`Case 6:20-cv-00872-ADA Document 1-1 Filed 09/25/20 Page 1 of 23
`
`
`
`
`EXHIBIT A
`
`
`EXHIBIT A
`
`
`
`Case 6:20-cv-00872-ADA Document 1-1 Filed 09/25/20 Page 2 of 23
`I IIIII IIIIIIII Ill lllll lllll lllll lllll lllll lllll lllll lllll 111111111111111111
`US008082501B2
`
`c12) United States Patent
`Leahy et al.
`
`(IO) Patent No.:
`(45) Date of Patent:
`
`US 8,082,501 B2
`*Dec. 20, 2011
`
`(52) U.S. Cl. ........................................ 715/706; 715/756
`(58) Field of Classification Search .......... 715/704-706,
`715/853-855, 751-753, 756,736,762
`See application file for complete search history.
`
`(56)
`
`References Cited
`
`(54) SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR ENABLING
`USERS TO INTERACT IN A VIRTUAL SPACE
`
`(75)
`
`Inventors: Dave Leahy, Oakland, CA (US); Judith
`Challinger, Santa Cruz, CA (US); B.
`Thomas Adler, San Francisco, CA (US);
`S. Mitra Ardon, San Francisco, CA
`(US)
`
`(73) Assignee: Worlds.com, Inc., Brookline, MA (US)
`
`( *) Notice:
`
`Subject to any disclaimer, the term ofthis
`patent is extended or adjusted under 35
`U.S.C. 154(b) by O days.
`
`CA
`
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`4,414,621 A
`11/1983 Bown et al.
`(Continued)
`
`FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
`2242626 C
`10/2002
`(Continued)
`
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`
`Valentine wedding in a virtual world Copyright 1966 Post(cid:173)
`Newsweek Business Information Inc. Newsbytes Feb. 14, 1996. *
`
`(Continued)
`
`Primary Examiner - Cao Nguyen
`(74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm -Anatoly S. Weiser, Esq.;
`Acuity Law Group
`
`ABSTRACT
`(57)
`The present invention provides a highly scalable architecture
`for a three-dimensional graphical, multi-user, interactive vir(cid:173)
`tual world system. In a preferred embodiment a plurality of
`users interact in the three-dimensional, computer-generated
`graphical space where each user executes a client process to
`view a virtual world from the perspective of that user. The
`virtual world shows avatars representing the other users who
`are neighbors of the user viewing the virtual word. In order
`that the view can be updated to reflect the motion of the
`remote user's avatars, motion information is transmitted to a
`central server process which provides positions updates to
`client processes for neighbors of the user at that client pro(cid:173)
`cess. The client process also uses an environment database to
`determine which background objects to render as well as to
`limit the movement of the user's avatar.
`17 Claims, 5 Drawing Sheets
`
`This patent is subject to a terminal dis(cid:173)
`claimer.
`
`(21) Appl. No.: 12/406,968
`
`(22) Filed:
`
`Mar. 19, 2009
`(Under 37 CFR 1.47)
`
`(65)
`
`Prior Publication Data
`
`US 2009/0183089 Al
`
`Jul. 16, 2009
`
`Related U.S. Application Data
`
`(63)
`
`Continuation of application No. 12/353,218, filed on
`Jan. 13, 2009, now Pat. No. 7,945,856, which is a
`continuation of application No. 11/591,878, filed on
`Nov. 2, 2006, now Pat. No. 7,493,558, which is a
`continuation of application No. 09/632,154, filed on
`Aug. 3, 2000, now Pat. No. 7,181,690, which is a
`continuation of application No. 08/747,420, filed on
`Nov. 12, 1996, now Pat. No. 6,219,045.
`
`(60)
`
`Provisional application No. 60/020,296, filed on Nov.
`13, 1995.
`
`(51)
`
`Int. Cl.
`G06F 15/00
`G06F 13/00
`
`(2006.01)
`(2006.01)
`
`13
`
`17
`
`
`
`Case 6:20-cv-00872-ADA Document 1-1 Filed 09/25/20 Page 3 of 23
`
`US 8,082,501 B2
`Page 2
`
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`4/ 1984 Lillie
`4,441,162 A
`1/ 19 8 5 Agrawal et al.
`4,493,021 A
`4,503,499 A
`3/ 1985 Mason et al.
`7/1985 Wigan et al.
`4,531,184 A
`11/ 1985 Levin
`4,551,720 A
`11/ 1985 Baldry et al.
`4,555,781 A
`4,572,509 A
`2/ 1986 Sitrick
`4,654,483 A
`3/1987 Imai et al.
`4,686,698 A
`8/1987 Tompkins et al.
`1/1988 Feigenbaum et al.
`4,718,005 A
`4/1988 Logg
`4,738,451 A
`8/1988 Chang et al.
`4,768,150 A
`4,777,595 A
`10/ 1988 Strecker et al.
`10/ 1988 Crossley
`4,780,821 A
`4,796,293 A
`1/ 1989 Blinken et al.
`2/1989 Calo et al.
`4,805,134 A
`3/1989 Thompson
`4,814,984 A
`4,825,354 A
`4/1989 Agrawal et al.
`4,887,204 A
`12/1989 Johnson et al.
`1/1990 Chang et al.
`4,897,781 A
`6/ 1990 Masai et al.
