Case 3:23-cv-03199-JCS Document 1 Filed 06/28/23 Page 1 of 157
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`CLARKSON LAW FIRM, P.C.
`Ryan J. Clarkson (CA SBN 257074)
`rclarkson@clarksonlawfirm.com
`Yana Hart (CA SBN 306499)
`yhart@clarksonlawfirm.com
`Tiara Avaness (CA SBN 343928)
`tavaness@clarksonlawfirm.com
`Valter Malkhasyan (CA SBN 348491)
`vmalkhasyan@clarksonlawfirm.com
`22525 Pacific Coast Highway
`Malibu, CA 90265
`Tel: (213) 788-4050
`
`CLARKSON LAW FIRM, P.C.
`Tracey Cowan (CA SBN 250053)
`tcowan@clarksonlawfirm.com
`95 3rd St., 2nd Floor
`San Francisco, CA 94103
`Tel: (213) 788-4050
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`CLARKSON LAW FIRM, P.C.
`Timothy K. Giordano (NY SBN 4091260)
`(PHV Application Forthcoming)
`tgiordano@clarksonlawfirm.com
`590 Madison Ave., 21st Floor
`New York, NY 10022pr
`Tel: (213) 788-4050
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`Counsel for Plaintiffs and the Proposed Classes
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`
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`UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
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`NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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`
`PLAINTIFFS P.M., K.S., B.B., S.J., N.G., C.B.,
`S.N., J.P., S.A., L.M., D.C., C.L., C.G, R.F., N.J.,
`and R.R., individually, and on behalf of all others
`similarly situated,
`
`Plaintiffs,
`
`vs.
`
`OPENAI LP, OPENAI INCORPORATED,
`OPENAI GP, LLC, OPENAI STARTUP FUND
`I, LP, OPENAI STARTUP FUND GP I, LLC,
`OPENAI STARTUP FUND MANAGEMENT
`LLC, MICROSOFT CORPORATION and DOES
`1 through 20, inclusive,
`
`Defendants.
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`
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`Case No.:
`CLASS ACTION COMPLAINT
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`1. VIOLATION OF ELECTRONIC
`COMMUNICATIONS PRIVACY
`ACT, 18 U.S.C. §§ 2510, et seq.
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`2. VIOLATION OF THE COMPUTER
`FRAUD AND ABUSE ACT, 18 U.S.C.
`§ 1030
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`3. VIOLATION OF THE CALIFORNIA
`INVASION OF PRIVACY ACT
`(“CIPA”), CAL. PENAL CODE § 631
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`4. VIOLATION OF CALIFORNIA
`UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW,
`BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONS
`CODE §§ 17200, et seq.
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`Clarkson Law Firm, P.C. | 22525 Pacific Coast Highway, Malibu, CA 90265 | P: (213) 788-4050 F: (213) 788-4070 | clarksonlawfirm.com
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`Case 3:23-cv-03199-JCS Document 1 Filed 06/28/23 Page 2 of 157
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`7.
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`6.
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`5. VIOLATION OF ILLINOIS’S
`BIOMETRIC INFORMATION
`PRIVACY ACT, 740 ILCS 14/1, et seq.
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`ILLINOIS CONSUMER FRAUD AND
`DECEPTIVE BUSINESS PRACTICES
`ACT 815 ILL. COMP STAT. §§ 505, et
`seq.
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`ILLINOIS CONSUMER FRAUD AND
`DECEPTIVE BUSINESS PRACTICES
`ACT 815 ILL. COMP. STAT. §§ 510/2,
`et seq.
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`8. NEGLIGENCE
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`INVASION OF PRIVACY
`9.
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`10. INTRUSION UPON SECLUSION
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`11. LARCENY/RECEIPT OF STOLEN
`PROPERTY
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`12. CONVERSION
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`13. UNJUST ENRICHMENT
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`14. FAILURE TO WARN
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`15. NEW YORK GENERAL BUSINESS
`LAW §§ 349, et seq.
