`
`UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
`DISTRICT OF MINNESOTA
`
`JENNIFER SONG and SCOTT WERTKIN,
`on behalf of themselves and all others
`similarly situated,
`
`
`Plaintiffs,
`
`Case No. 18‐CV‐3205 (PJS/KMM)
`
`v.
`
`ORDER
`
`CHAMPION PETFOODS USA, INC. and
`CHAMPION PETFOODS LP,
`
`Defendants.
`
`Raina Borrelli, Daniel E. Gustafson, and Karla M. Gluek, GUSTAFSON
`GLUEK PLLC; Daryl DeValerio Andrews, ANDREWS DEVALERIO;
`Kenneth A. Wexler, Mark Tamblyn, and Michelle Perkovic, WEXLER
`WALLACE LLP; Kevin A. Seely and Steven M. McKany, ROBBINS LLP;
`and Rebecca A. Peterson and Robert K. Shelquist, LOCKRIDGE
`GRINDAL NAUEN PLLP, for plaintiffs.
`
`David A. Coulson, Elisa H. Baca, Jared R. Kessler, Ricky L. Shackelford,
`and Robert S. Galbo, GREENBERG TRAURIG, P.A.; and Blake Shepard,
`Jr. and William C. Penwell, SIEGEL BRILL, P.A., for defendants.
`
`Plaintiffs Jennifer Song and Scott Wertkin are dog owners who allege that they
`
`were misled by claims made on packages of dog food manufactured and distributed by
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`defendants Champion Petfoods USA, Inc. and Champion Petfoods LP (collectively,
`
`“Champion”). Plaintiffs bring a wide array of fraud‐based claims against Champion.
`
`This matter is before the Court on Champion’s motion to dismiss. For the reasons that
`
`follow, the motion is granted, and the second amended complaint is dismissed.
`
`
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`CASE 0:18-cv-03205-PJS-KMM Doc. 66 Filed 12/22/20 Page 2 of 31
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`I. BACKGROUND
`
`This lawsuit is one of numerous fraud actions brought against Champion by pet
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`owners who paid high prices for what they believed to be premium pet food and who
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`now allege that the pet food they purchased did not live up to various promises that
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`appeared on the pet food’s packaging.1 Song and Wertkin began purchasing Acana and
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`Orijen dog food—two varieties of dry kibble manufactured by Champion—in
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`November 2016 and October 2013, respectively. Both Song and Wertkin stopped
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`purchasing the dog food in February 2018. Second Am. Compl. (“SAC”) ¶¶ 7–8.
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`According to plaintiffs, Champion charges “one of the highest, if not the highest,
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`price premiums in the market for their dog foods.” SAC ¶ 43. Plaintiffs claim that they
`
`1See Shaker v. Champion Petfoods USA Inc., No. 18‐13603, 2020 WL 6887449
`(E.D. Mich. Nov. 24, 2020); Renfro v. Champion Petfoods USA, Inc., No. 18‐CV‐2756‐DDD‐
`MEH, 2020 WL 4433027 (D. Colo. July 31, 2020); Rydman v. Champion Petfoods USA, Inc.,
`No. C18‐1578 RSM, 2020 WL 4347512 (W.D. Wash. July 29, 2020); Colangelo v. Champion
`Petfoods USA, Inc., No. 6:18‐CV‐1228 (LEK/ML), 2020 WL 777462 (N.D.N.Y. Feb. 18,
`2020); Weaver v. Champion Petfoods USA Inc., No. 18‐CV‐1996‐JPS‐JPS, 2019 WL 7370374
`(E.D. Wis. Dec. 31, 2019); Cesare v. Champion Petfoods USA Inc., 429 F. Supp. 3d 55 (W.D.
`Pa. 2019); Zarinebaf v. Champion Petfoods USA Inc., No. 18 C 6951, 2019 WL 3555383 (N.D.
`Ill. July 30, 2019); Simpson v. Champion Petfoods USA, Inc., 397 F. Supp. 3d 952 (E.D. Ky.
