FOR PUBLICATION
`
`UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
`FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
`
`
`CHRISTOPHER M. SULYMA, and all
`others similarly situated,
`Plaintiff-Appellant,
`
` No. 17-15864
`
`D.C. No.
`5:15-cv-04977-
`NC
`
`
`OPINION
`
`v.
`
`
`INTEL CORPORATION INVESTMENT
`POLICY COMMITTEE; FINANCE
`COMMITTEE OF THE INTEL
`CORPORATION BOARD OF
`DIRECTORS; INTEL RETIREMENT
`PLANS ADMINISTRATIVE
`COMMITTEE; CHARLENE
`BARSHEFSKY; FRANK D. YEARY;
`JAMES D. PLUMMER; REED E.
`HUNDT; SUSAN L. DECKER; JOHN J.
`DONAHOE; DAVID S. POTTRUCK;
`RAVI JACOB; INTEL 401(K) SAVINGS
`PLAN; INTEL RETIREMENT
`CONTRIBUTION PLAN,
`Defendants-Appellees.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Appeal from the United States District Court
`for the Northern District of California
`Nathanael M. Cousins, Magistrate Judge, Presiding
`
`Argued and Submitted October 18, 2018
`San Francisco, California
`
`
`
`UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
`FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
`
`
`CHRISTOPHER M. SULYMA, and all
`others similarly situated,
`Plaintiff-Appellant,
`
` No. 17-15864
`
`D.C. No.
`5:15-cv-04977-
`NC
`
`
`OPINION
`
`v.
`
`
`INTEL CORPORATION INVESTMENT
`POLICY COMMITTEE; FINANCE
`COMMITTEE OF THE INTEL
`CORPORATION BOARD OF
`DIRECTORS; INTEL RETIREMENT
`PLANS ADMINISTRATIVE
`COMMITTEE; CHARLENE
`BARSHEFSKY; FRANK D. YEARY;
`JAMES D. PLUMMER; REED E.
`HUNDT; SUSAN L. DECKER; JOHN J.
`DONAHOE; DAVID S. POTTRUCK;
`RAVI JACOB; INTEL 401(K) SAVINGS
`PLAN; INTEL RETIREMENT
`CONTRIBUTION PLAN,
`Defendants-Appellees.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Appeal from the United States District Court
`for the Northern District of California
`Nathanael M. Cousins, Magistrate Judge, Presiding
`
`Argued and Submitted October 18, 2018
`San Francisco, California
`
`
`
`SULYMA V. INTEL CORP. INV. POLICY COMM.
`
`Filed November 28, 2018
`
`Before: J. Clifford Wallace and Susan P. Graber, Circuit
`Judges, and Robert S. Lasnik,* District Judge.
`
`Opinion by Judge Wallace
`
`2
`
`
`
`
`SUMMARY**
`
`Employee Retirement Income Security Act
`
`
`
`
`The panel reversed the district court’s grant of summary
`
`judgment in favor of the defendants in an ERISA action on
`the ground that the limitations period had expired.
`
` A former employee and participant in Intel’s retirement
`plans sued the company for allegedly investing retirement
`funds in violation of ERISA section 1104. The district court
`concluded that the employee had the requisite “actual
`knowledge” to trigger ERISA’s three-year limitations
`period, 29 U.S.C. § 1113(2).
`
`The panel held that a two-step process is followed in
`
`determining whether a claim is barred by section 1113(2).
`First, the court isolates and defines the underlying violation
`on which the plaintiff’s claim is founded. Second, the court
`inquires whether the plaintiff had “actual knowledge” of the
`alleged breach or violation. The panel held that actual
`
`* The Honorable Robert S. Lasnik, United States District Judge for
`the Western District of Washington, sitting by designation.
`
`** This summary constitutes no part of the opinion of the court. It
`has been prepared by court staff for the convenience of the reader.
`
`
`
`3
`
`SULYMA V. INTEL CORP. INV. POLICY COMM.
`
`
`
`knowledge does not mean that a plaintiff had knowledge that
`the underlying action violated ERISA, nor does it merely
`mean that a plaintiff had knowledge that the underlying
`action occurred. Rather, the defendant must show that the
`plaintiff was actually aware of the nature of the alleged
`breach more than three years before the plaintiff’s action was
`filed. In an ERISA section 1104 case, the plaintiff must have
`been aware that the defendant had acted and that those acts
`were imprudent. Disagreeing with the Sixth Circuit, the
`panel held that the plaintiff must have actual knowledge,
`rather than constructive knowledge.