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`DEMAND FOR JURY TRIAL
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`CLASS ACTION COMPLAINT
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`Clarkson Law Firm, P.C. | 22525 Pacific Coast Highway, Malibu, CA 90265 | P: (213) 788-4050 F: (213) 788-4070 | clarksonlawfirm.com
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`Case 3:23-cv-03199-JCS Document 1 Filed 06/28/23 Page 3 of 157
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`TABLE OF CONTENTS
`INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................1
`PARTIES ...........................................................................................................................................8
`JURISDICTION AND VENUE ......................................................................................................25
`FACTUAL BACKGROUND ..........................................................................................................26
`I. DEVELOPMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE U.S. ....................................26
`A. OpenAI: From Open Nonprofit to Profit-Driven $29B Commercial Partner of Tech Giant
`Microsoft ..........................................................................................................................26
`B. OpenAI’s Products ...........................................................................................................30
`C. ChatGPT’s Development Depends on Secret Web-Scraping ..........................................31
`D. ChatGPT Training on Users of Defendants’ Programs and Applications. ......................37
`E. Microsoft Pushes OpenAI’s Economic Dependence Model ...........................................39
`II. Risks from Unchecked AI Proliferation ...................................................................................42
`A. The International Community Agrees that Unchecked & Lawless AI Proliferation Poses
`an Existential Threat ........................................................................................................42
`B. Overview of Risks............................................................................................................47
`1. Massive Privacy Violations .......................................................................................47
`2. AI-Fueled Misinformation Campaigns, Targeted Attacks, Sex Crimes, and Bias ....51
`3. Hypercharged Malware Creation ...............................................................................55
`4. Autonomous Weapons ...............................................................................................57
`C. Opportunity on the Other Side .........................................................................................59
`III. DEFENDANTS’ CONDUCT VIOLATES ESTABLISHED PROPERTY AND PRIVACY
`RIGHTS ....................................................................................................................................61
`A. Defendants’ Web-Scraping Theft ....................................................................................61
`B. Defendants’ Web Scraping Violated Plaintiffs’ Property Interests .................................64
`C. Defendants’ Web Scraping Violated Plaintiffs’ Privacy Interests ...................................66
`D. Defendants’ Business Practices are Offensive to Reasonable People and Ignore
`Increasingly Clear Warnings from Regulators ................................................................69
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`CLASS ACTION COMPLAINT
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`Clarkson Law Firm, P.C. | 22525 Pacific Coast Highway, Malibu, CA 90265 | P: (213) 788-4050 F: (213) 788-4070 | clarksonlawfirm.com
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`E. Defendants’ Theft of User Data in Excess of Reasonable Consent .................................72
`1. OpenAI’s disclosures are not conspicuous. ...............................................................75
`2. Defendants’ Use of Consumer Data Far Exceeds Industry Standards and their Own
`Representations ..........................................................................................................76
`IV. DEFENDANTS’ CONDUCT POSES SPECIAL PRIVACY AND SAFETY RISKS FOR
`CHILDREN ..............................................................................................................................80
`A. Defendants Deceptively Tracked Children without Consent...........................................82
`B. Defendant Designed ChatGPT to be Inappropriate for Children.....................................83
`C. Defendants Deprived Children of the Economic Value of their Personal Data ..............86
`D. Defendants’ Exploitation of Children Without Parental Consent Violated Reasonable
`Expectations of Privacy and is Highly Offensive ............................................................88
`CLASS ALLEGATIONS ................................................................................................................89
`CALIFORNIA LAW SHOULD APPLY TO OUT OF STATE PLAINTIFFS’ & CLASS
`MEMBERS’ CLAIMS .....................................................................................................................99
`COUNT ONE .................................................................................................................................100
`VIOLATION OF ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS PRIVACY ACT, 18 U.S.C. §
`2510, et seq.
`(on behalf of ChatGPT, ChatGPT API User, Microsoft User Classes against Defendants)
`Interception of Communications Between ChatGPT API Class Members which occurred on
`Third-Party Websites, Platforms, Applications, Programs which have integrated ChatGPT API.