`2019); Vado v. Champion Petfoods USA, Inc., No. 18‐CV‐7118‐JCS, 2019 WL 634644
`(N.D. Cal. Feb. 14, 2019); Loeb v. Champion Petfoods USA Inc., 359 F. Supp. 3d 597
`(E.D. Wis. 2019); Leppert v. Champion Petfoods USA Inc., No. 18 C 4347, 2019 WL 216616
`(N.D. Ill. Jan. 16, 2019); Ficarelli v. Champion Petfoods USA, Inc., No. 3:18‐CV‐0361, 2018
`WL 6832075 (M.D. Tenn. Dec. 28, 2018); Reitman v. Champion Petfoods USA, Inc., No. CV
`18‐1736‐DOC (JPRx), 2018 WL 4945645 (C.D. Cal. Oct. 10, 2018); Blackburn v. Champion
`Petfoods USA, Inc., No. 1:18‐CV‐0038 (S.D. Iowa); Slawsby v. Champion Petfoods USA, Inc.,
`No. 1:18‐CV‐10701‐GAO (D. Mass.); Hodge v. Champion Petfoods USA Inc., No. 1:18‐CV‐
`0248‐TSB (S.D. Ohio).
`
`-2-
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`purchased Champion’s dog food rather than cheaper alternatives in reliance on the
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`representations made by Champion on its packaging. Specifically, plaintiffs allege that
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`they relied on the following four statements: (1) “Biologically Appropriate,” (2) “Fresh
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`Regional Ingredients,” (3) “Nourish as Nature Intended,” and (4) “Delivering Nutrients
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`Naturally.”2 SAC ¶ 2. Plaintiffs allege that each of these statements is false or
`
`misleading because, unbeknownst to plaintiffs, the dog food contained or had a risk of
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`containing heavy metals, Bisphenol A (“BPA”), pentobarbital, and non‐fresh, non‐
`
`regional ingredients.
`
`To be clear: Plaintiffs do not allege that their dogs were harmed in any way by
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`the dog food. Rather, plaintiffs assert that they were harmed because they paid a high
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`price for what they were falsely led to believe was premium dog food—dog food that
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`they would not have purchased (especially at such a high price) had they known of its
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`true nature and quality.3 See SAC ¶ 13.
`
`2“Nourish as nature intended” appears on Orijen dog‐food packaging, and
`“delivering nutrients naturally” appears on Acana dog‐food packaging. The remaining
`statements appear on both Orijen and Acana packaging. SAC ¶ 188.
`
`3In its briefing, Champion argues that plaintiffs lack standing because there is no
`allegation that plaintiffs’ dogs were actually harmed by the dog food. As Champion
`acknowledged at oral argument, however, the harm that plaintiffs allege is not physical
`harm to the dogs, but economic harm to the dog owners. This harm is adequately
`alleged for standing purposes. See, e.g., Laughlin v. Target Corp., No. 12‐CV‐0489
`(JNE/JSM), 2012 WL 3065551, at *4–5 (D. Minn. July 27, 2012) (finding allegation that
`plaintiff paid increased price for defendant’s shoes and would not have purchased them
`(continued...)
`
`-3-
`
`
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`The second amended complaint pleads 12 counts, all aimed at establishing
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`Champion’s liability for its allegedly false and misleading packaging representations.
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`Plaintiffs allege violations of five Minnesota consumer‐protection statutes, negligence
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`per se, breach of express and implied warranties, fraudulent misrepresentation,
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`fraudulent concealment or nondisclosure, and unjust enrichment.4
`
`3(...continued)
`“had she known that the shoes did not provide the advertised benefits” was sufficient
`to state a cognizable injury); see also Loeb v. Champion Petfoods USA Inc., No. 18‐CV‐494‐
`JPS, 2018 WL 2745254, at *5 (E.D. Wis. June 7, 2018) (finding that “allegations easily
`satisfy” standing requirements where plaintiff “pleads that she paid too much for
`unsafe dog food” because of “Defendants’ deceptive and false advertisements”).