`
`The panel concluded that disputes of material fact as to
`
`the plaintiff’s actual knowledge precluded summary
`judgment, and remanded the case to the district court for
`further proceedings.
`
`
`
`COUNSEL
`
`
`Matthew W.H. Wessler (argued), Jonathan E. Taylor, and
`Rachel Bloomekatz, Gupta Wessler PLLC, Washington,
`D.C.; Joseph A. Creitz, Creitz & Serebin LLP, San
`Francisco, California; Ryan T. Jenny and Gregory Y. Porter,
`Bailey & Glasser LLP, Washington, D.C.; R. Joseph Barton,
`Block & Leviton LLP, Washington, D.C.; for Plaintiff-
`Appellant.
`
`John J. Buckley Jr. (argued), Juli Ann Lund, David S.
`Kurtzer-Ellenbogen, and Daniel F. Katz, Williams &
`Connolly LLP, Washington, D.C.; Scott P. Cooper,
`Proskauer Rose LLP, Los Angeles, California; Myron D.
`Rumeld, Proskauer Rose LLP, New York, New York; for
`Defendants-Appellees.
`
`
`
`
`4
`
`
`SULYMA V. INTEL CORP. INV. POLICY COMM.
`
`OPINION
`
`WALLACE, Circuit Judge:
`
`A former employee and participant in Intel’s retirement
`plans sued the company for allegedly investing retirement
`funds in violation of the Employee Retirement Income
`Security Act (ERISA). Intel moved to dismiss the complaint
`on the ground that the limitations period for his claims had
`expired. The magistrate judge1 converted Intel’s motion to
`dismiss into a motion for summary judgment and entered
`summary judgment in favor of Intel. The employee now
`appeals, arguing that the district court erred by concluding
`he had the requisite “actual knowledge” required by ERISA
`to trigger the limitations period. We have jurisdiction under
`28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we reverse.
`
`I.
`
`Christopher Sulyma worked at Intel between 2010 and
`2012 and participated in two of Intel’s retirement plans, both
`governed by ERISA. The first was the Intel Retirement Plan,
`also known as the Intel Retirement Contribution Plan. The
`second was the Intel 401(k) Savings Plan.
`
`Sulyma’s account performance depended in part on
`investment decisions controlled by Intel, through the
`performance of different Intel “funds.” Sulyma’s Retirement
`Plan account was invested in the Intel Global Diversified
`Fund. Sulyma’s Savings Plan account was invested in the
`Intel Target Date 2045 Fund. The Funds were managed by
`an Intel investment committee responsible for choosing and
`managing the Funds’ asset allocations. The investment
`
`1 The parties consented to the jurisdiction of a magistrate judge. See
`28 U.S.C. § 636.
`
`
`
`5
`
`SULYMA V. INTEL CORP. INV. POLICY COMM.
`
`
`
`committee members were appointed and supervised by a
`finance committee formed by members of the Intel Board of
`Directors. A third administrative committee was responsible
`for disclosing
`information about
`the Plans
`to plan
`participants. This opinion refers to these various groups as
`“Intel” unless the context otherwise requires.
`
`When the Funds were established, they did not include
`significant “alternative investments,” such as hedge funds.
`Intel increased the Funds’ alternative investments to reduce
`the
`investment
`risk
`to
`the
`funds
`through greater
`diversification. But the reduction in investment risk came at
`the cost of higher fees and lower performance during periods
`of strong returns in the equity market. When equity markets
`did in fact begin to improve after the Great Recession, the
`Funds’ performances lagged compared to index funds and
`comparable portfolios. Intel disclosed these investment
`decisions to Sulyma through various documents hosted on
`two websites. The documents disclosed both the fact of the
`alternative investments and the basic strategy behind the
`decision to invest in them. For instance, “Fund Fact Sheets”
`created in 2010 disclosed that the 2045 Fund was invested
`more in hedge funds than comparable portfolios, and that it
`was not performing as well as a result. Sulyma accessed
`some of this information on the websites, but he testified that
`he was not actually aware that his retirement accounts were
`invested in alternative investments while working at Intel.