`4,937,784 A
`4,939,509 A
`7/1990 Bartholomew et al.
`4,949,248 A
`8/1990 Caro
`4,949,254 A
`8/ 1990 Shorter
`4,953,159 A
`8/ 1990 Hayden et al.
`4,976,438 A
`12/1990 Tashiro et al.
`5,008,853 A
`4/ 1991 Bly et al.
`5/ 1991 Tompkins et al.
`5,014,267 A
`5,083,271 A
`1/1992 Thacher et al.
`5,206,934 A
`4/1993 Naef, III
`5,347,306 A *
`9/1994 Nitta ............................ 348/14.1
`5,379,374 A
`1/1995 Ishizaki et al.
`5,481,297 A
`1/1996 Cash et al.
`5,491,743 A *
`2/ 1996 Shiio et al. .................... 709/204
`5,502,727 A
`3/1996 Catanzaro et al.
`5,537,548 A
`7/1996 Fin et al.
`RE35,314 E
`8/1996 Logg
`5,630,757 A
`5/ 1997 Gagin et al.
`5,642,337 A
`6/1997 Oskay et al.
`5,659,691 A
`8/1997 Durward et al.
`5,667,440 A
`9/1997 Sasaki et al.
`5,736,982 A *
`4/1998 Suzuki et al. ................. 715/706
`5,745,711 A
`4/ 1998 Kitahara et al.
`5,748,894 A
`5/ 1998 Ishizaki et al.
`7 I 1998 Funkhouser
`5,784,570 A
`5,799,320 A
`8/1998 Klug
`5,816,920 A
`10/1998 Hanai
`5,880,731 A
`3/ 1999 Liles et al.
`5,950,202 A
`9/1999 Durward et al.
`5,958,006 A
`9/ 1999 Eggleston et al.
`1/2001 Kirk et al.
`6,175,842 Bl
`5/2001 Farmer et al.
`6,229,533 Bl
`5/2004 Matsuda
`6,734,885 Bl
`6,961,755 B2
`11/2005 Matsuda
`7,493,558 B2 *
`2/2009 Leahy et al ................... 715/704
`2002/0002585 Al
`1/2002 Matsuda
`
`FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
`8/1988
`0279558 Al
`0645726 A2
`3/1995
`0645931 Al
`3/1995
`0713171 Al
`5/1996
`6/1996
`0717544 A2
`10/1996
`0736832 A2
`9/1998
`0867838 A2
`2227625 A
`8/1990
`2326802 A
`12/1998
`5/1993
`1993-05113941 A
`4/1994
`1994-06121311 A
`1994-06152765 A
`5/1994
`6/1994
`1994-06165173 A
`1995-07056497 A
`3/1995
`6/1995
`1995-07147673 A
`3/1996
`1996-08063416 A
`1996-08087605 A
`4/1996
`5/1996
`1996-08131655 A
`8/1996
`1996-08212173 A
`
`EP
`EP
`EP
`EP
`EP
`EP
`EP
`GB
`GB
`JP
`JP
`JP
`JP
`JP
`JP
`JP
`JP
`JP
`JP
`
`JP
`JP
`JP
`JP
`JP
`JP
`JP
`JP
`JP
`WO
`WO
`WO
`WO
`WO
`WO
`
`1996-08256146 A
`1997-09023275 A
`1997-09034874 A
`1997-09081400 A
`1997-09081781 A
`1997-09164271 A
`1997-09244845 A
`1998-10105538 A
`1998-10207684 A
`95-08793 Al
`95-10157 Al
`95-31059 Al
`97-43718 Al
`99-16226 Al
`02-25586 A2
`
`10/1996
`1/1997
`2/1997
`3/1997
`3/1997
`6/1997
`9/1997
`4/1998
`8/1998
`3/1995
`4/1995
`11/1995
`11/1996
`4/1999
`3/2002
`
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`
`Andrew Reese et al., Kesami Air Warrior, http://www.
`atarimagazines.corn/startv3n2/kesamiwarrior.htrnl, Jan. 12, 2009.
`Eric Krangel,$50,000 Reward Offered for Proofs Worlds.Com Patent
`Lawsuit is Bogus! www.alleyinsider.com/2009/l/50000-reward-of(cid:173)
`fered-for-proof-worldscom-patent-lawsuit-is-bogus Jan. 14, 2009.
`Worlds.com Files Suit Against NCsoft for Patent Infringement,
`http:/ /www. virtualwor ldsnews .corn/ 200 8/ 12/worl dscom-files-suit -
`against-ncsoft.html, Dec. 29, 2008.
`Worlds.com v. NCsoft Update, http://www.virtualworldsnews.com/
`2008/12/worldscom-v-ncsoft-update.html, Dec. 29, 2008.
`Worlds.com Hires IP Firm for Licensing worldscom-hires-ip-firm(cid:173)
`for-licensing-to-begin-contacting-virtual-world-companies-shortly.
`html, Dec. 11, 2008.
`Worlds.com patent litigation could ripple through virtual worlds,
`http://government.zdnet.com/?p~4246, Dec. 29, 2008.
`Worlds.com patent
`litigation could
`ripple
`through virtual
`worlds,http:/ /talkback.zdnet.corn/ 5206-1115 5-0 .htrnl?forumID~ 1
`&threadID~55880, Dec. 29, 2008.