`
`In support of its standing argument, Champion cites Wallace v. ConAgra Foods,
`Inc., 747 F.3d 1025 (8th Cir. 2014), in which plaintiffs alleged that some packages of hot
`dogs marketed as “100% kosher” contained non‐kosher beef. The Eighth Circuit found
`that plaintiffs lacked standing because they did not allege “that all or even most Hebrew
`National products were not kosher, which means the particular packages of processed
`beef they purchased may have been—and indeed more than likely were—prepared in
`accordance with minimum kosher standards.” Id. at 1030. Here, by contrast, Song and
`Wertkin have alleged that all Champion dog food is deceptively marketed because all
`Champion dog food comes in packages that contain misleading claims. As Wallace itself
`acknowledges, a plaintiff who, like Song and Wertkin, claims to have “paid a premium
`price for a deceptively marketed product that failed to meet the manufacturer’s
`guarantee” has stated a “concrete, non‐speculative injury” sufficient to satisfy standing
`requirements. Id. at 1029; see also City of Wyoming v. Procter & Gamble Co., 210 F. Supp.
`3d 1137, 1150–51 (D. Minn. 2016) (distinguishing “breach of warranty and
`misrepresentation‐based case” from Wallace for standing purposes).
`
`4Plaintiffs agreed to voluntarily dismiss their negligent‐misrepresentation claim
`without prejudice. ECF No. 35.
`
`-4-
`
`
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`Champion seeks dismissal of all counts, arguing that plaintiffs have failed to
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`plausibly allege that any of the four challenged packaging claims are false or
`
`misleading. Champion also argues that plaintiffs’ omission‐based claims should be
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`dismissed because Champion was under no legal duty to disclose the presence or risk
`
`of presence of heavy metals, BPA, pentobarbital, or non‐fresh, non‐regional ingredients.
`
`The Court largely agrees with Champion and therefore grants its motion to dismiss.
`
`II. ANALYSIS
`
`A. Standard of Review
`
`To survive a motion to dismiss under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6), a complaint must
`
`“state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S.
`
`544, 570 (2007). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content
`
`that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the
`
`misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). Although the factual
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`allegations in the complaint need not be detailed, they must be sufficient to “raise a
`
`right to relief above the speculative level.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555. In assessing the
`
`sufficiency of the complaint, the Court need not consider legal conclusions that are
`
`couched as factual allegations. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678–79. The Court must, however,
`
`accept as true all well‐pleaded factual allegations in the complaint and draw all
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`-5-
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`reasonable inferences in the plaintiffs’ favor. Gomez v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 676 F.3d
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`655, 660 (8th Cir. 2012).
`
`Claims sounding in fraud are subject to the heightened pleading requirements of
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`Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b). Rule 9(b) “requires that a pleading include such matters as the time,
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`place and contents of false representations.” Trooien v. Mansour, 608 F.3d 1020, 1028
`
`(8th Cir. 2010) (citation and quotation marks omitted); see also Tuttle v. Lorillard Tobacco
`
`Co., 118 F. Supp. 2d 954, 963 (D. Minn. 2000) (explaining that alleged violations of
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`Minnesota’s consumer‐fraud statutes must be pled with particularity under Rule 9(b)).
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`“[C]onclusory allegations that a defendant’s conduct was fraudulent and deceptive are
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`not sufficient to satisfy the rule.” Com. Prop. Invs., Inc. v. Quality Inns Int’l, 61 F.3d 639,
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`644 (8th Cir. 1995).
`
`Ordinarily if the parties present, and the court considers, matters outside of the
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`pleadings, the motion must be treated as one for summary judgment. Fed. R. Civ.
`
`P. 12(d). But the Court may consider materials that are embraced by the complaint and
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`matters of public record without converting the motion into one for summary
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`judgment. Zean v. Fairview Health Servs., 858 F.3d 520, 526 (8th Cir. 2017). In this case,
`
`the Court considers photographs of the dog‐food packages that are at issue, as well as a
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`chart depicting the levels of heavy metals and BPA in Champion’s dog food, both of
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`which are attached to the second amended complaint. ECF No. 31‐1.