`[Microsoft User Class is Excluded] ........................................................................................103
`II. Microsoft’s Interception of Communications Between ChatGPT Class Members ................105
`III. Defendant Open AI’s Interception of Microsoft User Class Members which occurred on
`Microsoft’s Websites, Platforms, Applications, Programs which have
`integrated
` ChatGPT. ...............................................................................................................................107
`COUNT TWO ................................................................................................................................109
`VIOLATION OF THE COMPUTER FRAUD AND ABUSE ACT, 18 U.S.C. § 1030
`(on behalf of All Plaintiffs against Defendants)
`COUNT THREE ............................................................................................................................111
`VIOLATION OF THE CALIFORNIA INVASION OF PRIVACY ACT (“CIPA”), CAL.
`PENAL CODE § 631, et seq.
`(on behalf of ChatGPT, ChatGPT API User, Microsoft User Classes against Defendants)
`
` ii
`CLASS ACTION COMPLAINT
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`Clarkson Law Firm, P.C. | 22525 Pacific Coast Highway, Malibu, CA 90265 | P: (213) 788-4050 F: (213) 788-4070 | clarksonlawfirm.com
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`I. Defendants’ Interception of Communications of ChatGPT API Class Members which occurred
`on Third-Party Websites, Platforms, Applications, Programs which have integrated ChatGPT
`API. [Microsoft User Subclass is Excluded] ..........................................................................112
`II. Microsoft’s Interception of ChatGPT User Class Members’ Communications on ......................
`ChatGPT .................................................................................................................................114
`III. Defendant Open AI’s Interception of Microsoft User Class Members which occurred on
`Microsoft’s Websites, Platforms, Applications, Programs which have
`integrated
` ChatGPT. ...............................................................................................................................116
`COUNT FOUR ..............................................................................................................................117
`VIOLATION OF CALIFORNIA UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW (Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code
`§§ 17200, et seq.)
`(on behalf of All Plaintiffs against Defendants)
`I. Unlawful .................................................................................................................................118
`II. Unfair ......................................................................................................................................124
`COUNT FIVE ................................................................................................................................129
`VIOLATION OF ILLINOIS’S BIOMETRIC INFORMATION PRIVACY ACT, 740 ILCS
`14/1, et seq.
`(on behalf of Illinois Plaintiff and Illinois Subclasses against Defendants)
`COUNT SIX ..................................................................................................................................132
`ILLINOIS CONSUMER FRAUD AND DECEPTIVE BUSINESS PRACTICES ACT
`815 ILL. COMP STAT. §§ 505, et seq.
`(on behalf of Illinois Plaintiff and Illinois Subclasses against Defendants)
`COUNT SEVEN ............................................................................................................................134
`ILLINOIS CONSUMER FRAUD AND DECEPTIVE BUSINESS PRACTICES ACT 815
`ILL. COMP. STAT. §§ 510/2, et seq.
`(on behalf of Illinois Plaintiff and Illinois Subclasses against Defendants)
`COUNT EIGHT ...........................................................................................................................1375
`NEGLIGENCE
`(on behalf of All Plaintiffs against Defendants)
`COUNT NINE ...............................................................................................................................137
`INVASION OF PRIVACY UNDER CALIFORNIA CONSTITUTION
`(on behalf of All Plaintiffs against Defendants)
`COUNT TEN .................................................................................................................................138
`INTRUSION UPON SECLUSION
`(on behalf of All Plaintiffs against Defendants)
`COUNT ELEVEN .........................................................................................................................140
`LARCENY/RECEIPT OF STOLEN PROPERTY
`Cal. Penal Code § 496(a) and (c)
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`(on behalf of All Plaintiffs against Defendants)
`A. Defendants’ Taking of Individual’s Private Information to Train Their AI Violated
`Plaintiffs’ Property Interests ..........................................................................................141
`B. Tracking, Collecting, and Sharing Private Information Without Consent .....................141
`COUNT TWELVE.........................................................................................................................143
`CONVERSION
`(on behalf of All Plaintiffs against Defendants)
`COUNT THIRTEEN .....................................................................................................................143
`UNJUST ENRICHMENT
`(on behalf of All Plaintiffs against Defendants)
`COUNT FOURTEEN ....................................................................................................................144
`FAILURE TO WARN
`(on behalf of All Plaintiffs against Defendants)
`COUNT FIFTEEN .........................................................................................................................146
`NEW YORK GENERAL BUSINESS LAW
`N.Y. GEN. BUS. LAW §§ 349, et seq.
