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CASE 0:21-cv-01869-WMW-LIB Doc. 20 Filed 09/03/21 Page 1 of 6
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`UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
`DISTRICT OF MINNESOTA
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`Minnesota Department
`Resources et al.,
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`The White Earth Band of Ojibwe and
`Hon. David A. DeGroat, in his official
`capacity as judge of the White Earth Band
`of Ojibwe Tribal Court,
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`of Natural
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`Plaintiffs,
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`v.
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`Defendants.
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`Case No. 21-cv-1869 (WMW/LIB)
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`ORDER DENYING PLAINTIFFS’
`MOTION FOR PRELIMINARY
`INJUNCTION AND DISMISSING
`COMPLAINT WITHOUT PREJUDICE
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`This matter is before the Court on Plaintiffs’ motion to preliminarily enjoin
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`Defendants from proceeding in the matter Manoomin v. Minnesota Department of Natural
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`Resources, Case No. GC21-0428 (White Earth Band of Ojibwe Tribal Ct.). (Dkt. 5.) For
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`the reasons addressed below, the Court denies Plaintiffs’ motion for a preliminary
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`injunction and dismisses Plaintiffs’ complaint without prejudice for lack of subject-matter
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`jurisdiction.
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`BACKGROUND
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`Plaintiffs are the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (DNR) and its
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`officials. Defendants are the White Earth Band of Ojibwe (Band) and Hon. David A.
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`DeGroat, Chief Judge of the White Earth Band of Ojibwe Tribal Court (Tribal Court).
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`CASE 0:21-cv-01869-WMW-LIB Doc. 20 Filed 09/03/21 Page 2 of 6
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`On August 5, 2021, the Band and several other parties1 (collectively Band Parties)
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`filed suit against the DNR and its officials in the Tribal Court. In the Tribal Court matter,
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`the Band Parties allege that, by granting water-use permits to a company in conjunction
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`with that company’s operation of an oil pipeline in northern Minnesota, the DNR violated
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`the Band Parties’ rights. In particular, the Band Parties allege that the DNR’s conduct
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`violates the First, Fourth, Fifth, and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States
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`Constitution, the American Indian Religious Freedom Act (AIRFA) and treaties between
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`the United States of America and the Chippewa and other tribes, among other claims. In
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`their lawsuit in the Tribal Court, the Band Parties seek declaratory and injunctive relief.
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`The DNR moved to dismiss the Band Parties’ tribal lawsuit, arguing that the Tribal
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`Court lacks subject-matter jurisdiction due to the non-member status of the DNR and its
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`officers, the DNR’s sovereign immunity and the fact that the contested actions did not take
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`place on reservation land. Chief Judge DeGroat of the Tribal Court denied the DNR’s
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`motion to dismiss, holding that the DNR’s arguments regarding sovereign immunity and
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`subject-matter jurisdiction “must give way” to the Band’s “vital” interests.
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`On August 19, 2021, Plaintiffs commenced this action, seeking declaratory and
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`injunctive relief against the Band and Chief Judge DeGroat. Plaintiffs argue that the Tribal
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`Court lacks subject-matter jurisdiction over the dispute currently pending in the Tribal
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`Court. Plaintiffs also contend that sovereign immunity protects them from the Band Parties’
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`1
`The plaintiffs in the tribal court proceeding are Manoomin (wild rice), the Band,
`members of the Band’s tribal council, and other individuals including members of the
`Band, members of other tribes and individuals who are not members of any tribe.
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` 2
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`CASE 0:21-cv-01869-WMW-LIB Doc. 20 Filed 09/03/21 Page 3 of 6
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`lawsuit. Plaintiffs request that this Court preliminarily enjoin the Band and Chief Judge
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`DeGroat from proceeding with the matter currently pending in the Tribal Court.
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`ANALYSIS
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`Preliminary injunctive relief is an extraordinary remedy that is never awarded as of
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`right. Winter v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 24 (2008). The purpose of a
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`preliminary injunction is to maintain the status quo. Devose v. Herrington, 42 F.3d 470,
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`471 (8th Cir. 1994). The burden rests with the moving party to establish that injunctive
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`relief should be granted. Watkins Inc. v. Lewis, 346 F.3d 841, 844 (8th Cir. 2003). When
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`determining whether preliminary injunctive relief is warranted, the district court considers
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`four factors: (1) the movant’s likelihood of success on the merits, (2) the threat of
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`irreparable harm to the movant, (3) the state of balance between the harm to the movant
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`and the injury that granting an injunction will inflict on other parties to the litigation, and
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`(4) the public interest. Dataphase Sys., Inc. v. C L Sys., Inc., 640 F.2d 109, 114 (8th Cir.
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`1981).
