`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 1 of 68 Page ID #:546
`
`
`EXHIBIT 8
`
`EXHIBIT 8
`
`
`
`
`
`COMPLAINT-48 1
`
`COMPLAINT-481
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 2 of 68 Page ID #:547
`Case8=20-CV-00490 ”we“ 1'8 FllllllllllllllllfllIllll’lllll‘lllllIlllllllllllll’llllllllllfilll‘llllllll
`
`US008558959B2
`
`(12) United States Patent
`US 8,558,959 B2
`(10) Patent No.:
`Inoue et al.
`(45) Date of Patent:
`*Oct. 15, 2013
`
`(54) LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY DEVICE AND
`METHOD OF FABRICATING THE SAME
`
`(52) US. Cl.
`USPC .............................. 349/39; 349/129; 349/130
`
`(75)
`
`Inventors: Hiroyasu Inoue, Kawasaki (JP);
`Kenichi Nagaoka, Kawasaki (JP); Yuji
`Nakahata, Kawasaki (JP); Yoji
`Taniguchi, Kawasaki (JP); Tetsuya
`Fujikawa, Kawasaki (JP); Yohei
`Nakanishi, Kawasaki (JP); Kazutaka
`{KlanaOka’ Kawasakl (JP); Yulchl 1119““
`awasak1 (JP), Masakazu Shlbasakl,
`Kawasaki (JP)
`
`(73) Assignee: Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha, Osaka (JP)
`
`(58) Field Of Classification Search
`USPC
`.................................... 349/39, 1297130
`See appl1cat1on file for complete search h1story.
`References Cited
`
`(56)
`
`U-S- PATENT DOCUMENTS
`5,073,772 A
`12/1991 Takafuji et al.
`5,136,407 A
`8/1992 Clerc
`.
`(Contmued)
`
`( * ) Notice:
`
`Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this
`patent is extended or adjusted under 35
`USC 15403) by 0 days
`
`JP
`JP
`
`FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
`6-347795
`12/1994
`8-62606
`3/1996
`
`This patent is subject to a terminal dis-
`claimer.
`
`(Continued)
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`
`(21) APPI- N05 133/609-1486
`(22)
`Filed:
`Sep. 11 2012
`3
`(65)
`Prior Publication Data
`
`US 2013/0003001A1
`
`Jan. 3, 2013
`
`Related U-S- Application Data
`
`(60) Division of application No. 12/946,584, filed on Nov.
`15,
`.2010; HOW Pat. NO- 8384362: WhiCh is a
`cont1nuat1on 0f appl1cat1on NO- 12/191,017: filed 011
`Aug. 13, 2008, HOW Pat. NO- 7,956,969, Wthh IS a
`division of application No. 10/893,790, filed on Jul.
`16, 2004, now Pat. No. 7,450,206, which is a division
`of application No. 10/263,257, filed on Oct. 2, 2002,
`now
`Pat.
`No.
`6,778,229, Which
`is
`a
`continuation-in-part of application No. 10/ 107,989,
`filed on Mar. 27, 2002, now abandoned.
`_
`_
`_
`_
`_
`Foreign Application Priority Data
`
`(30)
`
`(JP) ................................. 2001-306906
`(JP) ................................. 2002-136128
`
`Oct. 2, 2001
`May 10, 2002
`(51)
`Int. Cl.
`G02F 1/1343
`G02F 1/1337
`
`(2006.01)
`(2006.01)
`
`Patent Office of JapaniNotice 0f Reasons for Rejection issued Mar.
`15, 2011, for Japanese Application No. 2008-041762, with English
`language translation.
`.
`(Contmued)
`
`.
`.
`Przmary Exammer 7 James Dudek
`(74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm 7 Greer Burns & Crain, Ltd.
`
`ABSTRACT
`(57)
`A liquid crystal display device including a pair of substrates,
`defined as a first substrate and a second substrate and a liquid
`crystal layer sandwiched between the pair of substrates. The
`device also includes a pixel electrode and an additional elec-
`trode formed on the first substrate, and a contact hole that is
`configured and arranged to connect the pixel electrode and the
`additional electrode. In certain embodiments, the contact hole
`is formed at a liQUid crystal domain boundary. In other
`embodiments, an additional contact hole is also provided
`between the pixel electrode and a second additional electrode,
`and in such embodiments the contact hole and the additional
`contact hole are formed within different
`liquid crystal
`domains. Further, in certain embodiments, the pixel electrode
`includes a plurality of pixel electrode slits arranged in a
`pattern to form a plurality of liquid crystal domains within
`eaCh Plxel-
`
`18 Claims, 43 Drawing Sheets
`
`LIQUID
`CRYSTAL
`
`PROTRUSION
`
`GLASS
`
`SUBSTRATE
`
`\I
`
`/
`
`// \ \ \
`
`GLASS
`
`SUBSTRATE
`PRUTRUSION
`
`ITOITO
`PROTRUSION
`
`COMPLAINT-4 82
`
`COMPLAINT-482
`
`
`
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 3 of 68 Page ID #:548
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 3 of 68 Page ID #:548
`
`US 8,558,959 B2
`
`Page 2
`
`(56)
`
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`6/2011 Inoue et a1.