`(on Behalf of New York Plaintiff and the New York Subclasses against Defendants)
`PRAYER FOR RELIEF .................................................................................................................148
`JURY TRIAL DEMANDED .........................................................................................................150
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`Clarkson Law Firm, P.C. | 22525 Pacific Coast Highway, Malibu, CA 90265 | P: (213) 788-4050 F: (213) 788-4070 | clarksonlawfirm.com
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`Plaintiffs P.M., K.S., B.B., S.J., N.G., C.B., S.N., J.P., S.A., L.M., D.C., C.L., C.G, R.F., N.J.,
`and R.R., (collectively, “Plaintiffs”),1 individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated,
`bring this action against Defendants OpenAI LP, OpenAI Incorporated, OpenAI GP LLC,
`OpenAI Startup Fund I, LP, OpenAI Startup Fund GP I, LLC, and Microsoft Corporation
`(collectively, “Defendants”). Plaintiffs’ allegations are based upon personal knowledge as to
`themselves and their own acts, and upon information and belief as to all other matters based
`on the investigation conducted by and through Plaintiffs’ attorneys.
`INTRODUCTION
`On October 19, 2016, University of Cambridge Professor of Theoretical Physics
`1.
`Stephen Hawking predicted, “Success in creating AI could be the biggest event in the history of our
`civilization. But it could also be the last, unless we lear n how to avoid the risks.”2 Professor
`Hawking described a future in which humanity would choose to either harness the huge potential
`benefits or succumb to the dangers of AI, emphasizing “the rise of powerful AI will be either the
`best or the worst thing ever to happen to humanity.”
`2.
`The future Professor Hawking predicted has arrived in just seven short years. Using
`stolen and misappropriated personal information at scale, Defendants have created powerful and
`wildly profitable AI and released it into the world without regard for the risks. In so doing,
`Defendants have created an AI arms race in which Defendants and other Big Tech companies are
`onboarding society into a plane that over half of the surveyed AI experts believe has at least a 10%
`chance of crashing and killing everyone on board.3 Humanity is now faced with the two Frostian
`
`1 Plaintiffs respectfully request that the Court permit them to keep their identity private as
`Plaintiffs aim to avoid intrusive scrutiny as well as any potentially dangerous backlash. Indeed,
`plaintiffs in other lawsuits against the same defendant entities have received many troubling and
`violent threats, including death threats, marking a severe infringement of personal safety.
`Accordingly, opting for privacy is a critical measure to avoid unwarranted negative attention as
`well as potential harm. Plaintiffs will file a motion to proceed pseudonymously, if required. See
`Victoria Hudgins, GitHub and Openai Plaintiffs Seek Anonymity amid Slurs and Death Threats,
`GLOB. DATA REV. (Mar. 15, 2023), globaldatareview.com/article/github-and-openai-plaintiffs-
`seek-anonymity-amid-slurs-and-death-threats.
`2 Cambridge University, The Best or Worst Thing to Happen to Humanity, YOUTUBE (Oct. 19,
`2016), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_5XvDCjrdXs&t=1s.
`3 Yuval Harari et al., You Can Have the Blue Pill or the Red Pill, and We’re Out of Blue Pills,
`THE N.Y. TIMES (Mar. 24, 2023), https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/24/opinion/yuval-harari-ai-
`
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`CLASS ACTION COMPLAINT
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`Clarkson Law Firm, P.C. | 22525 Pacific Coast Highway, Malibu, CA 90265 | P: (213) 788-4050 F: (213) 788-4070 | clarksonlawfirm.com
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`roads Professor Hawking predicted we would have to choose between: One leads to sustainability,
`security, and prosperity; the other leads to civilizational collapse.