`
`Sulyma alleges that he eventually learned about the
`Funds’ poor performance; he thereafter filed this action
`against Intel on October 29, 2015, raising six claims. His
`first and third claims alleged that the investment committee
`violated 29 U.S.C. § 1104 by imprudently investing in
`alternative investments. His second and fourth claims
`alleged that the administrative committee violated 29 U.S.C.
`
`
`
`SULYMA V. INTEL CORP. INV. POLICY COMM.
`
`6
`
` §
`
` 1104 and 29 C.F.R. § 2250.404a-5(a) by failing to disclose
`adequately information about the alternative investments.
`His fifth claim alleged that the finance committee violated
`29 U.S.C. § 1104 by failing to monitor the investment and
`administrative committees. His sixth claim alleged that all
`defendants were liable for knowing of the other defendants’
`ERISA violations and failing to remedy them.
`
`Intel moved to dismiss the complaint as time-barred
`under 29 U.S.C. § 1113(2), which provides that an action
`under section 1104 may not be commenced more than “three
`years after the earliest date on which the plaintiff had actual
`knowledge of the breach or violation.” The district court
`converted the motion to dismiss into a motion for summary
`judgment and ordered discovery limited to the statute of
`limitations issue. After discovery, the district court ruled that
`there was no dispute of material fact that Sulyma had actual
`knowledge of the alternative investments more than three
`years before filing this action, and entered summary
`judgment in favor of Intel. Sulyma appeals, arguing that the
`district court applied the wrong standard of “actual
`knowledge” to his imprudent investing and derivative
`liability claims.2
`
`II.
`
`We review a district court’s summary judgment de novo.
`Curley v. City of North Las Vegas, 772 F.3d 629, 631 (9th
`Cir. 2014). “We must determine, viewing the evidence in the
`light most favorable to the nonmoving party, whether there
`
`
`2 The district court also granted summary judgment to Intel on
`Sulyma’s failure-to-disclose claims. Sulyma has not appealed that ruling,
`and therefore we do not address it.
`
`
`
`SULYMA V. INTEL CORP. INV. POLICY COMM.
`
`
`
`are any genuine issues of material fact and whether the
`district court correctly applied the substantive law.” Id.
`
`7
`
`III.
`
`ERISA imposes “a duty of care with respect to the
`management of existing trust funds, along with liability for
`breach of that duty, upon plan fiduciaries.” Lockheed Corp.
`v. Spink, 517 U.S. 882, 887 (1996). Fiduciaries are required
`to act “solely in the interest of the participants and
`beneficiaries” and must exercise “the care, skill, prudence,
`and diligence . . . that a prudent man acting in a like capacity
`and familiar with such matters would use.” 29 U.S.C.
`§ 1104(a)(1). A claim that an ERISA fiduciary has breached
`this prudent investor rule must be brought within six years
`after “the date of the last action which constituted a part of
`the breach or violation,” or within three years after “the
`earliest date on which the plaintiff had actual knowledge of
`the breach or violation.” Id. § 1113.
`
`Sulyma initiated this action on October 29, 2015, and
`Intel has not argued that he did so beyond the six-year
`limitations period. The only issue on appeal is, therefore,
`whether Sulyma had “actual knowledge of the breach or
`violation” beyond the three-year limitations period, i.e.,
`before October 29, 2012. Because there has been some
`confusion in our case law over the scope of the “actual
`knowledge” standard, we begin by explaining what it means
`for a plaintiff to have actual knowledge of a breach. We then
`apply that standard to each of Sulyma’s claims.
`
`A.
`
`We follow a two-step test to determine whether a claim
`is barred by section 1113(2). Ziegler v. Conn. Gen. Life Ins.
`Co, 916 F.2d 548, 550 (9th Cir. 1990). First, we “isolate and
`
`
`
`SULYMA V. INTEL CORP. INV. POLICY COMM.