`................... 349/129
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`................ 349/38
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`l2/2000 Mural et al.
`“2001 Morimoto et 31'
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`7/2001 Suzuki et al.
`9/2001 LY? et 31;
`9/2001 Mlymkl 6t al~
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`5/2002 Kubota et 3L
`6/2002 Suzuki et a1.
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`10/2002 Kim et al.
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`12/2003 Choi
`12/2003 Song et al.
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`7/2005 Ha
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`JP
`JP
`JP
`JP
`JP
`JP
`JP
`JP
`JP
`JP
`JP
`
`FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`10/1996
`8-278504
`9/1997
`9-244031 A
`4/1999
`ll-9522l
`4/1999
`ll-109393
`9/1999
`ll-249159
`3/2000
`2000-066213
`5/2000
`2000-137227
`5/2000
`2000-137238
`12/2000
`2000-347174
`4/2001
`2001—91974
`8/2001
`2001-235751
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`
`Patent Office ofJapaniJapanese Office Action issued Dec. 21, 2010,
`for Japanese Application No. 2008-041760, with English language
`translation.
`Patent Office ofJapaniJapanese Office Action issued Dec. 21,2010,
`for Japanese Application No. 2008-041762, with English language
`translation.
`Office Action issued by the United States Patent and Trademark
`Office for US. Appl. No. 10/893,790, dated Dec. 14, 2005.
`Amendment B, filed with the United States Patent and Trademark
`Office on Oct. 12, 2006, in response to an Office Action issued for
`U~S~APP1~ No, 10/893,790.
`Amendment C, filed with the United States Patent and Trademark
`Office on Apr. 4, 2007, in response to an Office Action issued for US.
`Appl. No. 10/893,790.
`Supplemental Amendment D, filed with the United States Patent and
`Trademark Office on Oct. 29, 2007, in response to an Office Action
`issued for US. Appl. No. 10/893,790.
`Amendment E, filed with the United States Patent and Trademark
`Office on Mar. 25, 2008, in response to an Office Action issued for
`US. App1~ No. 10/893,790.
`
`* cited by examiner
`
`COMPLAINT-4 83
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`COMPLAINT-483
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`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 4 of 68 Page ID #:549
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 4 of 68 Page ID #:549
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`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 15, 2013
`
`Sheet 1 of 43
`
`US 8,558,959 B2
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` DATABUSLINE
`
`
`
`COMMONELECTRODE
`
`COMPLAINT-4 84
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`COMPLAINT-484
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`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 6 of 68 Page ID #:551
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 6 of 68 Page ID #:551
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`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 15, 2013
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`Sheet 3 of 43
`
`US 8,558,959 B2
`
`Fig.3
`
`
`BREAKAGEOCCURSHERE
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`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 7 of 68 Page ID #:552
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 7 of 68 Page ID #:552
`
`U.S. Patent
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`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 8 of 68 Page ID #:553
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 8 of 68 Page ID #:553
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`US. Patent
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`Oct. 15, 2013
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`Sheet 5 of 43
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`US 8,558,959 B2
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`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 9 of 68 Page ID #:554
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 9 of 68 Page ID #:554
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`US. Patent
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`Oct. 15, 2013
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`Sheet 6 of 43
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`US 8,558,959 B2
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`
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`:1 IS HIGH RESISTANCE CONNECTION USING
`TFT OR THE LIKE
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`COMPLAINT-4 89
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`COMPLAINT-489
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`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 10 of 68 Page ID #:555
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1—8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 10 of 68 Page ID #:555
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`US. Patent
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`Oct. 15, 2013
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`Sheet 7 of 43
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`US 8,558,959 B2
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` ELECTRODE
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` GATEBUSLINE
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`COMPLAINT-490
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`COMPLAINT-490
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`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 11 of 68 Page ID #:556
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1—8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 11 of 68 Page ID #:556
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`US. Patent
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`Oct. 15, 2013
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`Sheet 8 of 43
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`US 8,558,959 B2
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`Fig.8
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`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 12 of 68 Page ID #:557
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1—8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 12 of 68 Page ID #:557
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`US. Patent
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`Oct. 15, 2013
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`US 8,558,959 B2
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`COMPLAINT-492
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`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 13 of 68 Page ID #:558
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1—8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 13 of 68 Page ID #:558
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`US. Patent
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`Oct. 15, 2013
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`Sheet 10 of 43
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`US 8,558,959 B2
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`Fig.10
`
`WHITE BRIGHTNESS
`
`[cd/
`BRIGHTNESS
`
`APPLIED VOLTAGE [V] DURING CURING
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`COMPLAINT-493
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`COMPLAINT-493
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`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 14 of 68 Page ID #:559
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1—8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 14 of 68 Page ID #:559
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`U.S. Patent
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`Oct. 15, 2013
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`Sheet 11 0f 43