`This class action lawsuit arises from Defendants’ unlawful and harmful conduct in
`3.
`developing, marketing, and operating their AI products, including ChatGPT-3.5, ChatGPT-4.0,4
`Dall-E, and Vall-E (the “Products”), which use stolen private information, including personally
`identifiable information, from hundreds of millions of internet users, including children of all ages,
`without their informed consent or knowledge. Furthermore, Defendants continue to unlawfully
`collect and feed additional personal data from millions of unsuspecting consumers worldwide, far
`in excess of any reasonably authorized use, in order to continue developing and training the
`Products.
`Defendants’ disregard for privacy laws is matched only by their disregard for the
`4.
`potentially catastrophic risk to humanity. Emblematic of both the ultimate risk—and Defendants’
`open disregard—is this statement from Defendant OpenAI’s CEO Sam Altman: “AI will probably
`most likely lead to the end of the world, but in the meantime, there’ll be great companies.”5
`Defendants’ Products, and the technology on which they are built, undoubtedly have
`5.
`the potential to do much good in the world, like aiding life-saving scientific research and ushering
`in discoveries that can improve the lives of everyday Americans. With that potential in mind,
`Defendant OpenAI was originally founded as a nonprofit research organization with a single
`mission: to create and ensure artificial intelligence would be used for the benefit of humanity. But
`in 2019, OpenAI abruptly restructured itself, developing a for-profit business that would pursue
`commercial opportunities of staggering scale.
`
`chatgpt.html (“[O]ver 700 top academics and researchers behind the leading artificial intelligence
`companies were asked in a survey about future A.I. risk. Half of those surveyed stated that there
`was a 10 percent or greater chance of human extinction (or similarly permanent and severe
`disempowerment) from future A.I. systems.”).
`4 ChatGPT is referred to herein as inclusive of both ChatGPT-3.5, ChatGPT-4, and any other
`versions of ChatGPT. The term “ChatGPT Plug-In” encompasses GPT-3.5, GPT-4, and any
`additional extensions that have been incorporated into Microsoft’s and third-party platforms,
`websites, applications, programs, or systems.
`5 Matt Weinberger, Head of Silicon Valley’s Most Important Startup Farm Says We’re in A ‘Mega
`Bubble’ That Won’t Last, BUS. INSIDER (June 4, 2015), https://www.businessinsider.com/sam-
`altman-y-combinator-talks-mega-bubble-nuclear-power-and-more-2015-6?r=US; David Wallace-
`Wells, A.I. Is Being Built by People Who Think It Might Destroy Us, THE N.Y. TIMES (Mar. 27,
`2023), https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/27/opinion/ai-chatgpt-chatbots.html.
`2
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`As a result of the restructuring, OpenAI abandoned its original goals and principles,
`6.
`electing instead to pursue profit at the expense of privacy, security, and ethics. It doubled down on
`a strategy to secretly harvest massive amounts of personal data from the internet, including private
`information and private conversations, medical data, information about children—essentially every
`piece of data exchanged on the internet it could take—without notice to the owners or users of such
`data, much less with anyone’s permission.
`7. Without this unprecedented theft of private and copyrighted information belonging to
`real people, communicated to unique communities, for specific purposes, targeting specific
`audiences, the Products would not be the multi-billion-dollar business they are today. OpenAI used
`the stolen data to train and develop the Products utilizing large language models (LLMs) and deep
`language algorithms to analyze and generate human-like language that can be used for a wide range
`of applications, including chatbots, language translation, text generation, and more. Defendants’
`Products’ sophisticated natural language processing capabilities allow them to, among other things,
`carry on human-like conversations with users, answer questions, provide information, generate next
`text on demand, create art, and connect emotionally with people, all like a “real” human.