`Worlds.com Sues NCsoft for Patent Infringement, http://news.
`mmosite.corn/content/2008- l 2-29/200812292254 59 551.shtrnl,
`Dec. 30, 2008.
`NCsoft Sued for Patent Infringement, http://www.edge-online.com/
`news/ncsoft-sued-patent-infringement, Dec. 30, 2008.
`3D Virtual Worlds Patented! Lawsuits Started ... , http://www.
`techdirt.corn/articles/20081230/0128173245.shtrnl, Dec. 20, 2008.
`Angela Gunn, Virtual worlds firm files IP suit on Christmas Eve,
`http://www. betanews.corn/articleNirtual_ worlds_firm_files_)
`IP _suite_onChristrnas_Eve//I230595222, Dec. 29, 2008.
`Leigh Alexander, Report: Worlds.com Hits Ncsoft With Patent
`Infringement Suit, http://www.gamasutra.conl/php-bin/news_in(cid:173)
`dex.php?storr2l68l, Dec. 30, 2008.
`NCSoft sued by MMO patent holders, http://www.bit-tech.net/news/
`2009/01/06/ncsoft-sued-by-worlds-corn/l, Jan. 6, 2009.
`sued by MMO, http://www.bit-tech.net/showthread.
`NCSoft
`php?t~l62548,Jan.6,2009.
`Tatem Nino, Patents threaten virtual worlds, MMOGs, http://www.
`massively. corn/2 008/ 12/ 12/patents-hreaten-virtual-wor 1 ds-mmogs,
`Dec. 12, 2008.
`Holloway et al., Virtual Environments: A Survery of the Technology
`(TR-93-033), Dept. Comp. Sci. U. of North Carolina,1993, pp. 1-57,
`Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
`Kazman, Making Waves: On the Design of Architectures for Low(cid:173)
`end Distributed Virtual Environments, Proc. IEEE VRAIS '93, 1993,
`pp. 443-449, IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA, USA.
`Kazman, Hidra: An Architecture for Highly Dynamic Physically
`Based Multi-Agent Simulations, 1995, Int. J. Comp. Simulation, vol.
`5, Iss. 2, pp. 149-164, Ablex Publishing Corp., Norwood, NJ, USA.
`Kazman, Load Balancing, Latency Management and Separation of
`Concerns in a Distributed Virtual World, in Zomaya (ed.), Parallel
`Computations-Paradigms and Applications, 1995, pp. 480-497, Ch.
`18, International Thompson Computer Press, London, UK.
`Kelly, The First Online Sports Game Netrek is Mind Hockey on the
`Net, Wired, 1993, pp. 54-55, vol. 1, No. 06, Wired USA Ltd., San
`Francisco, CA, USA.
`
`
`
`Case 6:20-cv-00872-ADA Document 1-1 Filed 09/25/20 Page 4 of 23
`
`US 8,082,501 B2
`Page 3
`
`Kessler et al., A Network Communication Protocol for Distributed
`Virtual Environment Systems, Proc. VRAIS '96, 1996, pp. 214-222,
`IEEE Computer Society Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
`Kollock, Invited Speaker: Design Principles for Online Communi(cid:173)
`ties: Lessons from Early Settlements, Proc. IEEE VRAIS '97, 1997,
`p. 152, IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA, USA [ doi:
`http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/l 0.1109/VRAIS.1997 .10002].
`Kumar et al., Interactive Display of Large-Scale NURBS Models,
`SI3D '95 Proc. of the 1995 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics,
`1995, pp. 51-58 & 206,ACMPress, New York, NY, USA, USA [doi:
`http://doi.acm.org/l O. l l 45/199404.199413].
`Kutulakos et al., Affine Object Representations for Calibration-Free
`Augmented Reality, Proc. IEEE VRAIS '96, 1996, pp. 25-36, IEEE
`Computer Society Press, Washington, D.C., USA [doi: http://doi.
`ieeecompuersociety.org/ 10 .1109/VRAIS .1996.490 507].
`Lampton et al., Distance Estimation in Virtual Environments, Proc. of
`the Human Factors and Ergonomics Soc. 39th Ann. Meeting, 1995,
`pp. 1268-1272, Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Santa
`Monica, CA, USA.
`Lastra, Technology for Virtual Reality, Proc. of ACM SIGGRAPH
`'94: Course Notes 17 Programming Virtual Worlds, 1994, pp. 1-25,
`Ch. 3, ACM Press, New York, NY, USA.
`Latham, IfVR is So Great, Why Are VR Entertainment Systems So
`Poor?, ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics, 1994, vol. 28 No. 2,
`pp. 113-114, ACM Press, New York, NY, USA.
`Lea et al., Cool: System Support for Distributed Programming, Com(cid:173)
`munications of the ACM, pp. 37-46, vol. 36, No. 9, ACM Press, New
`York, NY, USA.
`Levine et al., Effect ofVisual Display Parameters on Driving Perfor(cid:173)
`mance in a Virtual Environments Driving Simulator, Proceedings of
`the Human Factors Society 40th Annual Meeting, 1996, pp. 1136-
`1140, The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, CA, USA.
