UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION
`Washington, D.C.
`Before the Honorable Paul J. Luckern
`
`In the Matter o f
`
`CERTAIN AUTOMOTIVE PARTS
`
`)
`)
`)
`) 1
`
`Investigation No. 337-TA-557
`
`COMPLAINANT FORD’S MEMORANDUM IN OPPOSITION TO
`RESPONDENTS’ CROSS-MOTION FOR SUMMARY DETERMINATION
`ON THEIR DEFENSES OF PATENT EXHAUSTION, PERMISSIBLE
`REPAIR, LICENSE AND PATENT MISUSE, AND MOTION FOR
`SUMMARY DETERMINATION ON LICENSE
`
`

`
`I. INTRODUCTION
`
`Complainant Ford Global Technologies (“Ford”) filed motions for summary
`
`determination on Respondents’ defenses of patent exhaustion, permissible repair, and patent
`
`misuse. Respondents have filed a cross-motion for summary determination on these three
`
`defenses, as well as their defense of license. Ford, accordingly, files this response to
`
`Respondents’ cross-motion and also seeks summary determination on Respondents’ license defense
`
`which turns on the same undisputed record as these other defenses.
`
`Respondents’ response brief references the 150 years that these defenses have
`
`existed in our jurisprudence, but fails to cite a single case that allows a party to sell replacement
`
`parts patented by another. Instead, Respondents crop quotes from unrelated cases and assert
`
`extension to the present case. In essence, Respondents want this case to proceed as if Ford only
`
`had a patent on the entire F-150 vehicle, as opposed to the asserted patents covering grilles,
`
`fenders, headlamps , etc.
`
`Unable to find law to support their position, Respondents argue consumer benefits.
`
`Applying Respondents’ argument, consumer interests justify abolishing United States patent rights
`
`on all replacement parts. Congress is the proper place for such an attack on the United States
`
`patent system. Respondents launch this attack because their business is copying. They bear no
`
`costs associated with research and development, engineering, or design.
`
`Instead, they hover
`
`above those who do create, wait for new product releases, then swoop in and profit without risk.
`
`-1-
`
`

`
`11. DISCUSSION
`
`Respondents argue that buyers of Ford trucks have an expectation of repairing them
`
`and, therefore, Ford cannot enforce any patent on replacement parts against Respondents. Lacking
`
`legal precedent for this novel proposition, Respondents misapply patent exhaustion, permissible
`
`repair, patent misuse, and license.
`
`A.
`
`Supreme Court Precedent Forecloses
`Respondents’ Novel Proposition
`
`Respondents cite a number of cases in their failed effort to support their novel
`
`application of the four doctrines of this motion, but not a single case immunizes the sale of
`
`separately patented replacement parts.’ Contrary to the arguments made by Respondents, it has
`
`been settled law for 100 years that the sale of an article does not confer upon the purchaser a right
`
`to replace a separately patented component of the article sold.
`
`The true distinction is stated by Mr. Justice Clifford inAiken
`v. Manchester Print Works, 2 Clif. 435, where the invention was
`of a knitting-machine, with which the vendor was accustomed to
`send a package of the needles used in the machine, which needles
`were the subject of a separate patent. It was held that the
`
`Adams v. Burke, 84 U.S. 453,457 (1873) cited by the Respondents on page 13, held that
`coffin lids purchased without restriction could be used anywhere even though the coffin lid was
`purchased from an assignee of the patent who operated in a specific territorial area; Keeler v.
`Standard Folding-Bed Co., 157 U.S. 659, 665-66 (1895) cited by the Respondents on page 14,
`held that beds purchased from the patentee in Michigan could be used in Connecticut even though
`the patentee’s rights in Connecticut were assigned to another; Glenayre Elecs, Inc. v. Jackson &
`PMJ Family Ltd. P’ship, 443 F.3d 851, 866, (Fed. Cir. 2006) cited by the Respondents on page
`14, held that since the patentee collected payment under a judicial decree for full royalties, that
`payment provided full compensation for the infringing use.
`
`-2-
`
`