`
`-6-
`
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`B. Statutory and Common‐Law Fraud Claims
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`Plaintiffs allege violations of five Minnesota consumer‐protection
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`statutes—specifically, the Minnesota Commercial Feed Law, Minn. Stat. §§ 25.31–.43
`
`(“MCFL”); Minnesota Unlawful Trade Practices Act, Minn. Stat. § 325D.13 (“MUTPA”);
`
`Minnesota Uniform Deceptive Trade Practices Act, Minn. Stat. § 325D.44 (“MDTPA”);
`
`Minnesota False Statement in Advertising Act, Minn. Stat. § 325F.67 (“MFSAA”); and
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`Minnesota Prevention of Consumer Fraud Act, Minn. Stat. § 325F.69 (“MPCFA”)—as
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`well as common‐law claims for fraudulent misrepresentation and fraudulent
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`concealment. All seven causes of action require plaintiffs to plausibly allege that, due
`
`either to Champion’s affirmative misrepresentations or to Champion’s material
`
`omissions, the dog‐food packaging “could deceive a reasonable consumer.” In re 100%
`
`Grated Parmesan Cheese Mktg. & Sales Pracs. Litig., 275 F. Supp. 3d 910, 920 (N.D. Ill. 2017)
`
`(discussing “common requirement” of various consumer‐protection statutes, including
`
`the MUTPA, MDTPA, MFSAA, and MPCFA); see also In re Gen. Mills Glyphosate Litig.,
`
`No. 16‐2869 (MJD/BRT), 2017 WL 2983877, at *5–6 (D. Minn. July 12, 2017) (applying
`
`“reasonable consumer” standard to claims under the MUTPA, MDTPA, and MPCFA).
`
`The MPCFA provides a useful starting point, given its relatively straightforward
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`language and recent Minnesota case law construing it. The MPCFA prohibits “[t]he act,
`
`use, or employment . . . of any fraud, false pretense, false promise, misrepresentation,
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`-7-
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`misleading statement or deceptive practice, with the intent that others rely thereon in
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`connection with the sale of any merchandise, whether or not any person has in fact been
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`misled, deceived, or damaged thereby[.]” Minn. Stat. § 325F.69, subd. 1. The MPCFA
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`applies to conduct “that tends to deceive or mislead a person,” and may be violated by
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`either affirmative misrepresentations or material omissions. Graphic Commc’ns Loc. 1B
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`Health & Welfare Fund A v. CVS Caremark Corp., 850 N.W.2d 682, 695 (Minn. 2014).
`
`Plaintiffs allege that Champion violated the MPCFA both by including false,
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`misleading, and deceptive statements on the dog‐food bags, and by failing to disclose
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`the presence of contaminants and non‐conforming ingredients. See SAC ¶¶ 302–05.
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`1. Affirmative Misrepresentations
`
`Plaintiffs allege that Champion violated the MPCFA by falsely representing that
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`its dog foods: “(a) Are ‘Biologically Appropriate’; (b) Contain ‘Fresh Regional
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`Ingredients’; (c) ‘Nourish as Nature Intended’; and (d) ‘Deliver[] Nutrients Naturally.’”
`
`SAC ¶ 302. Plaintiffs argue that these representations are false, misleading, and
`
`deceptive because Champion’s dog food “contained and/or had a material risk of
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`containing” heavy metals, BPA, pentobarbital, and non‐fresh, non‐regional ingredients.
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`SAC ¶ 303.
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`While the question of whether a particular representation is false, misleading, or
`
`deceptive “is often a fact question to be determined at a later stage,” the Court must
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`-8-
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`assess the plausibility of all factual allegations in ruling on a motion to dismiss.5 In re
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`Gen. Mills Glyphosate Litig., 2017 WL 2983877, at *6. Where allegations of fraud or
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`deception are premised on an implausible interpretation of a packaging statement,
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`dismissal is warranted.6 See id. (concluding on motion to dismiss that “Made with 100%
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`Natural Whole Grain Oats” could not plausibly be read as a representation that the
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`5See also Bober v. Glaxo Wellcome PLC, 246 F.3d 934, 940 (7th Cir. 2001) (affirming
`dismissal of statutory consumer‐fraud claims upon finding “[a]s a matter of law, none
`of the three statements on which Bober based his [statutory] claims is deceptive”); Silver
`v. H&R Block, Inc., 105 F.3d 394, 396 (8th Cir. 1997) (stating, in the context of securities‐
`fraud litigation, that “[w]hether a public statement is misleading is a mixed question
`normally for the trier of fact,” but “[t]he issue is appropriately decided as a matter of
`law . . . when reasonable minds could not differ”); Blue Buffalo Co. v. Nestle Purina
`Petcare Co., No. 4:15 CV 384 RWS, 2015 WL 3645262, at *4 (E.D. Mo. June 10, 2015)
`(“Courts have dismissed false advertising and similar claims when, construing the
`factual allegations in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, the challenged advertising
`statements would not plausibly deceive a reasonable consumer.”).
