:174
`
`US. Patent
`
`Dec. 20, 2005
`
`Sheet 40 0f 52
`
`US 6,977,704 B2
`
`FIG.59
`
`200
`
`E
`8 150
`F.
`
`.
`‘
`
`_
`
`_-
`
`—x— GAP WIDTH=10;1m
`—o—GAP WIDTH=15,um ;
`—+— GAP WIDTH=20,um 7
`—I— GAP WIDTH=25,um j
`.
`
`ATTAINED TRANSMITTANCE (9/0)
`
`COMPLAINT-109
`
`Z 0C
`
`L
`U3
`LL]
`
`100 "
`
`.
`
`_
`
`50
`
`0
`
`C)
`LlJ
`53
`
`Lu
`(0
`Z
`EB
`w
`LLJ
`0:
`
`E
`‘g
`+-
`Q
`LLJLJ’
`Q.
`U)
`
`LLJ
`(/3
`
`
`0:
`
`COMPLAINT-109
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 43 of 83 Page ID #:175
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 43 of 83 Page ID #:175
`
`US. Patent
`
`Dec. 20, 2005
`
`Sheet 41 0f 52
`
`US 6,977,704 B2
`
`FIG.61
`
`—-N-— GAP WIDTH=10pm
`'3 —O— GAP WIDTH=15pm
`; —*—-GAP WIDTH=20pm :
`: + GAP WIDTH=25 ,um
`
`;
`
`;
`
`‘
`
`RESPONSESPEEDTon(ms)
`
`
`
`
`
`(%)
`
`
`PANEL
`
`TRANSMlTTANCE[5vAPPLIEDVOLTAGE]
`
`0
`
`5
`
`10
`
`15
`
`20
`
`BANK WIDTH (pm)
`
`COMPLAINT-1 10
`
`COMPLAINT-110
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 44 of 83 Page ID #:176
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 44 of 83 Page ID #:176
`
`US. Patent
`
`Dec. 20, 2005
`
`Sheet 42 0f 52
`
`US 6,977,704 B2
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`FIG.63
`
`
`
`HALFTONELEVELAFTERSWlTCHING
`
`
`
`
`
`OOOOOOOOOO
`OUOONLDLOVmNs—
`
`(3W) EWIL ESNOdSBH
`
`COMPLAINT-1 1 1
`
`COMPLAINT-111
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 45 of 83 Page ID #:177
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 45 of 83 Page ID #:177
`
`US. Patent
`
`Dec. 20, 2005
`
`Sheet 43 0f 52
`
`US 6,977,704 B2
`
`
`
`
`
`120
`
`100
`
`80
`
`60
`
`40
`
`20
`
`0
`
`3:
`
`8F
`
`I O 3
`
`0L
`
`u 5
`
`Ez
`
`(g
`
`Ew
`
`O 5
`
`Z< Z
`
`g
`...J
`
`0
`
`1
`
`2
`APPUED VOLTAGE(V)
`
`COMPLAINT-1 12
`
`COMPLAINT-112
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 46 of 83 Page ID #:178
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 46 of 83 Page ID #:178
`
`US. Patent
`
`Dec. 20, 2005
`
`Sheet 44 0f 52
`
`US 6,977,704 B2
`
`SWITCHING
`
`FIG.65
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`HALFTONELEVELAFTER
`
`(SW) EWIL ESNOdSEH
`
`COMPLAINT-1 13
`
`COMPLAINT-113
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 47 of 83 Page ID #:179
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 47 of 83 Page ID #:179
`
`US. Patent
`
`Dec. 20, 2005
`
`Sheet 45 0f 52
`
`US 6,977,704 B2
`
`-20
`
`~10
`
`‘102030
`
`
`
`
`0 PARAMETERVARIATION(°o)
`
`FIG.66
`
`COMPLAINT-1 14
`
`‘ O
`‘E’
`
`O
`‘?