`
`8
`
`define the underlying violation upon which [the] plaintiff’s
`claim is founded.” Id. at 551 (alterations omitted) (quoting
`Meagher v. Int’l Ass’n of Machinists & Aerospace Workers
`Pension Plan, 856 F.2d 1418, 1422 (9th Cir. 1988)). Second,
`we “inquire when [the plaintiff] had ‘actual knowledge’ of
`the alleged breach or violation.” Id. at 552 (emphasis
`omitted) (quoting 29 U.S.C. § 1113(2)). “This inquiry into
`[the] plaintiff[’s] actual knowledge is entirely factual,
`requiring examination of the record. Identifying the breach
`may end the analysis in cases where the breach coincides
`with an ERISA plaintiff’s actual knowledge of the breach.”
`Id.
`
`ERISA does not define “knowledge” or “actual
`knowledge.” See 29 U.S.C. § 1002. But when Congress first
`enacted ERISA in 1974, section 1113 contained two kinds
`of knowledge
`requirement, actual knowledge and
`constructive knowledge. 29 U.S.C. § 1113(a)(2) (1976). The
`actual knowledge provision was
`identical
`to current
`section 1113(2), but the constructive knowledge provision
`provided that an action could not be commenced more than
`three years after the earliest date “on which a report from
`which [the plaintiff] could reasonably be expected to have
`obtained knowledge of such breach or violation was filed
`with the secretary under this title.” Id. § 1113(a)(2)(B)
`(1976). Congress repealed the constructive knowledge
`provision in 1987, leaving only the actual knowledge
`requirement. Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987,
`Pub. L. No. 100-203, § 9342(b), 101 Stat. 1330. Since that
`time, the Supreme Court has not provided an authoritative
`construction for section 1113(2). See Tibble v. Edison Int’l,
`135 S. Ct. 1823 (2015). Our own interpretations have
`likewise not always been straightforward, leading to some
`confusion
`in our district courts over what “actual
`knowledge” entails. See, e.g., In re Northrop Grumman
`
`
`
`9
`
`SULYMA V. INTEL CORP. INV. POLICY COMM.
`
`
`
`Corp. ERISA Litigation, 2015 WL 10433713, at *20 n.140
`(C.D. Cal. Nov. 24, 2015) (“The court acknowledges that it
`is difficult to harmonize Waller [v. Blue Cross of
`California]’s holding with the rule announced in Blanton [v.
`Anzalone]”). Faced with this confusion, we begin our
`analysis by carefully examining our past cases to determine
`the meaning of “actual knowledge” in this circuit.
`
`We first interpreted section 1113 in Blanton v. Anzalone,
`760 F.2d 989 (9th Cir. 1985), decided before the 1987
`amendment. In that case, the beneficiary of an ERISA plan
`account sued the plan’s trustees. Id. at 991. The beneficiary
`alleged that the trustees breached their fiduciary duties by
`renting a building allegedly owned by the account to a
`corporation, of which the trustees were officers and
`shareholders. Id. The
`trustees counterclaimed for a
`declaration that the account did not have any interest in the
`building, arguing that the transaction that placed the interest
`in the beneficiary’s account was void under 29 U.S.C.
`§ 1106. Id. We held that the trustees’ counterclaim was
`barred by section 1113 because the transaction took place in
`September 1977, more than three years prior to the action’s
`commencement in June 1981. Id. In reaching our holding,
`we reasoned that the trustees “had actual knowledge of the
`transaction at the time it took place because they, as trustees,
`were parties to the transaction, and they . . . actually made
`the decision to undertake the transaction.” Id. We rejected
`the trustees’ argument that they “did not have actual
`knowledge of the violation until their attorney advised them
`that the transaction was prohibited” because section 1113 “is
`triggered by the [trustees’] knowledge of the transaction that
`constituted the alleged violation, not by their knowledge of
`the law.” Id. at 991–92.
`
`
`
`SULYMA V. INTEL CORP. INV. POLICY COMM.
`
`10
`
`
`We relied on Blanton in Meagher, 856 F.2d at 1423. In
`that case, the plaintiff was the beneficiary of an International
`Association of Machinists pension. Id. at 1419–20. The
`Association voted to amend the pension plan, reducing the
`plaintiff’s benefits. Id. at 1420. The plaintiff retired in 1977
`and began receiving checks with the reduced amount. Id. at
`1419. In 1986, he filed an ERISA action under 29 U.S.C.