`
`6In re 100% Grated Parmesan Cheese Mktg. & Sales Pracs. Litig., 275 F. Supp. 3d at
`913, 919–24 (holding that plaintiffs failed to plausibly allege that “100% Grated
`Parmesan Cheese” was false or misleading based on the fact that the product contained
`ingredients other than cheese, including “a nontrivial amount of cellulose,” and
`dismissing claims under consumer‐protection statutes including the MUTPA, MDTPA,
`MFSAA, and MPCFA); Kelly v. Cape Cod Potato Chip Co., 81 F. Supp. 3d 754, 759–60
`(W.D. Mo. 2015) (finding that plaintiff’s definition of “natural” packaging claim as
`meaning “existing or produced by nature: not artificial” was implausible because chips
`“are processed foods, which of course do not exist or occur in nature”); Ibarrola v. Kind,
`LLC, 83 F. Supp. 3d 751, 759 (N.D. Ill. 2015) (dismissing complaint because “a
`reasonable consumer would not conclude” that “no refined sugars” means “only
`naturally occurring, unrefined sugars”); Pelayo v. Nestle USA, Inc., 989 F. Supp. 2d 973,
`980 (C.D. Cal. 2013) (dismissing consumer‐protection claims because “Plaintiff has
`failed to allege either a plausible objective definition of the term ‘All Natural’ or [that]
`her subjective definition of the term . . . is shared by the reasonable consumer”).
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`-9-
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`product did not contain trace amounts of glyphosate). For the reasons that follow, the
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`Court finds that plaintiffs have not plausibly alleged that any of the four challenged
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`packaging statements “tend[] to deceive or mislead a person,” and plaintiffs have
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`therefore failed to state a claim under the MPCFA. Graphic Commc’ns, 850 N.W.2d
`
`at 695.
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`a. “Biologically Appropriate”
`
`To determine whether the phrase “biologically appropriate” is false, misleading,
`
`or deceptive, the Court must first determine what “biologically appropriate” could
`
`reasonably be interpreted to mean. Champion has not argued that “biologically
`
`appropriate” is non‐actionable puffery; rather, both parties agree that “biologically
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`appropriate” is a factual statement that may be proved or disproved. On its face,
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`“biologically appropriate” suggests little more than that the contents of the bag are fit
`
`for consumption by the living organism that will eat them. However, neither party
`
`suggests that the phrase should be interpreted according to the words’ plain and
`
`ordinary meaning.
`
`According to Champion, “biologically appropriate” means that the dog food
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`“mirror[s] the richness, freshness, and variety” of a dog’s natural prey, and that the dog
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`food is “protein rich and carbohydrate limited.”7 ECF No. 34 at 16. Plaintiffs’ briefing
`
`7See also SAC ¶ 32, acknowledging that “Biologically Appropriate is a
`(continued...)
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`-10-
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`provides multiple, sometimes conflicting definitions of the phrase, but at oral argument
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`plaintiffs finally settled on a position: According to plaintiffs, “biologically
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`appropriate” means, unless otherwise stated on the packaging, that the dog food is
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`made from all fresh ingredients, does not contain any amount of heavy metals or BPA,
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`and is processed in such a way as to eliminate any risk that it could be contaminated
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`with pentobarbital. See ECF No. 53 at 27:5–10, 28:15–22; 29:5–12; 30:1–16. This
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`definition attributes an awfully lot to an innocuous, two‐word phrase, and the Court
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`finds it implausible that a reasonable consumer would interpret the phrase in this
`
`manner.