`
`5
`N
`
`O
`
`25
`
`0L
`
`D
`
`(%)1V NOIiVIHVA 3WLL BSNOdSEH ELLViS NO
`
`COMPLAINT-114
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 48 of 83 Page ID #:180
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 48 of 83 Page ID #:180
`
`US. Patent
`
`Dec. 20, 2005
`
`Sheet 46 0f 52
`
`US 6,977,704 B2
`
`DCRYSTAL1 DCRYSTAL2 DCRYSTALB DCRYSTAL4 DCRYSTALS
`
`
`
`80100
`
`60
`
`4O
`
`20
`
`(sw)3wu BSNOdSEItl
`
`FIG.67
`
`
`
`
`
`TRANSMITTANCEAFTERSWITCHING
`
`COMPLAINT-1 15
`
`COMPLAINT-115
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 49 of 83 Page ID #:181
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 49 of 83 Page ID #:181
`
`US. Patent
`
`Dec. 20, 2005
`
`Sheet 47 0f 52
`
`US 6,977,704 B2
`
`FIG.68
`
`
`
`
`
`COMPLAINT-1 16
`
`COMPLAINT-116
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 50 of 83 Page ID #:182
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 50 of 83 Page ID #:182
`
`US. Patent
`
`Dec. 20, 2005
`
`Sheet 48 0f 52
`
`US 6,977,704 B2
`
`é—io02030
`
`FIG.70
`
`
`
`
`
`PARAMETERVARIATION(%)
`
`—20
`
`O T
`
`ia
`
`0
`L?
`
`
`
`C
`L0
`
`1-D
`N
`
`(%) .w NOILVIHVA 31/01 HSNOdsaa was NO
`
`COMPLAINT-1 17
`
`COMPLAINT-117
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 51 of 83 Page ID #:183
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 51 of 83 Page ID #:183
`
`US. Patent
`
`Dec. 20, 2005
`
`Sheet 49 0f 52
`
`US 6,977,704 B2
`
`FIG.71
`
`
`
`COMPLAINT-1 18
`
`COMPLAINT-118
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 52 of 83 Page ID #:184
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 52 of 83 Page ID #:184
`
`US. Patent
`
`Dec. 20, 2005
`
`Sheet 50 0f 52
`
`US 6,977,704 B2
`
`130
`pg 0 %%
`
`FIG.73A
`
`/“4
`
`éf:v120
`0
`o
`000
`000
`122
`Qti!!§::.
`-:::!Iiéj7
`-__“8
`
`
`
`FIG.73B
`
`130
`
`/“4
`
`‘
`
`‘1
`2
`
`116
`
`20
`
`x 0 My” ° “00% 0 fl 1“:
`
`
`
`126
`
`128
`
`
`
`130FIG.73C /“4
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`125
`
`128
`
`COMPLAINT-1 19
`
`COMPLAINT-119
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 53 of 83 Page ID #:185
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 53 of 83 Page ID #:185
`
`US. Patent
`
`Dec. 20, 2005
`
`Sheet 51 0f 52
`
`US 6,977,704 B2
`
`
`
`COMPLAINT-120
`
`COMPLAINT-120
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 54 of 83 Page ID #:186
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 54 of 83 Page ID #:186
`
`US. Patent
`
`Dec. 20, 2005
`
`Sheet 52 0f 52
`
`US 6,977,704 132
`
`7
`
`142
`
`U
`
`
`140aaaaUy——--<§-—-<4Zfl,%—-
`gene-«eu-
`
`U
`'fi“%-%-§§§U‘Wig
`
`
`FIG75
`
`_%1/ C3
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`COMPLAINT-121
`
`COMPLAINT-121
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 55 of 83 Page ID #:187
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 55 of 83 Page ID #:187
`
`US 6,977,704 B2
`
`1
`LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY
`
`BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
`
`1. Field of the Invention
`
`The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display
`(LCD), and particularly to a liquid crystal display based on
`an MVA (Multi-domain Vertical Alignment) mode of multi-
`division alignment
`in which alignment states of liquid
`crystal molecules having a negative dielectric anisotropy are
`made different from each other.
`
`2. Description of the Related Art
`An LCD is regarded as the most promising substitute for
`a CRT among various flat panel displays. It is expected that
`the LCD has an extended market by being applied to not
`only a display monitor of a PC (Personal Computer), a word
`processor, or an OA equipment, but also a display portion of
`a consumer (household electric) appliance such as a large
`screen television or a portable small-sized television.