`§ 1054. Id. at 1419, 1421. We held that the amendment was
`ineffective, and that every application of the amendment in
`the form of a reduced check constituted a violation of
`ERISA. Id. at 1423. We then quoted Blanton’s rule that the
`“statute of limitations is triggered by [a claimant’s]
`knowledge of the transaction that constituted the alleged
`violation, not by [his] knowledge of the law,” and concluded
`that every time the plaintiff received a reduced check “he had
`knowledge of the transaction, though he may not have
`known at the time that the reduction in benefits was unlawful
`under ERISA.” Id. (alterations in original). Applying that
`reasoning, we held that the plaintiff had timely brought
`claims only for checks issued within the three years before
`he filed the action. Id.
`
`Meagher applied the pre-1987 version of section 1113.
`Our first case interpreting the amended section was Ziegler,
`916 F.2d 548. In that case, pension plan administrators
`contracted with an insurance company to invest the
`pension’s funds. Id. at 549. The contract provided that, upon
`termination of the agreement, the insurance company would
`transfer the funds according to one of two options, a “book
`value” over five years, or a “market value” in a lump sum
`that adjusted the amount based on the insurance company’s
`“market value formula.” Id. The administrators opted for the
`lump sum, but then sued the insurance company under
`sections 1104 and 1106 for retaining the “market value”
`adjustment. Id. at 550. We held that the administrators’
`
`
`
`11
`
`SULYMA V. INTEL CORP. INV. POLICY COMM.
`
`
`
`action was time-barred, reasoning that they had actual
`knowledge of the ERISA violation when the insurance
`company informed them that selection of the “market value”
`option would result in the insurance company’s retaining a
`substantial portion of pension funds. Id. at 552. This holding
`was consistent with Blanton and Meagher, although Ziegler
`did not cite those cases in its analysis of actual knowledge.
`See id.
`
`We next interpreted section 1113 in Phillips v. Alaska
`Hotel & Restaurant Employees Pension Fund, 944 F.2d 509
`(9th Cir. 1991). In that case, pension plan contributors sued
`the pension fund administrators under section 1104 for
`maintaining restrictive vesting requirements that excluded
`many contributors from obtaining benefits. Id. at 512. The
`plaintiffs had actual knowledge of the restrictive vesting
`requirements more than three years before they filed the
`action, but the district court nonetheless held that section
`1113 was not a bar because the failure to relax the vesting
`requirement was a “continuing breach.” Id. at 520. We
`reversed, holding that actual knowledge is “measured from
`the ‘earliest date’ on which [the plaintiff] knew of the
`breach.” Id. We reasoned that, although a “continuous series
`of breaches may allow a plaintiff to argue that a new cause
`of action accrues with each new breach . . . [,] if the breaches
`are of the same kind and nature and the plaintiff had actual
`knowledge of one of them more than three years before
`commencing suit, [section 1113] bars the action.” Id. at 521.
`A different rule, we explained, “essentially reads the ‘actual
`knowledge’ standard out of the statute.” Id. at 520.
`
`The foregoing cases establish that knowledge of
`illegality under ERISA is not required to trigger section
`1113’s three-year limitations period. Instead, knowledge of
`the allegedly illegal action or transaction can be sufficient.
`
`
`
`SULYMA V. INTEL CORP. INV. POLICY COMM.
`
`12
`
`However, none of these cases squarely held that knowledge
`of the transaction alone was sufficient “actual knowledge”
`under the statute. Rather, in each case the plaintiffs were
`parties to the transaction, Blanton, 760 F.2d at 991, or were
`specifically informed by the plan administrator of the action,
`see Ziegler, 916 F.2d at 552; Meagher, 856 F.2d at 1421, or
`actual knowledge of the breach was not at issue, Phillips,
`944 F.2d at 520–21.