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`US 8,558,959 B2
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`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 15 of 68 Page ID #:560
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1—8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 15 of 68 Page ID #:560
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`US. Patent
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`Oct. 15, 2013
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`Sheet 12 of 43
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`US 8,558,959 B2
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`COMPLAINT-495
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`COMPLAINT-495
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`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 16 of 68 Page ID #:561
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1—8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 16 of 68 Page ID #:561
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`US. Patent
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`Oct. 15, 2013
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`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 17 of 68 Page ID #:562
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1—8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 17 of 68 Page ID #:562
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`US. Patent
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`Oct. 15, 2013
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`US 8,558,959 B2
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`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 18 of 68 Page ID #:563
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1—8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 18 of 68 Page ID #:563
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`Oct. 15, 2013
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`US 8,558,959 B2
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`COMPLAINT-498
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`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 19 of 68 Page ID #:564
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1—8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 19 of 68 Page ID #:564
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`US 8,558,959 B2
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`COMPLAINT-499
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`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 20 of 68 Page ID #:565
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`US 8,558,959 B2
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`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 21 of 68 Page ID #:566
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`Oct. 15, 2013
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`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 22 of 68 Page ID #:567
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`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 23 of 68 Page ID #:568
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`Sheet 20 of 43
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`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 24 of 68 Page ID #:569
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`US. Patent
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`Oct. 15, 2013
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`Sheet 21 of 43
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`US 8,558,959 B2
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`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 25 of 68 Page ID #:570
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1—8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 25 of 68 Page ID #:570
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`US. Patent
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`Oct. 15, 2013
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`Sheet 22 of 43
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`US 8,558,959 B2
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`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 26 of 68 Page ID #:571
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1—8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 26 of 68 Page ID #:571
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`US. Patent
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`Oct. 15, 2013
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`Sheet 23 of 43
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`US 8,558,959 B2
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`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 27 of 68 Page ID #:572
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`US. Patent
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`Oct. 15, 2013
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`Sheet 24 of 43
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`US 8,558,959 B2
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`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 28 of 68 Page ID #:573
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1—8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 28 of 68 Page ID #:573
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`US. Patent
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`Oct. 15, 2013
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`Sheet 25 of 43
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`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 29 of 68 Page ID #:574
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1—8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 29 of 68 Page ID #:574
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`US. Patent
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`Oct. 15, 2013
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`Sheet 26 of 43
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`US 8,558,959 B2
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`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 30 of 68 Page ID #:575
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1—8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 30 of 68 Page ID #:575
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`US. Patent
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`Oct. 15, 2013
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`Sheet 27 of 43
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`US 8,558,959 B2
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`US. Patent
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`Oct. 15, 2013
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`Sheet 29 of 43
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`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 33 of 68 Page ID #:578
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`US. Patent
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`Oct. 15, 2013
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`Sheet 30 of 43
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`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 34 of 68 Page ID #:579
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`US. Patent
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`Oct. 15, 2013
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`Sheet 31 of 43
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`US 8,558,959 B2
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`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 35 of 68 Page ID #:580
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1—8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 35 of 68 Page ID #:580
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`Oct. 15, 2013