`Once trained on stolen data, Defendants saw the immediate profit potential and rushed
`8.
`the Products to market without implementing proper safeguards or controls to ensure that they
`would not produce or support harmful or malicious content and conduct that could further violate
`the law, infringe rights, and endanger lives. Without these safeguards, the Products have already
`demonstrated their ability to harm humans, in real ways.
`A nontrivial number of experts claim the risks to humanity presented by the Products
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`outweigh even those of the Manhattan Project’s development of nuclear weapons. Historically, the
`unchecked release of new technologies without proper safeguards and regulations has caused
`chaos.6 Now again, we face imminent and unreasonable risks of the very fabric of our society
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`6 Bill Kovarik, A Century of Tragedy: How the Car and Gas Industry Knew About The Health
`Risks of Leaded Fuel But Sold it For 100 Years Anyway, THE CONVERSATION (Dec. 8, 2021),
`https://theconversation.com/a-century-of-tragedy-how-the-car-and-gas-industry-knew-about-the-
`health-risks-of-leaded-fuel-but-sold-it-for-100-years-anyway-173395 (1920s invention of leaded
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`Clarkson Law Firm, P.C. | 22525 Pacific Coast Highway, Malibu, CA 90265 | P: (213) 788-4050 F: (213) 788-4070 | clarksonlawfirm.com
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`Case 3:23-cv-03199-JCS Document 1 Filed 06/28/23 Page 10 of 157
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`unraveling, at the hands of profit-driven, multibillion-dollar corporations.
`10. Powerful companies, armed with unparalleled and highly concentrated technological
`capabilities, have recklessly raced to release AI technology with disregard for the catastrophic risk
`to humanity in the name of “technological advancement.” As the National Security Commission
`noted in its Final Report on AI, “the U.S. government is a long way from being ‘AI-ready.’”7
`11. Experts believe that without immediate legal intervention this will lead to scenarios
`where AI can act against human interests and values, exploit human beings8 without regard for their
`well-being or consent, and/or even decide to eliminate the human species as a threat to its goals. As
`Geoffrey Everest Hinton—the seminal figure in the development of the technology on which the
`Products run—put it: “The alarm bell I’m ringing has to do with the existential threat of them taking
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`gasoline, initially thought of as a technological breakthrough, resulted in serious health and
`environmental consequences, such as lead poisoning and soil contamination); James H. Kim &
`Anthony R. Scialli, Thalidomide: The Tragedy of Birth Defects and the Effective Treatment of
`Disease, 122 TOXICOLOGICAL SCI. 1, 1 (2011) (Development of thalidomide in the 1950s and 60s,
`thought to be the miraculous solution to nausea, led to widespread birth defects in babies whose
`mothers had taken the drug); PWJ Bartrip, History of Asbestos Related Disease, 80
`POSTGRADUATE MED. J. 72, 72-5 (Feb. 2004) (Introduction of asbestos in the early 20th century,
`later found to cause lung cancer and other serious health problems, leading to bans and strict
`regulation); Jason Von Meding, Agent Orange, Exposed: How U.S. Chemical Warfare in Vietnam
`Unleashed a Slow-Moving Disaster, THE CONVERSATION (Oct. 3, 2017),
`https://theconversation.com/agent-orange-exposed-how-u-s-chemical-warfare-in-vietnam-
`unleashed-a-slow-moving-disaster-84572 (The U.S. military’s deployment of over 45 million
`liters of toxic chemical Agent Orange unleashed a health and ecological disaster, causing life-
`threatening birth defects in children and destroying forests and habitats across Vietnam).
`7 2021 Final Report, NAT. SEC. COMM. ON A.I., www.nscai.gov/2021-final-report/ (last visited
`June 27, 2023).