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`First, as to heavy metals: A reasonable consumer is highly unlikely to interpret
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`“biologically appropriate” as a guarantee that the dog food contains no heavy metals
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`whatsoever. The phrase “biologically appropriate” does not, on its face, say anything
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`about heavy metals, except that the dog food does not contain any ingredient (including
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`heavy metals) that would make it unfit for a dog to consume. Further, plaintiffs do not
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`dispute that heavy metals occur naturally in meat and fish; indeed, plaintiffs plead as
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`much in their second amended complaint. See SAC ¶ 60 (“Arsenic occurs in the
`
`environment and can be found in rocks, soil, water, air, plants, and animals.”).
`
`7(...continued)
`trademarked, objective advertising concept that Defendants intended to communicate
`to consumers that they designed their Alleged Premium Dog Food to mirror a dog’s
`natural diet.”
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`-11-
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`Plaintiffs also acknowledge—and, in fact, they premise several of their claims on—the
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`fact that Champion’s packaging prominently states that its dog food contains significant
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`amounts of meat and fish. It is simply not plausible to suggest that a reasonable
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`consumer would read the phrase “biologically appropriate” on a dog‐food package—a
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`package that makes clear that the dog food contains meat and fish—and understand
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`Champion to be representing that it eliminated all traces of heavy metals from the dog
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`food. See Simpson v. Champion Petfoods USA, Inc., 397 F. Supp. 3d 952, 972 (E.D. Ky.
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`2019) (granting motion to dismiss omission‐based claim because “[t]he fact that heavy
`
`metals naturally exist in organic proteins and in high concentrations in fish belies
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`Plaintiffs’ logic that Champion had a duty to disclose this information” (internal
`
`citations omitted)); Weaver v. Champion Petfoods USA Inc., No. 18‐CV‐1996‐JPS, 2019 WL
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`2774139, at *3 (E.D. Wis. July 1, 2019) (finding on motion to dismiss that “the mere
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`presence of heavy metals” did not render packaging claims false or misleading).
`
`Importantly, plaintiffs do not allege that Champion’s dog food contains heavy
`
`metals in amounts that may harm dogs (that is, in amounts that would be biologically
`
`inappropriate). Rather, plaintiffs argue that the assertion that the dog food is
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`“biologically appropriate”—and the premium price they paid for the dog food—led
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`them to believe that they were buying premium‐quality dog food, and premium‐quality
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`dog food would not contain even trace amounts of heavy metals. For the reasons
`
`-12-
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`explained, the Court finds this claim to be implausible. The Court therefore dismisses
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`plaintiffs’ claim that Champion’s representation that its dog food is “biologically
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`appropriate” is false, misleading, or deceptive because the dog food contains or may
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`contain a harmless amount of heavy metals.
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`Second, as to BPA: Plaintiffs allege that “biologically appropriate” is also a
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`representation that the dog food is BPA‐free or that Champion manufactures the dog
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`food in a way that eliminates any risk of BPA contamination. As an initial matter,
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`plaintiffs have not alleged that all bags of Champion dog food have contained BPA; to
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`the contrary, the testing data attached to plaintiffs’ second amended complaint shows
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`that only some bags have contained BPA. ECF No. 31‐1 at 21–23. Even if Champion
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`had falsely represented that none of its dog food contained BPA, plaintiffs would not
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`have been harmed by that misrepresentation unless the dog food that they purchased
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`contained BPA. But plaintiffs have not alleged that they personally purchased dog food
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`that contained BPA. Plaintiffs therefore lack standing to pursue this claim. See Wallace
`
`v. ConAgra Foods, Inc., 747 F.3d 1025, 1030 (8th Cir. 2014) (finding that plaintiffs lacked
`
`standing to challenge claim that Hebrew National hot dogs are “100% kosher” because
`
`plaintiffs did not allege “that all or even most Hebrew National products were not
`
`kosher, which means the particular packages of processed beef they purchased may
`
`have been . . . prepared in accordance with minimum kosher standards”).
`
`-13-
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`Recognizing this, plaintiffs challenge Champion’s failure to adequately test for
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`and monitor BPA levels at its plant, rather than the presence of BPA in the dog food.