`A display operation mode of the LCD, which is most
`frequently used at present, is a normally-white mode using
`a TN (Twisted Nematic) liquid crystal. This LCD includes
`electrodes respectively formed on opposite surfaces of two
`glass substrates arranged opposite to each other, and hori-
`zontal alignment films formed on both the electrodes. The
`two horizontal alignment films are subjected to an alignment
`processing by rubbing or the like in the directions perpen-
`dicular to each other. Besides, polarizing plates having
`polarization axes adjusted to be parallel
`to the rubbing
`directions of the alignment films of the inner surfaces of the
`substrates are respectively arranged at the respective outer
`surfaces of the substrates.
`
`When a nematic liquid crystal having a positive dielectric
`anisotropy is sealed between the substrates, liquid crystal
`molecules in contact with the alignment film are aligned in
`the rubbing direction. That is, the alignment directions of the
`liquid crystal molecules being in contact with the two
`alignment films cross at right angles. At the same time as
`that, the liquid crystal molecules between both the substrates
`are lined up in the direction vertical to the substrate surface
`while the alignment direction is successively rotated in a
`plane parallel to the substrate surface, and the liquid crystal
`is twisted with a twist angle of 90° between the substrates
`and is lined up.
`If light is made incident on one of the substrate surfaces
`of the TN type LCD of the above construction, when linearly
`polarized light having passed through the polarizing plate at
`the side of the one substrate passes through the liquid crystal
`layer, the polarization orientation rotates in an arc of 90°
`along the twist of the liquid crystal molecules, and the light
`passes through the polarizing plate at the side of the other
`substrate having the polarization axis orthogonal
`to the
`polarizing plate at the side of the one substrate. By this, a
`bright state display can be obtained at the time of no voltage
`application (normally-white mode).
`When a voltage is applied between the opposite
`electrodes, since major axes of the nematic liquid crystal
`molecules having the positive dielectric anisotropy are
`aligned perpendicularly to the substrate surface, the twist
`disappears. The liquid crystal molecules do not have bire-
`fringence (refractive index anisotropy) relative to the lin-
`early polarized light incident on the liquid crystal layer of
`this state. Accordingly, since the incident light does not
`change its polarization direction, it can not pass through the
`other polarizing plate. By this, a dark state display is
`
`10
`
`15
`
`20
`
`25
`
`30
`
`35
`
`40
`
`45
`
`50
`
`55
`
`60
`
`65
`
`2
`obtained at the time of predetermined maximum voltage
`application. When the state is again made the no voltage
`application state, it is possible to return the display to the
`bright state display by alignment regulating force. Besides,
`a gradation display becomes possible by changing the
`applied voltage to control
`the tilt of the liquid crystal
`molecule and to change the intensity of transmitted light
`from the other polarizing plate.
`An active matrix TN type TFT-LCD in which a TFT (Thin
`Film Transistor) is provided in each pixel as a switching
`element for controlling an applied voltage between opposite
`electrodes for each pixel is widely used for a PC display
`monitor, a portable television or the like since it is thin and
`lightweight, and a large screen and high quality can be
`obtained. A manufacturing technique of the TN type TFT-
`LCD is remarkably advanced in recent years, and the
`contrast, color reproduction property and the like when
`looking at the screen front ways are superior to a CRT.
`However, the TN type TFT-LCD has a fatal defect that a
`viewing angle is narrow. Especially, the viewing angle in the
`vertical direction is narrow in panel observation directions.
`The luminance of a dark state increases in one direction and
`
`an image becomes whitish, and a dark display is obtained as
`a whole in the other direction, and a luminance inversion
`phenomenon of an image occurs at a halftone. This is the
`biggest defect of the TN type LCD.
`As an LCD which has solved the problem of the viewing
`angle characteristics of the TN type LCD,
`there is an
`MVA-LCD disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 2947350. An
`example of the construction of the MVA-LCD will be
`described. First, electrodes are respectively formed at the
`sides of opposite surfaces of two substrates having a pre-
`determined gap and arranged opposite to each other. Vertical
`alignment films are formed on both the electrodes, and a
`liquid crystal having a negative dielectric anisotropy is
`sealed between the two vertical alignment films. Aplurality
`of linear projections made of insulators are periodically
`formed between the electrodes and the vertical alignment
`films of both the substrates. The linear projections opposite
`to each other between the two substrates are arranged while
`they are shifted by a half pitch from each other when viewed
`from the substrate surface. The linear projections are used
`for alignment control to divide the liquid crystal in a pixel
`region into plural alignment orientations. Incidentally, even
`if slit portions are provided on the electrodes instead of the
`linear projections, the alignment division can be controlled.