`Levison et al., Use ofVirtual Environment Training Technology for
`Individual Combat Simulation (TR 971 ), US Army Res. Institute for
`the Behav. Social Sci.,1993 pp. 1-85, ARI, Alexandria, VA, USA.
`Levoy et al., Gaze-Directed Volume Rendering (TR-89-048), Dept.
`Comp. Sci. U. of North Carolina,1989, pp. 1-7, Chapel Hill, NC,
`USA.
`Luebke et al., Portals and Mirrors: Simple, Fast Evaluation of Poten(cid:173)
`tially Visible Sets, SI3D '95 Proc. of the 1995 symposium on Inter(cid:173)
`active 3D graphics, 1995, pp. 105-106, 212, ACM Press, New York,
`NY, USA, USA [doi: http://doi.acm.org/10.l 145/199404.199422].
`Macedonia, AN etwork Software Architecture for Large Scale Virtual
`Environments, Naval Postgraduate School Dissertation, 1995, pp.
`1-233, Monterey, CA, USA.
`Macedonia et al., Exploiting Reality with Multicast Groups: A Net(cid:173)
`work Architecture for Large-scale Virtual Environments, Proc. IEEE
`VRAIS '95, 1995, pp. 2-10, IEEE Computer Society Washington,
`D.C., USA
`[doi:
`http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.l 109/
`VRAIS.1995.512473].
`Macedonia et al., NPSNET: A Network Software Architecture for
`Large Scale Virtual Environments, Presence, 1994, pp. 265-287, vol.
`3, No. 4, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA.
`Macedonia et al., NPSNET: A Multi-Player 3D Virtual Environment
`Over the Internet, Proc. of ACM SI3D '95, 1995, pp. 93-ff, ACM
`Press, New York, NY, USA.
`Mandeville et al., GreenSpace: Creating a Distributed Virtual Envi(cid:173)
`ronment for Global Applications, Proc. IEEE Networked Virtual
`Reality Workshop, 1995, pp. 1-15 [doi: http://www.hitl.washington.
`edu/publications/p-9 5-17 /].
`Markoff, Programmed for Life and Death, NY Times, 1990, New
`York, NY, USA print date Mar. 9, 2010, 3 pages, http://www.nytimes.
`corn/ 1990/08/2 6/weekinreview I ideas-trends-programmed-for- life(cid:173)
`and-death.htrnl.
`Mauldin, ChatterBots, TinyMuds, and the Turing Test: Entering the
`Loehner Prize Competition, Proc. of the Twelfth Nat. Conf. on Arti(cid:173)
`ficial Intelligence, 1994, pp. 16-21, vol. 1, American Association for
`Artificial Intelligence Menlo Park, CA, USA.
`McCauley et al., Spatial Orientation and Dynamics in Virtual Reality
`Systems: Lessons from Flight Simulation, Proceedings of the Human
`Factors Society 345h Annual Meeting, 1991, pp. 1348-1352, vol. 2,
`The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, CA, USA.
`
`McKenna et al., Three Dimensional Visual Display Systems for Vir(cid:173)
`tual Environments, Presence, 1992, pp. 421-458, vol. 1, No. 4, MIT
`Press, Cambridge, MA, USA.
`Meyer e al., A Survey of Position Trackers, Presence, 1992, pp.
`173-200, vol. 1, No. 2, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA.
`Michalski, Multi-User Virtual Environments, Part I. Release 1.0,
`1994, pp. 1-22, EDventure Holdings, New York, NY, USA.
`Michalski, Multi-User Virtual Environments, Part II. Release 1.0,
`1994, pp. 1-19, EDventure Holdings, New York, NY, USA.
`Mine, Interaction in a Virtual Environment, Proc. of ACM SIG(cid:173)
`GRAPH '94: Course Notes 17 Programming Virtual Worlds, 1994,
`pp. 1-20, Ch. 3, ACM Press, New York, NY, USA.
`Mine, Virtual Environment Interaction Techniques (TR95-018),
`Dept. Comp. Sci. U. of North Carolina,1989, pp. 1-18, Chapel Hill,
`NC, UAA.
`Mitchell, Virtual Reality and the Internet, Virtual Reality Special
`Report, 1995, pp. 35-38, vol. 2, No. 1, Miller Freeman Inc., San
`Francisco, CA, USA.
`Mitsutake et al., Open Sesame from Top ofYour Head-An Event
`Related Potential Based Interface for the Control of the Virtual Real(cid:173)
`ity System, Proc. of 2nd IEEE Int. Workshop on Robot and Human
`Communication, 1993, pp. 292-295, IEEE, Japan [doi: http://10.
`l 109/Roman.1993.367705].
`Moore, How to Create a Low-cost Virtual Reality Network, Educa(cid:173)
`tional Media Int., 1993, pp. 37-39, vol. 30, No. 1, Kogan Page Ltd.,
`Letchworth, UK.
`Morabito, Enter the On-Line World of Lucasfilm, RUN, 1986, pp.
`24-28, vol. 3 No. 8.
`Moriuchi et al., Communication Control Method in a Multiple User
`Communication Environment with a Virtual Space, 1995, IEICE
`Journal, pp. 21-25, vol. 94, No. 458, Japan.
`Morningstar, The Ghu Ghuide (A manual for God's Handy Utility),
`1987, pp. 1-45, Lucasfilm Ltd. Garnes Division, USA.