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`Restated, then, plaintiffs’ allegation is that a reasonable consumer who read the phrase
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`“biologically appropriate” on a bag of dog food would interpret the phrase not as a
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`representation about the dog food itself, but as a representation about the adequacy of
`
`the BPA testing and monitoring protocols used back at the factory.
`
`Plaintiff’s allegation about how a reasonable consumer would interpret the
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`phrase “biologically appropriate” is an interpretation contrived by lawyers; it is not an
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`interpretation that would occur to a reasonable consumer as she stood reading a dog‐
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`food package in the aisle of a pet‐food store. Whatever it means, the phrase
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`“biologically appropriate” on a bag of Champion dog food is clearly a representation
`
`about the dog food, and not about the processes followed back at the plant. “Biologically
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`appropriate” is no more a representation about BPA testing and monitoring protocols
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`than it is a representation about the number of quality‐control analysts who work at the
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`plant or the frequency with which the plant’s manufacturing equipment is sanitized.8
`
`8It is not clear whether plaintiffs allege that the phrase “biologically appropriate”
`also means that the dog food was manufactured in a way that removed any risk that the
`dog food could contain heavy metals. For the reasons described in the text, the Court
`finds that any claim that “biologically appropriate” refers to manufacturing
`processes—as opposed to the dog food itself—is implausible.
`
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`One again, plaintiffs’ allegation about how a reasonable consumer would
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`interpret the phrase “biologically appropriate” is not plausible. The Court therefore
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`dismisses plaintiffs’ claim that Champion’s representation that its dog food is
`
`“biologically appropriate” is false, misleading, or deceptive because, back at the factory,
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`Champion does not adequately test or monitor for BPA.
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`Third, as to pentobarbital: Here, plaintiffs face a familiar problem, and they
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`attempt to address it in a familiar way. Plaintiffs do not allege that all—or even
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`most—bags of Champion dog food contain pentobarbital, much less that they ever
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`purchased such a bag. Instead, plaintiffs’ pentobarbital allegations are based on a 2018
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`incident at an animal‐processing facility from which Champion purchases beef tallow.
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`On May 7, 2018, Champion was notified that it had received a shipment of tallow that
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`had tested positive for pentobarbital. SAC ¶ 168. Neither Song nor Wertkin allege that
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`any bag of dog food that they purchased was contaminated with pentobarbital. Indeed,
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`Wertkin never purchased any variety of dog food that uses beef tallow as an ingredient.
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`SAC ¶¶ 8, 149. Song did purchase these varieties, but specifically alleges that she
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`stopped purchasing Champion dog food in February 2018—several months before
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`Champion was notified of the pentobarbital contamination. See SAC ¶ 7.
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`Once again, then, plaintiffs do not have standing to pursue fraud claims based on
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`an allegation that “biologically appropriate” was a representation that the dog food did
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`not contain pentobarbital. So plaintiffs instead allege that, when Champion put the
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`words “biologically appropriate” on packages of dog food, it was making yet another
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`representation about its manufacturing process. This time, the representation is
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`purportedly that the dog food was manufactured in a way that eliminated all risk of
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`even accidental pentobarbital contamination. Plaintiffs maintain that because
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`Champion was purchasing tallow from the same animal‐processing facility at the time
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`that plaintiffs were purchasing dog food from Champion, there was a risk that the dog
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`food they purchased was contaminated by pentobarbitral, and that risk made
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`Champion’s representation that its dog food was “biologically appropriate” false,
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`misleading, or deceptive.
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`Again, the Court finds that, whatever “biologically appropriate” means, a
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`reasonable consumer who spots that phrase on a package of dog food would interpret it
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`as a representation about the contents of the package (i.e., the dog food), and not about
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`manufacturing processes (i.e., the factory). See Colangelo v. Champion Petfoods USA, Inc.,
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`No. 6:18‐CV‐1228 (LEK/ML), 2020 WL 777462, at *6 (N.D.N.Y. Feb. 18, 2020) (concluding
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`that “Plaintiffs’ pentobarbital allegations cannot serve as the factual basis for any of
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`their claims”); Zarinebaf v. Champion Petfoods USA Inc., No. 18 C 6951, 2019 WL 3555383,
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`at *5 (N.D. Ill. July 30, 2019) (“Plaintiffs claims about Defendants’ dog food containing
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`pentobarbital are merely speculative and cannot give rise to a plausible claim.”). For
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`that reason, the Court dismisses plaintiffs’ claim that Champion’s assertion that its dog
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`food is “biologically appropriate” is false, misleading, or deceptive because Champion
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`does not manufacture its dog food in a manner that eliminates all possible risk of
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`pentobarbital contamination.