`Two polarizing plates having polarization axes orthogonal
`to each other are provided at the outer surfaces of the two
`substrates. The attachment directions of the polarizing plates
`are adjusted so that the orientations of the major axes of the
`liquid crystal molecules tilted on the substrate display sur-
`faces at the time of voltage application become approxi-
`mately 45° with respect
`to the polarization axes of the
`polarizing plates when viewed from the substrate surface.
`When a nematic liquid crystal having a negative dielectric
`anisotropy is sealed between the substrates, the major axes
`of the liquid crystal molecules are aligned in the vertical
`direction with respect to the film surface of the vertical
`orientation film. Thus, the liquid crystal molecules on the
`substrate surface are aligned vertically to the substrate
`surface, and the liquid crystal molecules on the tilted sur-
`faces of the linear projections are aligned obliquely to the
`substrate surface.
`
`is made incident on one of the substrate
`When light
`surfaces in the state where a voltage is not applied between
`both the electrodes of the MVA-LCD of the above
`
`COMPLAINT-122
`
`COMPLAINT-122
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 56 of 83 Page ID #:188
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1—2 Filed 03/10/20 Page 56 of 83 Page ID #:188
`
`US 6,977,704 B2
`
`3
`the linearly polarized light having passed
`construction,
`through the one polarizing plate and incident on the liquid
`crystal layer travels in the directions of the major axes of the
`vertically aligned liquid crystal molecules. Since birefrin-
`gence does not occur in the directions of the major axes of
`the liquid crystal molecules, the incident light travels with-
`out changing the polarization orientation, and is absorbed by
`the other polarizing plate having the polarization axis
`orthogonal to that of the one polarizing plate. By this, a dark
`state display is obtained at the time of no voltage application
`(normally-black mode).
`When a voltage is applied between the opposite
`electrodes, the major axes of the liquid crystal molecules are
`aligned parallel to the substrate surface while the alignment
`orientations of the liquid crystal molecules on the substrate
`surface are regulated in accordance with the alignment
`orientations of the liquid crystal molecules tilted by the
`linear projections in advance.
`The liquid crystal molecule has birefringence relative to
`the linearly polarized light incident on the liquid crystal
`layer of this state, and the polarization state of the incident
`light is changed according to the tilt of the liquid crystal
`molecule. At the time of predetermined maximum voltage
`application, since the light passing through the liquid crystal
`layer becomes, for example, linearly polarized light in which
`the polarization orientation rotates in an arc of 90°, it passes
`through the other polarizing plate and a bright state display
`is obtained. When the state of no voltage application is again
`produced,
`the display can be returned to the dark state
`display by the alignment regulating force. Besides, a gra-
`dation display becomes possible by changing the applied
`voltage to control the tilt of the liquid crystal molecule and
`to change the intensity of transmitted light from the other
`polarizing plate.
`According to the active matrix MVA system TFT-LCD in
`which a TFT is formed in each pixel, since the alignment
`orientation of the liquid crystal in the pixel can be divided
`into plural ones, as compared with the TN type TFT-LCD,
`an extremely wide viewing angle and high contrast can be
`realized. Besides, since a rubbing processing is not required,
`the manufacturing process becomes easy and the manufac-
`turing yield can be improved.
`However, the conventional MVA system TFT-LCD can be
`improved in the response time of a display. That is, a high
`speed response can be made in the case where black is again
`displayed after a black display was changed to a white
`display. However, a response time when a halftone is
`displayed from another halftone is rather inferior to the TN
`type TFT-LCD.
`Besides, also with respect to the transmittance of light,
`although the conventional MVA system TFT-LCD is sub-
`stantially twice as excellent as a wide viewing angle LCD of
`an IPS (In-plane Switching) system of a horizontal electric
`field system, it is inferior to the TN type TFT-LCD.
`As stated above, although the MVA system TFT-LCD has
`solved the problem of the conventional LCD with respect to
`the viewing angle, contrast, and response time of black-
`white-black display, it does not exceed the conventional TN
`type LCD with respect to the response time at a halftone
`display and the transmitta