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`Sheet 32 of 43
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`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 36 of 68 Page ID #:581
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`US. Patent
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`Oct. 15, 2013
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`Sheet 33 of 43
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`US 8,558,959 B2
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`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 37 of 68 Page ID #:582
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1—8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 37 of 68 Page ID #:582
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`US. Patent
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`Oct. 15, 2013
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`Sheet 34 of 43
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`US 8,558,959 B2
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`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 38 of 68 Page ID #:583
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1—8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 38 of 68 Page ID #:583
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`US 8,558,959 B2
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`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 39 of 68 Page ID #:584
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1—8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 39 of 68 Page ID #:584
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`US. Patent
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`Oct. 15, 2013
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`Sheet 36 of 43
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`US 8,558,959 B2
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`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 40 of 68 Page ID #:585
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1—8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 40 of 68 Page ID #:585
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`US. Patent
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`Oct. 15, 2013
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`Sheet 37 of 43
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`US 8,558,959 B2
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`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 41 of 68 Page ID #:586
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`US. Patent
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`Oct. 15, 2013
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`Sheet 38 of 43
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`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 43 of 68 Page ID #:588
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`U.S. Patent
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`Oct. 15, 2013
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`US 8,558,959 B2
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`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 44 of 68 Page ID #:589
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`US. Patent
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`Oct. 15, 2013
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`US 8,558,959 B2
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`US. Patent
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`Oct. 15, 2013
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`Sheet 43 of 43
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`US 8,558,959 B2
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`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 47 of 68 Page ID #:592
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1—8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 47 of 68 Page ID #:592
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`US 8,558,959 B2
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`1
`LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY DEVICE AND
`METHOD OF FABRICATING THE SAME
`
`CROSS REFERENCE OF RELATED
`APPLICATION
`
`This is a divisional ofapplication Ser. No. 12/946,584, filed
`NOV. 15, 2010, which is a continuation of application Ser. No.
`12/191,017, filed Aug. 13, 2008, now US. Pat. No. 7,956,
`969, issued Jun. 7, 2011, which is a divisional of application
`Ser. No. 10/893,790, filed Jul. 16, 2004, now US. Pat. No.
`7,450,206, issued Nov. 11, 2008, which is a divisional of
`application Ser. No. 10/263,257, filed Oct. 2, 2002, now US.
`Pat. No. 6,778,229, issued Aug. 17, 2004, which is a CIP of
`application Ser. No. 10/107,989, filed Mar. 27, 2002, which is
`now abandoned.
`
`BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
`
`1. Field of the Invention
`
`The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display
`device to be used for television and other display apparatuses,
`to a method of fabricating the same and, more particularly, to
`a liquid crystal display device that uses a liquid crystal mate-
`rial containing a photosensitive material and a method of
`fabricating the same.
`2. Description of the Related Art
`A liquid crystal display device is a display device that
`comprises a liquid crystal sealed between two opposing sub-
`strates and that uses electrical stimulus for optical switching
`by exploiting the electro-optical anisotropy ofa liquid crystal.
`Utilizing the refractive index anisotropy that the liquid crystal
`possesses, the brightness ofthe light transmitted by the liquid
`crystal panel is controlled by applying a voltage to the liquid
`crystal and thereby reorienting the axis of the refractive index
`anisotropy.
`In such a liquid crystal display device, it is extremely
`important to control the alignment of liquid crystal molecules
`when no voltage is applied to the liquid crystal. If the initial
`alignment is not stable, when a voltage is applied to the liquid
`crystal, the liquid crystal molecules do not align in a predict-
`able manner, resulting in an inability to control the refractive
`index. Various techniques have been developed to control the
`alignment of
`liquid crystal molecules,
`representative
`examples including a technique that controls the initially
`formed angle (pretilt angle) between the alignment film and
`the liquid crystal and a technique that controls the horizontal
`electric field formed between the bus line and the pixel elec-
`trode.
`
`The same can be said of a display device that uses a liquid
`crystal material containing a photosensitive material; specifi-
`cally, in a liquid crystal display mode in which the initial
`alignment is controlled by radiation of light in the presence of
`an applied voltage, the voltage application method during the
`radiation becomes important. The reason is that, if the mag-
`nitude ofthe applied voltage differs, a change will occur in the
`initially formed pretilt angle, resulting in a change in trans-
`mittance characteristics.
`
`In connection with a first aspect of the invention, tech-
`niques called passive matrix driving and active matrix driving
`have usually been used to drive liquid crystals; nowadays,
`with an increasing demand for higher resolution, the active
`matrix display mode that uses thin-film transistors (TFTs) is
`the dominant liquid crystal display mode. In a liquid crystal
`display having such TFTs, when radiating light onto the liq-
`uid crystal while applying a voltage to it, it is usually prac-
`ticed to expose the liquid crystal to light radiation while
`
`10
`
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`applying a TFT ON voltage to each gate bus line and a desired
`voltage to each data bus line, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.