`Morningstar et al., The Lessons of Lucasfilm' s Habitat,
`in
`BENEDIKT (ed.), Cyberspace: First Steps, 1991, pp: 273-301, Ch.
`10, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA.
`Morningstar et al., A Comprehensive Guide to Understanding
`HabitatTM, In the official Avatar Handbook, 1997, pp. 1-43, Vienna,
`VA,
`USA
`http://www.dsgarnes.net/qlink/habitat/
`Habitat%20Manual.pdf.
`Morrison, The YR-Link TM Networked Virtual Environment Soft(cid:173)
`ware Infrastructure, Presence, 1995, pp. 194-208, vol. 4, No. 2, MIT
`Press, Cambridge, MA, USA.
`Moyes, Searching for Ron Britvich articles Part 1 and 2 in the Moyes
`Report, An independent source for real news in the world of technol(cid:173)
`ogy, http://www.roderickmoyes.50megs.com/brit1 .html, print date
`Mar. 26, 2009, 12 pages.
`Mulligan, History of Online Garnes, Imaginary Realities E-maga(cid:173)
`zine, 2000, pp. 1-4, print date May 13, 2009, 4 pages, http://tharsis(cid:173)
`gate.org/articles/imaginary/HISTOR-l.HTM.
`Nakamura et al., Distributed Virtual Reality System for Cooperative
`Work, NEC Res. & Develop. 1994, pp. 403-409, vol. 35, No. 4, Japan
`Publications Trading Co., Ltd., Tokyo, JP.
`Naylor, Interactive Playing with Large Synthetic Environments,
`ACM SI3D Graphics '90, 1990, pp. 107-108, 212, ACM Press, New
`York, NY, USA.
`Naylor et al., Merging BPS Trees Yields Polyhedral Set Operations,
`ACM SIGGRAPH '90 Computer Graphics, 1990, vol. 24 No. 4, pp.
`115-124, ACM Press, New York, NY, USA.
`O'Connell et al., System Support for Scalable Distributed Virtual
`Worlds, ACMVRST '96, 1996, pp. 141-142, ACM Press, New York,
`NY,USA.
`Olano et al., Combatting Rendering Latency, SI3D '95 Computer
`Graphics, 1995, pp. 19-24, 204, ACM Press, New York, NY, USA.
`Padgett, Standards (Report: Current Activities in VR Standards at
`IEEE), Int. J. Virtual Reality, 1995, pp. 28-29, vol. 1, No. 1, IPI Press,
`Colorado Springs, CO, USA.
`Pandzic et al., Motor functions in the VLNET Body-Centered
`Networked Virtual Environment, in GOBEL et al. (eds.), Proc. of the
`Eurographics Workshops in Monte Carlo, Monaco and in Prague,
`Czech Republic, 1996, pp. 94-103, Springer-Verlag London, UK.
`
`
`
`Case 6:20-cv-00872-ADA Document 1-1 Filed 09/25/20 Page 5 of 23
`
`US 8,082,501 B2
`Page 4
`
`Papka et al., UbiWorld: An Environment Integrating Virtual Reality,
`Supercomputing and Design, Proc. of the Fifth IEEE Int. Symp. on
`High Performance Distributed Computing, 1996, p. 306-307, IEEE
`Computer Society Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
`http://1997.webhistory.org/www.lists/www-vrml.1994/0132.html,
`Web: Webworld, print date Mar. 20, 2009, 1 page.
`http://elonka.com/SimuTimeLine.html, Simutronics Timeline, print
`date Apr. 2, 2009, 3 pages.
`http:// archive .I egendsofkesmai .corn/iok/miscellaneous/ articles/
`worlds_of_kesmai.htm, Worlds of Kesmai Article, print date Mar.
`25, 2009, 3 pages.
`http:// archive .I egendsofkesmai .corn/iok/ guides/iok_ bg_
`kompanion.htm, IoK BG Kompanion A Comprehensive Guide to the
`Basic Game oflsland ofKesmai, 2005, print date Mar. 25, 2009, 53
`pages.
`http:/ /www. di gi barn .corn/collections/ games/maze-war/hardware(cid:173)
`maze-mit/index.html, The Maze Game, print date Oct. 15, 2009, 15
`pages.
`http://www.digibarn.com/collections/ games/maze-war/macromind(cid:173)
`mazewars/index.html, What do you do with your AppleTalk? Play
`Maze Wars+ of course!, print date Oct. 15, 2009, 2 pages.
`http:/ /www. di gi barn .corn/collections/ games/maze-war/ oracle(cid:173)
`maze/ index .html, Maze at Interop, print date Oct. 15, 2009, 16 pages.
`http:/ /www. di gi barn .corn/collections/ games/maze-war/ other(cid:173)
`mazes/Maze War-for-Alto .html, MazeWar for Xerox Alto (email
`thread from 1982), print date Oct. 15, 2009, 3 pages.
`http:/ /www. di gi barn .corn/collections/ games/maze-war/ super-maze(cid:173)
`wars/index.html, Super Maze Wars The Networkable 3-D Mazebattle
`Game, print date Oct. 15, 2009, 15 pages.
`http:/ /www. di gi barn .corn/collections/ games/xerox -maze-war/in -
`<lex.html, Celebrating Thirty Years (1974) of the world's first
`multiplayer 3 D game environment!, print date Oct. 15, 2009, 4 pages.