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`The first and most important Dataphase factor is the movant’s likelihood of success
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`on the merits. Craig v. Simon, 980 F.3d 614, 617 (8th Cir. 2020) (stating that “[t]he
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`likelihood of success on the merits is the most important of the Dataphase factors”)
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`(internal quotation marks and brackets omitted). A party seeking a preliminary injunction
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`need not demonstrate actual success on the merits, but that party must demonstrate a
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`likelihood of success. Amoco Prod. Co. v. Village of Gambell, 480 U.S. 531, 546 n.12
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`(1987). When a court concludes that a plaintiff has “failed to establish a substantial
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`likelihood of success on the merits, [the court] will not address the other prerequisites of
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` 3
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`CASE 0:21-cv-01869-WMW-LIB Doc. 20 Filed 09/03/21 Page 4 of 6
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`preliminary injunctive relief.” Church v. City of Huntsville, 30 F.3d 1332, 1342 (11th Cir.
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`1994).
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` “Tribal sovereign immunity is a jurisdictional threshold matter.” Fort Yates Pub.
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`Sch. Dist. No. 4 v. Murphy ex rel. C.M.B., 786 F.3d 662, 670 (8th Cir. 2015) (internal
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`quotation marks omitted). “As a matter of federal law, an Indian tribe is subject to suit
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`only where Congress has authorized the suit or the tribe has waived its immunity.” Kiowa
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`Tribe of Okla. v. Mfg. Techs., Inc., 523 U.S. 751, 754 (1998). “A tribe’s sovereign
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`immunity may extend to tribal agencies, including the Tribal Court.” Fort Yates, 786 F.3d
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`at 670–71 (internal quotation marks and brackets omitted); accord Hagen v. Sisseto-
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`Wahpeton Cmty. Coll., 205 F.3d 1040, 1043 (8th Cir. 2000) (observing that it is
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`“undisputed that a tribe’s sovereign immunity may extend to tribal agencies”). “The
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`Supreme Court has made clear . . . that a tribe’s sovereign immunity bars suits against the
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`tribe for injunctive and declaratory relief.” Fort Yates, 786 F.3d at 671 (citing Mich. v. Bay
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`Mills Indian Cmty., 572 U.S. 782 (2014) and Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez, 436 U.S. 49
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`(1978)).
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`Plaintiffs commenced this action against the Band and Chief Judge DeGroat in his
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`official capacity.2 These parties, a tribe and a tribal court, however, are both protected
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`2
`Although Plaintiffs have not sued the Tribal Court, they have sued Chief Judge
`DeGroat in his official capacity. Counsel for Plaintiffs asserted at the September 1, 2021
`hearing that they sued Chief Judge DeGroat exclusively in his official capacity because the
`Chief Judge of the Tribal Court is the appropriate defendant for the purposes of an official-
`capacity suit. As such, Plaintiffs effectively seek declaratory and injunctive relief against
`the Band and the Tribal Court.
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` 4
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`CASE 0:21-cv-01869-WMW-LIB Doc. 20 Filed 09/03/21 Page 5 of 6
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`from suit by tribal sovereign immunity.3 Id. at 670–71. And Plaintiffs do not allege that
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`Defendants have waived their sovereign immunity or that Congress has authorized this
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`lawsuit. Because both Defendants are immune from suit and Plaintiffs have not identified
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`an applicable waiver or abrogation of tribal sovereign immunity, this Court lacks the
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`authority to enjoin Defendants. Plaintiffs, therefore, have failed to demonstrate a
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`likelihood of success on the merits, and the Court need not analyze the remaining
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`Dataphase factors.
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`In summary, Plaintiffs are not entitled to injunctive relief because this Court lacks
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`the authority to enjoin the Defendants in this case. Moreover, in light of Defendants’ tribal
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`sovereign immunity, the Court also concludes that it lacks subject-matter jurisdiction over
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`this case and must dismiss the complaint without prejudice.4 See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(h)(3)
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`(“If the court determines at any time that it lacks subject-matter jurisdiction, the court must
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`dismiss the action.”).
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`ORDER
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`Based on the foregoing analysis and all the files, records and proceedings herein, IT
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`IS HEREBY ORDERED that:
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`1.
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`Plaintiffs’ motion for a preliminary injunction, (Dkt. 5), is DENIED.
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`3
`“Of course, the Tribe’s sovereign immunity does not necessarily protect Tribal
`officials from suit,” id. at 671 n.8, nor does it protect other individuals. But Plaintiffs have
`not sued any person in his or her individual capacity.
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` 4
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`Because this Court lacks jurisdiction over Defendants based on their sovereign
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`immunity, the Court declines to address whether the Tribal Court has jurisdiction over
`Plaintiffs pursuant to Montana v. United States, 450 U.S. 544 (1981), as such an opinion
`would be an improper advisory opinion, see U.S. Const. art. III, § 2.
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` 5
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`CASE 0:21-cv-01869-WMW-LIB Doc. 20 Filed 09/03/21 Page 6 of 6
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`2.
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`Plaintiffs’ complaint, (Dkt. 1), is DISMISSED WITHOUT PREJUDICE
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`for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction.
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`LET JUDGMENT BE ENTERED ACCORDINGLY.
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`Dated: September 3, 2021
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`
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`s/Wilhelmina M. Wright
`Wilhelmina M. Wright
`United States District Judge
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` 6
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