`
`We first addressed whether knowledge of the underlying
`transaction was necessarily sufficient to trigger the three-
`year limitations period in Waller v. Blue Cross of California,
`32 F.3d 1337 (9th Cir. 1994). In that case, retirement plan
`participants sued plan administrators under section 1104 for
`terminating the plan, using plan assets to purchase annuities
`on behalf of the participants, and retaining the remaining
`assets. Id. at 1338. The administrators moved to dismiss the
`complaint as time-barred, arguing that the three-year
`limitations period began to run as soon as the plaintiffs
`learned about the purchase of annuities. Id. at 1340–41. We
`rejected that argument, reasoning that “[w]e decline to
`equate knowledge of the purchase of annuities in this case
`with actual knowledge of the alleged breach of fiduciary
`duty,” and we favorably quoted the D.C. Circuit rule that
`“[t]he disclosure of a transaction that is not inherently a
`statutory breach of fiduciary duty cannot communicate the
`existence of an underlying breach.” Id. at 1341 (alteration
`omitted) (quoting Fink v. Nat’l Sav. & Trust Co., 772 F.2d
`951, 957 (D.C. Cir. 1985)). Although in some tension with
`our previous cases, Waller’s holding did not conflict with the
`holdings in those cases because Waller considered only
`whether knowledge of the underlying transaction alone
`triggers section 1113(2). As previously explained, our earlier
`cases, while perhaps suggesting that rule, never squarely
`adopted it. Waller was thus the first case to consider whether
`
`
`
`SULYMA V. INTEL CORP. INV. POLICY COMM.
`
`
`
`“actual knowledge of the breach” means only knowledge of
`the underlying transaction, and it established that actual
`knowledge must mean something more, at least in cases in
`which the underlying transaction does not disclose the nature
`of the breach.
`
`13
`
`The lesson we draw from these cases is thus two-fold.
`First, “actual knowledge of the breach” does not mean that a
`plaintiff has knowledge that the underlying action violated
`ERISA. Blanton, 760 F.2d at 992. Second, “actual
`knowledge of the breach” does not merely mean that a
`plaintiff has knowledge that the underlying action occurred.
`Waller, 32 F.3d at 1341. “Actual knowledge” must therefore
`mean something between bare knowledge of the underlying
`transaction, which would trigger the limitations period
`before a plaintiff was aware he or she had reason to sue, and
`actual legal knowledge, which only a lawyer would normally
`possess.
`
`This leads us to the question of what this extra
`“something” must entail. In light of the statutory text and our
`case law, we conclude that the defendant must show that the
`plaintiff was actually aware of the nature of the alleged
`breach more than three years before the plaintiff’s action is
`filed. The exact knowledge required will thus vary
`depending on the plaintiff’s claim. For instance, in a
`section 1104 case, the plaintiff must be aware that the
`defendant has acted and that those acts were imprudent. See,
`e.g., Waller, 32 F.3d at 1341. But in, for example, a
`section 1106 case, the plaintiff need only be aware that the
`defendant has engaged in a prohibited transaction, because
`knowledge of the transaction is all that is necessary to know
`that a prohibited transaction has occurred. See, e.g., Blanton,
`760 F.2d at 991–92. This interpretation is consistent with our
`statement in Ziegler that “[i]dentifying the breach may end
`
`
`
`SULYMA V. INTEL CORP. INV. POLICY COMM.
`
`14
`
`the analysis in cases where the breach coincides with an
`ERISA plaintiff’s actual knowledge of the breach,” 916 F.2d
`at 552, reconciles what could appear to be conflicting rules
`in Blanton and Waller, and
`flows naturally
`from
`section 1113(2)’s text: “three years after the earliest date on
`which the plaintiff had actual knowledge of the breach or
`violation.” (Emphasis added.) The key is that, whatever the
`underlying ERISA claim, the limitations period begins to run
`once the plaintiff has sufficient knowledge to be alerted to
`the particular claim.
`
`In reaching this holding, we emphasize that for a plaintiff
`to have sufficient knowledge to be alerted to his or her claim,
`the plaintiff must have actual knowledge, rather than
`constructive knowledge. As we explained in the Digital
`Millennium Copyright Act context, “[t]he statutory phrase
`‘actual knowledge’ means what it says: knowledge that is
`actual, not merely a possible inference from ambiguous
`circumstances.” Ventura Content, Ltd. v. Motherless, Inc.,
`885 F.3d 597, 609 (9th Cir. 2018), cert. denied, 2018 WL
`4031239 (U.S. Oct. 29, 2018) (No. 18-235). The text of
`section 1113 uses this statutory phrase, and Congress
`removed the constructive knowledge provision from the
`statute in 1987. This amendment strongly suggests that
`Congress intended for only an actual knowledge standard to
`apply. Thus, as in Ventura, we hold that the phrase “actual
`knowledge” means the plaintiff is actually aware of the facts
`constituting the breach, not merely that those facts were
`available to the plaintiff. To prevail on a statute of
`limitations defense on a section 1104 claim, as here,
`therefore, the defendant must show that there is no dispute
`of material fact that the plaintiff was actually aware that the
`defendant acted imprudently.