`http://www.digibarn.com/history/04-VCF7-MazeWar/blog/index.
`html, We welcome your stories about Maze, how it changed your life
`(or didn't)!, print date Oct. 15, 2009, 2 pages.
`http://www.digibarn.com/history/04-VCF7-MazeWar/index.html,
`The First First Person Shooter, print date Oct. 15, 2009, 3 pages.
`http://www.digibarn.com/history/04-VCF7-MazeWar/panelists/in(cid:173)
`dex.html, Greg Thompson, Chief Video Architect, Cisco's Video
`Networking Business Unit, print date Oct. 15, 2009, 3 pages.
`http://www.digibarn.com/history/04-VCF7-MazeWar/stories/col(cid:173)
`ley.html, Steve Colley's account of the beginning of Maze (and other
`history and thoughts), print date Oct. 15, 2009, 2 pages.
`http://www.digibarn.com/history/04-VCF7-MazeWar/stories/
`guyton.html, Jim Guyton' s Story of Maze at Xerox ( Alto and Star),
`print date Oct. 15, 2009, 2 pages.
`http://www.digibarn.com/history/04-VCF7-MazeWar/stories/
`lebling.html, David Lebling's Story of Maze at MIT (1974+ ), print
`date Oct. 15, 2009, 2 pages.
`http:/ /www.worlds.com/press-releases/PaidWorldsContract -0 8-12-
`08 .html, Worlds.Com Inc. and Paid, Inc. sign reciprocal licensing
`agreements, print date Aug. 25, 2009, 3 pages.
`Air Warrior Version 0.8 Manual, 1987, pp. 1-42, Kesmai Corporation,
`USA.
`Air Warrior Version 1.2 Game Manual, 1989, pp. 1-91, Kesrnai Cor(cid:173)
`poration, USA.
`Club Caribe Guidebook, 1989, pp. 1-12, Quantum Computer Ser(cid:173)
`vices, Inc. and Lucasfilms Ltd., USA comp.groupware FAQ: Prod(cid:173)
`ucts 4: Frequently Asked Questions, Groupware Products, Part four,
`(comp.groupware ... notes.misc. Lotus Notes related discussions)
`1997, print date May 13, 2009, 9 pages, http://www.faqs.org/faqs/
`comp-groupware-faq/products4/.
`Doom Game Manual, 1993, pp. 1-13, Software Publishers Associa(cid:173)
`tion, Washington D.C., USA.
`Interaction Magazine, Spring 1992, pp. 1-82, Parts 1-4.
`The Becker Group Finances The Parallel Universe TM Multi-Player
`Interactive Video Game System, Business Wire, 1995, Calgary,
`Alberta, CA, print date May 13, 2009, 3 pages http://findarticles.
`corn/p/articles/mi_mOEIN/is_l995_March_l4/ai_l6659321/.
`The Doom rendering engine, print date Sep. 21, 2009, 3 pages http://
`everything2 .com/title/
`The+Doom+rendering+engine?displaytype~printable.
`
`The Doom Wiki, Doom networking component, print date Sep. 22,
`2009, 3 pages http://doom.wiki.com/wiki/Doom_networking_
`component.
`The Realm Official Players Guide, 1997, pp. 1-160, Sierra Online,
`Inc., Coarsegold, CA, USA.
`The Shadow of Yserbius User Guide, 1993, pp. I-LXVI, Sierra
`Online, Inc., Coarsegold, CA, USA.
`Airey et al., Towards Image Realism with Interactive Update Rates in
`Complex Virtual Building Environments, ACM SIGGRAPH Com(cid:173)
`puter Graphics, 1990, pp. 41-50, 258, vol. 24, No. 2, New York, NY,
`USA [doi: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/91394.91416].
`Akiyama et al., Consideration on Three-Dimensional Visual Com(cid:173)
`munication Systems, IEEE J. on Selected Areas in Communications,
`1991, pp. 555-560, vol. 9, No. 4, IEEE Computer Society Press, Los
`Alamitos, CA, USA.
`Aliaga, Virtual and Real Object Collisions in a Merged Environment,
`VRST '94 Proc. of the conference on Virtual Reality software and
`Technology Singapore, Singapore, 1994, pp. 287-298, World Scien(cid:173)
`tific Publishing Co., Inc., River Edge, NJ, USA.
`Alluisi, Network and Virtual-World Technologies for Training: A
`Panel Presentation and Discussion, in Woods et al. ( ed.), Proceedings
`of the Human Factors Society 34th Annual Meeting, 1990, pp. 1405-
`1406, vol. 2, The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, CA, USA.
`Amari et al., A Virtual Reality Application for Software Visualiza(cid:173)
`tion, Proc. IEEE VRAIS '93, 1993, pp. 1-6, IEEE Computer Society
`Press, Los Alamitos, CA, USA.
`Amselem, A Window on Shared Virtual Environments, Presence,
`1995, pp. 130-145, vol. 4, No. 2, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA.
`Anderson et al., Building Multiuser Interactive Multimedia Environ(cid:173)
`ments at MERL, IEEE MultiMedia, 1995, vol. 2, No. 4, IEEE Com(cid:173)
`puter Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA, USA, [doi: http://doi.
`ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/93 .482298].
