Case 1:17-cv-00770-JDW-MPT Document 121-13 Filed 11/17/22 Page 1 of 5 PageID #:
`14434
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`Exhibit Y
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`

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`Case 1:17-cv-00770-JDW-MPT Document 121-13 Filed 11/17/22 Page 2 of 5 PageID #:
`14435
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`SI.\TII ElllTIO:\'
`
`Materials Science
`and Eng·ineering·
`
`A11 lntroclt1ction
`
`William D. Callister, Jr.
`Department of Metallurgical Engineerinp;
`The University of Utah
`
`John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
`
`

`

`Case 1:17-cv-00770-JDW-MPT Document 121-13 Filed 11/17/22 Page 3 of 5 PageID #:
`14436
`
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`ISBN 0-471-13576-3
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`Printed in the United States of America
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`10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
`
`I n this Sixth Edition I have retained the objectives and approaches for teaching
`materials science and engineering that were presented in previous editions. The first ,
`and primary, objective is to present the basic fundamentals on a level appropriate for
`university/college students who have completed their freshman calculus, chemistry, and
`physics courses. In order to achieve this goal, I have endeavored to use terminology
`that is familiar to the student who is encountering the discipline of materials science
`and engineering for the first time, and also to define and explain all unfamiliar terms.
`The second objective is to present the subject matter in a logical order, from
`the simple to the more complex. The first eleven chapters are primarily concerned
`with metallic materials and their alloys, which, structurally, are the most simple of
`the four material types. The next five chapters treat ceramic materials, polymers,
`and, finally, composites in that order. Furthermore, each chapter builds on the con(cid:173)
`tent of previous ones. This is especially true for Chapters 2 through 10, which treat
`atomic bonding, crystal structures, imperfections, diffusion, mechanical properties,
`dislocations, failure, phase diagrams, and phase transformations, in that sequence.
`The third objective, or philosophy, that I strive to maintain throughout the text
`is that if a topic or concept is worth treating, then it is worth treating in sufficient
`detail and to the extent that students have the opportunity to fully understand
`it without having to consult other sources; also, in most cases, some practical rele(cid:173)
`vance is provided. Discussions are intended to be clear and concise and to begin at
`appropriate levels of understanding.
`The fourth objective is to include features in the book that will expedite the
`learning process. These learning aids include numerous illustrations and photo(cid:173)
`graphs to help visualize what is being presented; end-of-chapter questions and prob(cid:173)
`lems, answers to selected problems, and complete solutions to approximately half
`of these selected problems to help in self-assessment; a glossary, list of symbols, and
`references to facilitate understanding the subject matter; and computer software
`that provides 1) an interactive component that facilitates concept visualization; 2)
`a database that may be used to solve design and materials selection problems; and
`3) an equation solving capability.
`Regarding questions and problems, most problems require computations
`leading to numerical solutions; in some cases, the student is required to render a
`judgment on the basis of the solution. Furthermore, many of the concepts within
`the discipline of materials science and engineering are descriptive in nature. Thus,
`questions have also been included that require written, descriptive answers; having
`to provide a written answer helps the student to better comprehend the associated
`concept. The questions are of two types: with one type, the student needs only to
`restate in his/her own words an explanation provided in the text material; other
`questions require the student to reason through and/or synthesize before coming
`to a conclusion or solution.
`
`V
`
`