`
`
`
`SULYMA V. INTEL CORP. INV. POLICY COMM.
`
`15
`
`
`
`
`this understanding of actual
`that
`We recognize
`knowledge conflicts with the Sixth Circuit’s reasoning in
`Brown v. Owens Corning Investment Review Committee,
`622 F.3d 564, 571 (6th Cir. 2010). In that case, the Sixth
`Circuit held that, “[w]hen a plan participant is given specific
`instructions on how to access plan documents, their failure
`to read the documents will not shield them from having
`actual knowledge of the documents’ terms.” Id. We
`respectfully disagree with that analysis. As we have
`previously recognized, “plan participants who have been
`provided with [summary plan descriptions] are charged with
`constructive knowledge of the contents of the document,”
`not actual knowledge. See Scharff v. Raytheon Co. Short
`Term Disability Plan, 581 F.3d 899, 908 (9th Cir. 2009)
`(emphasis added). We would therefore characterize the
`plaintiff described
`in Brown as having constructive
`knowledge only. Under our interpretation of ERISA, such
`knowledge is insufficient.
`
`We also recognize Intel’s argument that there are “strong
`policy reasons” to conclude that “actual knowledge” has a
`broader meaning, including knowledge that a plaintiff can
`glean from corporate disclosures. However, we are not
`persuaded that Intel’s proffered policy reasons have force in
`this context. To begin with, Sulyma might just as easily
`argue that there are “strong policy reasons” to interpret
`actual knowledge narrowly, such as to promote fiduciary
`accountability. Which way the policy rationale cuts depends
`on the person making the argument. Second, and more
`fundamentally, weighing the policy merits of different
`knowledge standards was for Congress to undertake when it
`enacted, and then amended, section 1113, not for this court.
`Our task is not to make policy decisions, but to interpret the
`statute as enacted. Although policy reasoning may be
`relevant to our interpretation of the statute when grounded in
`
`
`
`SULYMA V. INTEL CORP. INV. POLICY COMM.
`
`16
`
`ERISA’s text or other congressional intent, Intel has not
`provided us with any such reasoning. We therefore hold that
`section 1113 means what it says: to trigger the three-year
`limitations period, a plaintiff must have “actual knowledge
`of the breach or violation.”
`
`B.
`
`Applying this standard de novo to Sulyma’s appealed
`claims, we conclude that the district court erred by entering
`summary judgment in favor of Intel.
`
`1.
`
`investment
`the
`that
`Sulyma’s first claim alleged
`committee violated section 1104 by “adopting an asset
`allocation model such that the Intel [Target Date Fund
`portfolios] were and are comprised of approximately 20–
`25% Hedge Funds, 4–5% commodities, and where
`international equities account for over 50% of equity
`holdings.” Sulyma alleged that this selection was unduly
`risky and that Intel acted imprudently by disregarding those
`risks or by insufficiently considering them before acting.
`Sulyma’s third claim similarly alleged that the investment
`committee violated section 1104 by “increas[ing] the
`Diversified Fund’s allocations to hedge funds and private
`equity and add[ing] allocations to commodities, resulting in
`22.23% of fund assets, approximately $1.2 billion, allocated
`to these alternative investments.” Sulyma alleged that, “[b]y
`the end of 2013, the Investment Committee had caused the
`Diversified Fund to allocate 36.71%, $2.33 billion, to such
`alternative investments.” As with his first claim, Sulyma
`alleged that this selection was unduly risky and that the
`investment committee acted imprudently by disregarding or
`insufficiently considering those risks.
`
`
`
`SULYMA V. INTEL CORP. INV. POLICY COMM.
`
`17
`
`
`
`
`Intel argues that Sulyma had actual knowledge of this
`alleged breach because it disclosed information about plan
`asset allocation and the investment strategy behind that
`allocation before October 29, 2012. Intel points to Fund Fact
`Sheets in 2010, 2011, and 2012, a 2011 Qualified Default
`Investment Alternative Notice, a 2012 Summary Plan
`Description, 2012 Annual Disclosures, and several
`disclosures on Intel’s website
`that explained Intel’s
`alternative
`investments,
`the
`strategy behind
`those
`investments, and possible risks. Intel argues that, by
`disclosing the mix of investments that Sulyma claims was
`imprudent, along with the costs and benefits of such an
`approach, Sulyma had “actual knowledge of the breach.”