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`Finally, as to non‐fresh or non‐regional ingredients: Plaintiffs have not plausibly
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`alleged that the phrase “biologically appropriate” is deceptive because the dog food
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`contains non‐fresh and non‐regional ingredients. It is farfetched to suggest that a
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`reasonable consumer would read this phrase on a bag of dog food as a guarantee that
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`all of the ingredients in the package were fresh and came from a regional source
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`(whatever “regional” might mean). As anyone who eats can attest, food that is not
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`fresh—and that comes from outside of the consumer’s region—can be biologically
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`appropriate.
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`b. Fresh and Regional
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`Plaintiffs challenge Champion’s use of the phrase “Fresh Regional Ingredients”
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`on dog‐food packages. The second amended complaint also cites Champion’s
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`statements that “[w]e focus on local ingredients that are . . . delivered to our kitchens
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`fresh or raw each day” and “[w]e focus on fresh ingredients from our region that are
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`ranched, farmed or fished by people we know and trust.” SAC ¶ 50.
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`After being somewhat unclear in their briefing about their interpretation of the
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`phrase “Fresh Regional Ingredients,” plaintiffs clarified their position at oral argument:
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`Plaintiffs contend that a reasonable consumer would interpret “Fresh Regional
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`Ingredients” to mean that all of the ingredients used to make the dog
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`food—100%—were “fresh” and “regional” (unless the package explicitly said
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`otherwise). See ECF No. 53 at 17:5–9; 22:17–23; 37:7–14. Plaintiffs argue that because
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`this is not true—i.e., because every package of Champion dog food contains at least
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`some non‐fresh and non‐regional ingredients—the phrase “Fresh Regional Ingredients”
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`is deceptive.
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`Again, the Court finds plaintiffs’ proposed definition of a phrase to be
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`implausible. Just as a statement that mashed potatoes are made with “real butter” does
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`not imply that the only fat used is real butter,9 and just as a statement that graham
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`9See Sarr v. BEF Food, Inc., No. 18‐CV‐6409 (ARR) (RLM), 2020 WL 729883, at *4
`(continued...)
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`crackers are made with “real honey” does not imply that the only sweetener used is real
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`honey,10 so too the statement that a bag of dog food contains “fresh regional
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`ingredients” does not imply that it is composed exclusively of ingredients that are fresh
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`and regional.
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`Moreover, the Champion packages themselves make clear that not all of the
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`ingredients are fresh. On the Orijen Six Fish dog‐food packaging, for example, a
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`prominent panel printed in relatively large font explains that “this 13 lb package of
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`Orijen Six Fish is made with over 11 lb of fresh, raw or dried fish ingredients,” and that
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`of those 11 pounds, “2/3 [is] fresh or raw” and “1/3 [is] dried.” Similarly, the Acana
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`Lamb & Apple Singles Formula packaging explains that “this 13 lb package of Acana is
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`made with 6 1/2 lbs grass‐fed lamb ingredients” and further qualifies that “half is fresh
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`or raw . . . and half is dried or oils.” ECF No. 31‐1 at 10. Thus, the packaging itself
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`makes abundantly clear that the dog food contains a significant amount of non‐fresh
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`9(...continued)
`(E.D.N.Y. Feb. 13, 2020) (“[I]t is not plausible that a reasonable consumer would likely
`interpret the ‘real butter’ representation to imply that the Mashed Potatoes did not also
`contain additional fats.”).
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`10See Kennedy v. Mondelēz Glob. LLC, No. 19‐CV‐302‐ENV‐SJB, 2020 WL 4006197,
`at *12 (E.D.N.Y. July 10, 2020) (“Stating the grahams are ‘made with real honey’ is a
`factually true statement about the product” that “does not foreclose the use of other
`sweeteners” so as to “make the representation deceptive.”).
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