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`Case 1:17-cv-00770-JDW-MPT Document 121-13 Filed 11/17/22 Page 4 of 5 PageID #:
`14437
`
`anning electron micro(cid:173)
`S
`graph of a polysty1·ene that
`has been made morn impact
`resistant by the addition of a
`rubber phase. The continuous
`matrix phase (gray) is polysty(cid:173)
`rene; the fine dispersed struc(cid:173)
`ture consists of particles of
`both polysty1·ene and mbber
`(white). 15,000x. (Ft-om E. R.
`Wagner and L. M. Robeson,
`Rubber Chemistry and Tecluwl(cid:173)
`ogy, 43, 1129, 1970. Repl"inted
`with permission.)
`
`Why Study the Characteristics, Applications,
`and Processing of Polymers?
`
`There are several reasons why an engineer should
`know something about the characteristics, applica(cid:173)
`tions, and processing of polymeric materials. Unde1·(cid:173)
`standing the mechanisms by which polymers elas(cid:173)
`tically and plastically deform allows one to alter
`and confrol their moduli of elasticity and strengths
`
`(Sections 15.7 and 15.8). Also, additives may be in(cid:173)
`corporated into polymeric materials to modify a
`host of properties, including strength, abrasion resis(cid:173)
`tance, toughness, thermal stability, stiffness, deteri(cid:173)
`orability, color, and flammability resistance (Sec(cid:173)
`tion 15.21).
`
`480
`
`t\{ter careful study of this chapter you should be able to do the following:
`1. Make schematic plots of the three characteristic
`sfress- strain behaviors observed fo1· polymeric
`materials.
`2. Describe/sketch the various stages in the plastic
`deformation of a semicrystalline (spherulitic)
`polymer.
`3. Discuss the influence of the following factors
`on polymer tensile modulus and/or strength:
`(a) molecular weight, (b) degree of crystallinity,
`(c) predeformation, and (d) heat treating of un-
`deformed materials.
`4. Describe the molecular mechanism by which
`elastomeric polyniers deform elastically.
`
`5. List four characteristics or structural compo-
`nents of a polymer that affect both its melting
`and glass-transition temperatures.
`6. Cite the seven different polymer application
`types and, for each, note its general characteris-
`tics.
`7. Briefly describe addition and condensation poly-
`merization mechanisms.
`8. Name the five types of polymer additives and,
`for each, indicate how it modifies the proper-
`ties.
`9. Name and briefly describe five fabrication tech-
`niques used for plastic polymers.
`
`15.1 INTRODUCTION
`This chapter discusses some of the characteristics important to polymeric materials
`and, in addition, the various types and processing techniques.
`
`MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR
`0 F POLYMERS ==============
`15.2 STRESS-STRAIN BEHAVIOR
`The mechanical properties of polymers are specified · with many of the same
`parameters that are used for metals-that is, modulus of elasticity, and yield and
`tensile strengths. For many polymeric materials, the simple stress-strain test is em(cid:173)
`ployed for the characterization of some of these mechanical parameters. 1 The me(cid:173)
`chanical characteristics of polymers, for the most part, are highly sensitive to the
`rate of deformation (strain rate), the temperature, and the chemical nature of the
`environment (the presence of water, oxygen, organic solvents, etc.). Some modifi(cid:173)
`cations of the testing techniques and specimen configurations used for metals
`(Chapter 6) are necessary with polymers, especially for the highly elastic materials,
`such as rubbers.
`Three typically different types of stress-strain behavior are found for polymeric
`materials, as represented in Figure 15.1. Curve A illustrates the stress-strain char(cid:173)
`acter for a brittle polymer, inasmuch as it fractures while deforming elastically. The
`behavior for the plastic material, curve B, is similar to that found for many metal(cid:173)
`lic materials; the initial deformation is elastic, which is followed by yielding and a
`region of plastic deformation. Finally, the deformation displayed by curve C is to(cid:173)
`tally elastic; this rubber-like elasticity (large recoverable strains produced at low
`stress levels) is displayed by a class of polymers termed the elastomers.
`Modulus of elasticity (termed tensile modulus or sometimes just modulus for
`polymers) and ductility in percent elongation are determined for polymers in the
`
`► Tensile Tests oli
`Polymers
`► HOPE, Nylon,
`Bakelite, Rubber
`
`Interactive MSE
`► Modules
`► Tensile Tests
`
`1 ASTM Standard D 638, "Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics."
`
`481
`
`