`However, when such a liquid crystal exposure method is
`employed, if there is a line defect due to a bus line break or
`short, as shown in FIG. 3, the liquid crystal will be exposed to
`light when the liquid crystal in the affected area cannot be
`driven, and a pretilt angle different from that in other areas
`will be formed in this defect area, resulting in the problem that
`the brightness in this area differs from the brightness in other
`areas.
`
`Or, in the TFT channel ON state, a shift in the TFT thresh-
`old value can occur due to exposure to ultraviolet radiation, as
`shown in FIG. 4, resulting in the problem that the region
`where the TFTs can be driven stably shifts from the desired
`region.
`On the other hand, in connection with a second aspect of
`the invention, displays using the TN mode have been the
`predominant type of active matrix liquid crystal display, but
`this type of display has had the shortcoming that the viewing
`angle is narrow. Nowadays, a technique called the MVA mode
`or a technique called the IPS mode is employed to achieve a
`wide viewing angle liquid crystal panel.
`In the IPS mode, liquid crystal molecules are switched in
`the horizontal plane by using comb-shaped electrodes, but a
`strong backlight is required because the comb-shaped elec-
`trodes significantly reduce the numerical aperture. In the
`MVA mode, liquid crystal molecules are aligned vertically to
`the substrates, and the alignment of the liquid crystal mol-
`ecules is controlled by the use ofprotrusions or slits formed in
`a transparent electrode (for example, an ITO electrode). The
`decrease in the effective numerical aperture due to the pro-
`trusions or slits used in MVA is not so large as that caused by
`the comb-electrodes in IPS, but compared with TN mode
`displays, the light transmittance of the liquid crystal panel is
`low, and it has not been possible to employ MVA for notebook
`computers that require low power consumption.
`When fine slits are formed in the ITO electrode, the liquid
`crystal molecules tilt parallel to the fine slits, but in two
`different directions. If the fine slits are sufficiently long, liq-
`uid crystal molecules located farther from a structure such as
`a bank that defines the direction in which the liquid crystal
`molecules tilt are caused to tilt randomly in two directions
`upon application of a voltage. However, the liquid crystal
`molecules located at the boundary between the liquid crystal
`molecules caused to tilt in different directions, cannot tilt in
`either direction, resulting in the formation of a dark area such
`as that shown in FIG. 29. Further, in a structure where the
`liquid crystal molecules are caused to tilt in two different
`directions in order to improve viewing angle, if there are
`liquid crystal molecules that are caused to tilt in the opposite
`direction, as shown in FIG. 29, the viewing angle character-
`istics degrade.
`In connection with a third aspect of the invention, in an
`LCD (MVA-LCD) in which an N-type liquid crystal
`is
`aligned vertically and in which, upon application of a voltage,
`the molecules of the liquid crystal are caused to tilt in a
`number of predefined directions by using alignment protru-
`sions or electrode slits, the liquid crystal molecules are almost
`completely vertically aligned in the absence of an applied
`voltage, but are caused to tilt in the various predefined direc-
`tions when a voltage is applied. The tilt directions ofthe liquid
`crystal molecules are controlled so that they always make an
`angle of 45° to the polarizer absorption axis, but the liquid
`crystal molecules as a continuum can tilt in a direction inter-
`mediate between them. Furthermore, areas where the tilt
`direction of the liquid crystal molecules is displaced from the
`predefined direction inevitably exist because of the effects of
`
`COMPLAINT-527
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`COMPLAINT-527
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`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 48 of 68 Page ID #:593
`Case 8:20-cv-00490 Document 1-8 Filed 03/10/20 Page 48 of 68 Page ID #:593
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`US 8,558,959 B2
`
`3
`the horizontal electric field, etc. at the time of driving or
`irregularities in the structure. In normally black displays
`where the polarizers are arranged in a crossed Nicol configu-
`ration, this means that dark areas appear when the display is
`driven in the white display state, and the screen brightness
`thus decreases. To address this problem, in a liquid crystal
`display device constructed by sandwiching between two sub-
`strates a liquid crystal composition containing a photopoly-
`merizable or thermally polymerizable component, there is
`employed a technique that polymerizes the polymerizable
`component while applying a voltage, thereby defining the
`direction in which the liquid crystal molecules tilt in the
`presence of an applied voltage.
`With this technique, however, if the polymerization is
`insufficient, image sticking can occur. This is believed to
`occur because the rigidity of the polymerized polymer is
`insufficient and deformation occurs due to the realignment of
`the liquid crystal molecules at the time ofvoltage application.
`On the other hand, to sufficiently polymerize the polymer, the
`duration of light radiation must be increased, but in that case,
`take time