`
`We agree that Intel’s evidence demonstrates that Sulyma
`had sufficient information available to him to know about
`the allegedly imprudent investments before October 29,
`2012. However, that is insufficient. Because Sulyma brought
`a claim under section 1104, he was required to have actual
`knowledge both that those investments occurred, and that
`they were imprudent. But Sulyma declared that he was
`“unaware that the monies that [he] had invested through the
`Intel retirement plans had been invested in hedge funds or
`private equity” and that he did “not recall seeing any
`documents during [his] employment at Intel that alerted
`[him] to the fact that [his] retirement monies were
`significantly invested in hedge funds or private equity.”
`Sulyma also testified that he was unaware of documents
`making these disclosures when specifically deposed on this
`point. These statements created a dispute of material fact that
`precluded summary judgment on these claims. On this
`record, only a fact-finder could have determined that Sulyma
`had the requisite “actual knowledge of the breach” for
`section 1113(2) to bar the action.
`
`
`
`18
`
`
`SULYMA V. INTEL CORP. INV. POLICY COMM.
`
`2.
`
`Sulyma also appeals from the district court’s summary
`judgment on his derivative liability claims. Sulyma’s fifth
`claim alleged
`that
`the
`finance committee violated
`section 1104 by failing to monitor the performance of the
`investment committees responsible for making the allegedly
`imprudent investment allocations. Sulyma’s sixth claim
`alleged that all defendants violated section 1105 by knowing
`of the other defendants’ breaches and taking no steps to
`remedy them.
`
`Sulyma argues that the limitations period for his
`derivative claims could not begin to run until the end-point
`of the limitations period on his primary claims. That is
`incorrect. As we have previously explained, when an ERISA
`breach is ongoing such that it may be characterized as
`multiple violations, “[t]he earliest date on which a plaintiff
`became aware of any breach . . . start[s] the limitation period
`of [section 1113] running.” Phillips, 944 F.2d at 520. Rather,
`as with Sulyma’s first and third claims, summary judgment
`was inappropriate because there was a dispute of material
`fact over whether Sulyma had “actual knowledge of the
`breach” by 2012. If Sulyma in fact never looked at the
`documents Intel provided, he cannot have had “actual
`knowledge of the breach” because he cannot have been
`aware that imprudent investments were made and that other
`Intel fiduciaries were failing to monitor or remedy that
`imprudence. Because there was a dispute of material fact
`over Sulyma’s actual knowledge, the district court erred by
`entering summary judgment in favor of Intel on these claims.
`We therefore reverse the district court’s summary judgment
`and remand for further proceedings consistent with this
`opinion.
`
`REVERSED and REMANDED.
`
`
Accessing this document will incur an additional charge of $.
After purchase, you can access this document again without charge.
Accept $ Charge
Still Working On It
This document is taking longer than usual to download. This can happen if we need to contact the court directly to obtain the document and their servers are running slowly.
Give it another minute or two to complete, and then try the refresh button.
A few More Minutes ... Still Working
It can take up to 5 minutes for us to download a document if the court servers are running slowly.
Thank you for your continued patience.
This document could not be displayed.
We could not find this document within its docket. Please go back to the docket page and check the link. If that does not work, go back to the docket and refresh it to pull the newest information.
Your account does not support viewing this document.
You need a Paid Account to view this document. Click here to change your account type.
Your account does not support viewing this document.
Set your membership
status to view this document.
With a Docket Alarm membership, you'll
get a whole lot more, including:
- Up-to-date information for this case.
- Email alerts whenever there is an update.
- Full text search for other cases.
- Get email alerts whenever a new case matches your search.
One Moment Please
The filing “” is large (MB) and is being downloaded.
Please refresh this page in a few minutes to see if the filing has been downloaded. The filing will also be emailed to you when the download completes.
Your document is on its way!
If you do not receive the document in five minutes, contact support at support@docketalarm.com.
Sealed Document
We are unable to display this document, it may be under a court ordered seal.
If you have proper credentials to access the file, you may proceed directly to the court's system using your government issued username and password.
Access Government Site