`Andrews, Warfighting Training R & D in the Post Cold War Era(cid:173)
`With a Special Emphasis on Synthetic Environments, Educational
`Technology, 1994, pp. 36-40, vol. XXXIII, No. 2, Brooks Air Force
`Base, Tex.: Armstrong Laboratory, Air Force Materiel Command.
`Aoki et al., Design and Control of Shared Conferencing Environ(cid:173)
`ments for Audio Telecommunication Using Individually Measured
`HRTFs, Presence, 1994, pp. 60-72, vol. 3, No. 1, MIT Press, Cam(cid:173)
`bridge, MA, USA.
`Appino et al., An Architecture for Virtual Worlds, Presence, 1992, pp.
`1-17, vol. 1, No. 1, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA.
`Bailey et al., Learning and Transfer of Spatial Knowledge in a Virtual
`Environment, Proc. of the Human Factors & Ergonomics Society
`38th Annual Meeting, 1994, pp. 1158-1162,vol. 2, Human Factors
`and Ergonomics Society, Santa Monica, CA, USA.
`Bajaj et al., Distributed and Collaborative Synthetic Environments
`(Technical Report 95-059), Purdue University, Department of Com(cid:173)
`puter Sciences, 1995, pp. 1-13.
`Bangay, Parallel implementation of a Virtual Reality System on a
`Transputer Architecture, Unpublished MS Thesis, 1993, pp. 1-117,
`Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South-Africa.
`Bangay, A Comparison ofVirtual Reality Platforms, 1994, pp. 1-16
`http:/ /www.cs.ru. ac. za/vrsig/techdoc s/bangay /SD B04. ps. gz.
`Banisar, Epic Statement on Digital Telephony Wire Tap Bill (EPIC
`Statement on FBI Wire Tap Bill), Telecom Digest, 1994, pp. 1-336,
`vol. 14, Iss. 351-400, http://massis.lcs.mit.edu/archives/back.issues/
`1994.volume. l 4/vol 14.iss35 l-400.
`Baron, Air Warrior Flight Manual, 1992, pp. 1-145, Charlottesville,
`VA, USA.
`Barrus et al., Locales and Beacons: Efficient and Precise Support for
`Large Multi-User Virtual Environments, Proc. IEEE VRAIS '96,
`1996, pp. 204-213, IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA,
`USA.
`Batson, ENFI Research, Computers and Composition, 1993, pp.
`93-101, vol. 10, No. 3, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign and
`Michigan Technological University.
`Bell et al., The LEAP Intelligent Tutoring Architecture, Proc. 1993
`Conf. on Intelligent Computer-Aided Training and Virtual Environ.
`Technol., 1993, p. 218, vol. II, NASA.
`
`
`
`Case 6:20-cv-00872-ADA Document 1-1 Filed 09/25/20 Page 6 of 23
`
`US 8,082,501 B2
`Page 5
`
`Benford, A Distributed Architecture for Large Collaborative Virtual
`Environments, Proc. IEEE Colloquium on Distributed Virtual Real(cid:173)
`ity', 1993, pp. 9/1-9/7, Digest No. 121, IEEE Computer Society
`Press, London, UK.
`Benford et al., From Rooms to Cyberspace: Models oflnteraction in
`Large Virtual Computer Spaces, Interacting With Computers, 1993,
`pp. 217-237, vol. 5 No. 2, Elsevier, London, UK.
`Benford et al., A Spatial Model oflnteraction in Large Virtual Envi(cid:173)
`ronments, Proc. 3rd European Conf. on Computer-Supported Work
`Milan, Italy, 1993, pp. 109-124, Kluwer Academic Publishers
`Norwell, MA, USA.
`Papathomas et al., Synchronization in Virtial Worlds, in Thalanmn et
`al. (eds.) Virtual Worlds and Multimedia, 1993, pp. 135-152, Ch. 11,
`John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, USA.
`Pausch, Software Development Environments and Architectures for
`Virtual Reality, Proc. of ACM SIGGRAPH '94: Course Notes 2
`Developing Advanced Virtual Reality Applications, 1994, pp. 14.1-
`14.8, ACM Press, New York, NY, USA.
`Peterson, The Island in your Computer, Dragon Magazine, vol. XII,
`No. 7, Iss. 128, 1987, pp. 69-70 & 73, print date Mar. 25, 2009, 4
`pages,
`http:// archive .legendso fkesmai .corn/i ok/miscellaneous/ ar(cid:173)
`ticles/ island_in_your_ computer.htm.
`Piantanida et al., Studies of the Field-Of-View/Resolution Tradeoff
`in Virtual-Reality Systems, in Proc. SPIE: Rogowitz (ed.) Human
`Vis. Proc. Digital Display III, 1992, pp. 448-456, vol. 1666, SPIE
`Press, Bellingham, Washington, USA [doi: http:l/10.1117/12.
`135990].
`Pimentel, System Architecture Issues Related to Multiple-User VR
`Systems: Teaching Your System to Share, Proc. 3rd Annual Virtual
`Reality Conference and Exhibition on VR Becomes a Business,
`1993, pp. 125-133, Meckler Publishing, Westport, CT, USA.
`Polis et al., Automating the Construction of Large-Scale Virtual
`Worlds, Computer, 1995, pp. 57-65, vol. 28, No. 7, IEEE Computer
`Society,
`Los Alamitos,
`CA, USA
`[doi:
`http://doi.