`8 CAPTCHAs allow websites to determine whether users are human or bots. Traditionally,
`CAPTCHAs involve “puzzles or image recognition tasks that are challenging for automated
`programs but straightforward for humans to solve.” These tests are used widely across the web to
`prevent bots from spamming websites, creating fake accounts, or scraping content. In one recent,
`troubling incident, ChatGPT 4 evaded CAPTCHA safeguards by hiring a human worker from
`TaskRabbit, a crowdsourcing platform, to solve CAPTCHAs on its behalf, tricking the worker
`into believing it was a human with visual impairment. See ChatGPT 4 Hires a TaskRabbit and
`Tricks Them into Completing a CAPTCHA, INTERESTING SOUP (Mar. 15, 2023),
`https://interestingsoup.com/gpt4-requests-a-taskrabbit-to-solve-captcha-for-it/; Beatrice Nolan,
`The Latest Version of ChatGPT Told a Taskrabbit Worker it was Visually Impaired to Get Help
`Solving a CAPTCHA, OpenAI Test Shows, BUS. INSIDER (Mar. 16, 2023),
`https://www.businessinsider.com/gpt4-openai-chatgpt-taskrabbit-tricked-solve-captcha-test-2023-
`3.
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`Clarkson Law Firm, P.C. | 22525 Pacific Coast Highway, Malibu, CA 90265 | P: (213) 788-4050 F: (213) 788-4070 | clarksonlawfirm.com
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`control… I used to think it was a long way off, but now I think it’s serious and fairly close.”9 He is
`not alone.10
`12. While the downsides are nearly unimaginable, the upsides are similarly archetype-
`shattering. Defendant OpenAI’s technology is already valued at tens of billions of dollars, and its
`reach into every public and private industry continues apace. The Products only reached the level
`of sophistication they have today due to training on stolen, misappropriated data, and Defendants
`continue to misappropriate data, scraping from the internet without any notice or consent, as well
`as taking personal information from the Products’ 100+ million registered users without their full
`knowledge and consent.
`13. Additionally, the Products are increasingly being incorporated into an ever-expanding
`roster of applications and websites, through either API or plug-ins.11 Through integration of
`Defendants’ AI in nearly every possible product and industry, Defendants created and continue to
`create economic dependency within our society, deploying the tech directly into the hands of society
`and embedding it into the fundamental infrastructure as quickly as possible. As posed by Center for
`Humane Technology Cofounders Tristan Harris and Aza Raskin in their carefully crafted critique
`of the rapid deployment of AI, “Do you think that once [these industries] discover some problem
`that they [will] just withdraw or retract it from society? No, increasingly, the government, militaries
`[and others], are rapidly building their whole next systems and raising venture capital to build on
`top of this layer of society… That’s not testing it with society, that is onboarding humanity onto
`an untested plane… It’s one thing to test, it’s another thing to create economic dependency.”12
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`9 Craig S. Smith, Geoff Hinton, AI’s Most Famous Researcher, Warns of ‘Existential Threat’
`From AI, FORBES (May 4, 2023), https://www.forbes.com/sites/craigsmith/2023/05/04/geoff-
`hinton-ais-most-famous-researcher-warns-of-existential-threat/?sh=1ffcd7a65215.
`10 James Vincent, Top AI Researchers and CEOs Warn Against ‘Risk of Extinction’ in 22 Word
`Statement, THE VERGE (May 30, 2023), https://www.theverge.com/2023/5/30/23742005/ai-risk-
`warning-22-word-statement-google-deepmind-openai.
`11 Here are the Companies Using ChatGPT, GADGETS NOW (Mar. 17, 2023),
`https://www.gadgetsnow.com/slideshows/here-are-the-companies-using-
`chatgpt/photolist/98735402.cms; Kevin Hurler, Here are All the Companies Using ChatGPT… So
`Far, YAHOO! (May 24, 2023), https://news.yahoo.com/companies-using-chatgpt-far-
`205500883.html.
`12 Spotlight: AI Myths and Misconceptions—Transcript, STENO (May 11, 2023),
`https://steno.ai/your-undivided-attention/spotlight-ai-myths-and-misconceptions.
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`Clarkson Law Firm, P.C. | 22525 Pacific Coast Highway, Malibu, CA 90265 | P: (213) 788-4050 F: (213) 788-4070