`

`Case 1:17-cv-00770-JDW-MPT Document 121-13 Filed 11/17/22 Page 5 of 5 PageID #:
`14438
`482 • Chapter 15 / Characteristics, Applications, and Processing of Polymers
`
`15.2 Stress-Strain Behavior • 483
`
`X
`A
`
`60
`
`50
`
`40
`
`"'
`a..
`~
`<J>
`<J> 30
`~
`in
`
`20
`
`10
`
`0
`0
`
`F1GUHE 15.1 The
`stress-strain behavior for
`brittle (curve A), plastic
`(curve B), and highly
`elastic ( elastomeric)
`( curve C) polymers.
`
`10
`
`·;;;
`0.
`"'
`0
`.-<
`
`<J>
`<J>
`~
`in
`
`8
`
`6
`
`4
`
`2
`
`ci
`8
`
`X
`
`B
`
`2
`
`3
`
`4
`
`5
`
`6
`
`7
`
`Strain
`
`same manner as for metals (Section 6.6). For plastic polymers ( curve B, Figure 15.1 ),
`the yield point is taken as a maximum on the curve, which occurs just beyond the
`termination of the linear-elastic region (Figure 15.2); the stress at this maximum is
`the yield strength (ay)- Furthermore, tensile strength (TS) corresponds to the stress
`at which fracture occurs (Figure 15.2); TS may be greater than or less than ay,
`Strength, for these plastic polymers, is normally taken as tensile strength. Table 15.1
`gives these mechanical properties for several polymeric materials; more compre(cid:173)
`hensive lists are provided in Tables B.2, B.3, and B.4, Appendix B.
`Polymers are, in many respects, mechanically dissimilar to metals. For example,
`the modulus for highly elastic polymeric materials may be as low as 7 MPa (103
`psi), but may run as high as 4 GPa (0.6 X 106 psi) for some of the very stiff poly(cid:173)
`mers; modulus values for metals are much larger and range between 48 and 410 GPa
`(7 x 106 to 60 x 106 psi). Maximum tensile strengths for polymers are on the or(cid:173)
`der of 100 MPa (15,000 psi)-for some metal alloys 4100 MPa (600,000 psi). And,
`whereas metals rarely elongate plastically to more than 100%, sorrie highly elastic
`polymers may experience elongations to as much as 1000%.
`In addition, the mechanical characteristics of polymers are much more sensi(cid:173)
`tive to temperature changes within the vicinity of room temperature. Consider the
`
`F,cunE 15.2 Schematic stress-strain
`curve for a plastic polymer showing
`how yield and tensile strengths are
`determined.
`
`TS---+- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - x
`
`<J>
`<J>
`~
`in
`
`Strain
`
`f able 15.1 Room-Temperature Mechanical Characteristics of Some of the More Common Polymers
`Tensile
`Tensile
`Yield
`Modulus
`Strength
`Strength
`[GPa (ksi)]
`[MPa (ksi)]
`[MPa (ksi)]
`0.17-0.28
`8.3-31.4
`9.0-14.5
`(25-41)
`(1.2-4.55)
`(1.3-2.1)
`1.06-1.09
`22.1-31.0
`26.2-33.1
`(155-158)
`(3.2-4.5)
`(3.8-4.8)
`2.4-4.1
`40.7-51.7
`40.7-44.8
`(350-600)
`(5.9-7.5)
`(5.9-6.5)
`0.40-0.55
`20.7-34.5
`(58-80)
`(3.0-5.0)
`1.14-1.55
`31-41.4
`(165-225)
`(4.5-6.0)
`2.28-3.28
`35.9-51.7
`(330-475)
`(5.2-7.5)
`2.24-3.24
`48.3-72.4
`(325-470)
`(7.0-10.5)
`2.76-4.83
`34.5-62.1
`(400-700)
`(5.0-9.0)
`1.58-3.80
`75.9-94.5
`44.8-82.8
`(230-550)
`(11.0-13.7)
`(6.5-12)
`2.8-4.1
`48.3-72.4
`59.3
`(400-600)
`(7.0-10.5)
`(8.6)
`2.38
`62.8-72.4
`62.1
`(3451
`(9.1-10.5)
`(9.0)
`Source: Modern Plastics Encyclopedia '96. Copyright 1995, The McGraw-Hill Companie~. Reprinted with permission.
`
`Elongation
`at Break(%)
`100-650
`
`10-1200
`
`40-80
`
`200-400
`
`100-600
`
`1.2-2.5
`
`2.0-5.5
`
`1.5-2.0
`
`15-300
`
`30-300
`
`110-150
`
`31.0-37.2
`( 4.5-5.4)
`
`53.8-73.1
`(7.8-10.6)
`
`ft!f!i.terial
`polyethylene (low density)
`
`Specific
`Gravit;r_
`0.917-0.932
`
`polyethylene (high density)
`
`0.952-0.965
`
`Polyvinyl chloride
`
`1.30-1.58
`
`Polytetrafluoroethylene
`
`2.14-2.20
`
`Polypropylene
`
`Polystyrene
`
`0.90-0.91
`
`1.04-1.05
`
`Polymethyl methacrylate
`
`1.17-1.20
`
`Phenol-formaldehyde
`
`1.24-1.32
`
`Nylon 6,6
`
`Polyester (PET)
`
`Polycarbonate
`
`1.13-1.15
`
`1.29-1.40
`
`1.20
`
`stress-strain behavior for polymethyl methacrylate (Plexiglas) at several tempera(cid:173)
`tures between 4 and 60°C (40 and 140°F) (Figure 15.3). Several features of this fig(cid:173)
`ure are worth noting, as follows: increasing the temperature produces (1) a decrease
`in elastic modulus, (2) a reduction in tensile strength, and (3) an enhancement of
`
`rr----.-----.-----r---~----~ 12
`80
`
`F,cunE 15.3 The influence
`of temperature on the
`stress-strain characteristics
`of polymethyl methacrylate.
`(From T. S. Carswell and H.
`K. Nason, "Effect ~f Envi(cid:173)
`·;;;
`ronmental Conditions on
`"'o.
`6 ~ the Mechanical Properties
`~ of Organic Plastics,"
`~ in Symposium on Plastics,
`American Society for Test-
`ing and Materials, Philadel(cid:173)
`phia, 1944. Copyright,
`ASTM, 1916 Race Street,
`Philadelphia, PA 19103.
`Reprinted with permission.)
`
`"' a..
`
`<J>
`<J>
`~
`in
`
`4°C (40°F)
`
`70
`
`60
`
`50
`
`30
`
`20
`
`10
`
`50°C (122°F)
`
`~
`40
`
`8
`
`4
`
`2
`
`~-~--~----'----'------'-------'0
`0
`0
`0.1
`0.2
`0.3
`
`Strain
`
`