`ieeecomputersociety.org/ 10.1109/2.391042].
`Pratt, A Software Architecture for the Construction and Management
`of Real-Time Virtual Worlds, Naval Postgraduate School Disserta(cid:173)
`tion, 1993, pp. 1-147, Monterey, CA, USA.
`Pratt et al., Insertion of an Articulated Human into a Networked
`Virtual Environment, Proc. 5th Ann. Conf. on AI, Simulation and
`Planning in High Autonomy Systems, 1994, pp. 84-90, IEEE Com(cid:173)
`puter Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA, USA.
`Pratt et al., NPSNET: Four User Interface Paradigms for Entity
`Control in a Virtual World, J. of Intelligent Systems, 1995, pp.
`89-109, vol. 5, Nos. 2-4, Freund Publishing House Ltd., London,
`England, UK.
`Pulkka, Spatial Culling of interpersonal Communication Within
`Large-Scale Multi-User Virtual Environments, MS Thesis in Com(cid:173)
`puter Science and Engineering at the University of Washington,
`1995, print date May 14, 2009, 50 pages, http://www.hitl.
`washington.edu/publications/pulkka/1.htrnl.
`Pullen et al., Networking Technology and DIS, Proc. of the IEEE,
`1995, pp. 1156-1167, vol. 83, No. 8, IEEE, New York, NY, USA [doi:
`hrtp://10.1109/5.400455].
`Quinlan, Efficient Distance Computation between Non-Convex
`Objects, IEEE Int. Conference on Robotics and Automation, 1994,
`pp. 3324-3329, vol. 2, IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos,
`CA, USA.
`Rea, Innovative Network Structure Displays, Virtual Reality World,
`1994, pp. 18-22, vol. 2, No. 1, Meckler Corporation, Westport, CT,
`USA.
`Rea et al., Advanced Interface Into Network Management Worksta(cid:173)
`tions, Proc. of the IEE Colloquium on 'Distributed Virtual Reality',
`1993, pp. 711-713, IEE, London, UK.
`Reed, Virtual Reality for Real-Time Performance Analysis and Dis(cid:173)
`play, Proc. of the Supercomputing '95, 1995, pp. 1-3, ACM Press,
`New York, NY, USA.
`Regan et al., Priority Rendering with a Virtual Reality Address Recal(cid:173)
`culation Pipeline, Proc. of ACM SIGGRAPH '94: Computer Graph(cid:173)
`ics, 1994, pp. 155-162, ACM Press, New York, NY, USA.
`
`Reynders et al., POOMA: A Framework for Scientific Simulation on
`Parallel Architectures, First Int. Workshop on High-Level Program(cid:173)
`ming Models and Supportive Environments, 1996, pp. 41-49, IEEE
`Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA, USA.
`Rezzonico et al., Consistent Grasping in Virtual Environments base
`on the Interactive Grasping Automat, in in Gobel et al. ( eds.), Virtual
`Environments '95 Selected papers of the Eurographics Workshops in
`Barcelona, Spain and Monte Carlo, 1993, Monaco, 1995, 1995, pp.
`107-118, Springer-Verlag London, UK.
`Rheingold, Multi-User Dungeons and Alternate Identities, The Vir(cid:173)
`tual Community Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier, 1993, pp.
`145-175, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., New York, NY, USA.
`Rivera, Proyecto Xochicalco: A Networked Virtual Environments
`System Featuring an Ancient Aztec/Mayan Ball Game Played on the
`Replicated Virtual Site ofXochicalco, Mexico, Proc. of ACM SIG(cid:173)
`GRAPH '94: Computer Graphics, 1994, pp. 192-193, ACM Press,
`New York, NY, USA.
`Robinett, Interactivity and Individual Viewpoint in Shared Virtual
`Worlds: The Big Screen vs. Networked Personal Displays, Computer
`Graphics, 1994, pp. 127-130, vol. 8, No. 2, AMC SIGGRAPH,
`Orlando, FL, USA.
`Shekter et al., The Netrek Newbie Manual, 1995, print date Nov. 3,
`2009, 42 pages http://www.netrek.org/about/2005-newbie.htrnl.
`Singh et al., BrickNet: Sharing Object Behaviors on the Net, Proc.
`IEEE VRAIS '95, 1995, pp. 19-25, IEEE Computer Society Wash(cid:173)
`ington, D.C., USA.
`Singhal et al., Using a Position History-Based Protocol for Distrib(cid:173)
`uted Object Visualization, Technical Report STAN-CS-TR-94-1505,
`Computer Science Department, Stanford University, Stanford, Cali(cid:173)
`fornia, USA.
`Slater, An Algorithm to Support 3D Interaction on Relatively Low
`Performance Graphics Systems, Comp. & Graphics, 1992, pp. 311-
`315, vol. 16, No. 3, Pergamon Press Ltd., Great Britain, UK.
`Slater et al., Representations Systems, Perceptual Position, and Pres(cid:173)
`ence in Immersive Virtual Environments, Presence, 19932, pp. 221-
`233, vol. 2, No. 3, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA.
`Slator et al., From Dungeons to Classrooms: The Evolution ofMUDs
`as Learning Environments, Studies in Computati