`
`purchase of the knitting-machine, and the needles accompanying
`the same, did not confer upon the purchaser any right, after the
`needles were worn out and became useless, to manufacture other
`needles, and use the same in the knitting-machine so sold and
`purchased. The case of Wilson v. Simpson was distinguished from
`this in the fact that the cutters and knives in that case were not
`subject to a patent, and of course the respondent had a right to use
`them as materials to repair his machine; "but," says the court,
`"unfortunately for the defendants in this case, the needle is
`subject to a patent, and in making and using it they have
`infringed the right of the plaintiff."
`
`Morgan Envelope Co. v. Albany Perforated Wrapping Paper Co.,
`152 U.S. 425, 435 (1894)(emphasis added).
`
`Morgan Envelope controls the present case: The purchase of an Ford F-150 does not confer upon
`
`its purchaser or the Respondents a right to manufacture and sell separately patented components
`
`as replacement parts or otherwise.
`
`That a patent bars sale of a patented article is the foundation of our Patent System.
`
`The line drawn by the coverage of the patent - permitting sale of unpatented components while
`
`barring sale of patented components - was applied in the modern era in Aro Manufacturing Co.
`v. Convertible Top Replacement Co., 365 U.S. 336 (1961). Aro Manufacturing involved
`
`automobiles with convertible tops having a fabric top carried by a support mechanism. 365 U.S.
`
`at 337. The asserted patent covered the combination of the fabric top and the support mechanism.
`
`Because the defendant sold only replacement fabric tops, there was no infringement of the patent.
`Id. at 340. The Supreme Court held: "Mere replacement of individual unpatented parts . . . is
`
`no more than the lawful right of the owner to repair his property." Id. at 346 (emphasis added).
`
`-3-
`
`

`
`In its opinion, the Supreme Court repeatedly stressed that relief against fabric sales
`
`was unavailable because the asserted patent did not cover the fabric top.
`
`The patent makes no claim to invention based on the fabric or on its
`shape, pattern or design.
`
`* * *
`
`Since the patentees never claimed the fabric or its shape as their
`invention, and the claims made in the patent are the sole measure of
`the grant, the fabric is no more than an unpatented element of the
`combination which was claimed as the invention, and the patent did
`not confer a monopoly grant over the fabric or its shape.
`
`365 U.S. 339-340 (citations omitted).
`
`This was critical to the Court’s holding. In the instant case, relief is available
`
`against Respondents under Morgan Envelope because the accused articles are separately patented,
`
`meeting the preconditions absent in Aro Manufacturing:
`
`No element, not itself separately patented, that constitutes
`one of the elements of a combination patent is entitled to patent
`monopoly, however essential it may be to the patented combination
`and no matter how costly or difficult replacement may be.
`
`365 U.S. at 345 (emphasis added).
`
`Respondents realize that their novel proposition contradicts the very nature of the
`
`patent system, so they cavalierly assert that “the seminal Aro Manufacturing case, simply should
`
`not control the analysis or outcome here.” (p. 5.) Morgan Envelope and Aro Manufacturing
`
`cannot be so lightly dismissed. The defenses of exhaustion, repair, misuse and/or license do not
`
`immunize Respondents’ manufacture or sale of patented replacement parts.
`
`-4-
`
`

`
`B. Hewlett-Packard and Jazz Photo Do Not Extend The
`Patent Exhaustion Doctrine Past The Actual Physical
`Product Purchased From The Patentee
`
`1.
`
`Hewlett-Packard Co. v. Repeat-O- Dpe Stencil
`MfE. Corn.. 123 F.3d 1445 (Fed. Cir. 1997)
`
`In Hewlett-Puckurd, the defendant purchased ink cartridges from HP. 123 F.3d at
`
`1448. The defendant modified the cartridges purchased from HP and then resold them as refillable
`
`ink cartridges. Id. at 1448-49.
`
`In the present case, the Respondents buy nothing from Ford.2 Respondents do not
`
`enjoy the protection of the patent exhaustion and license doctrines as applied in Hewlett-Puckurd.
`
`Respondents quoted the following passage but used ellipses to erase the text that makes clear these
`
`doctrines are limited to use of the patented article actually purchased - not to new copies made
`
`by the accused infringer:
`
`Generally, when a seller sells a product without restriction,
`it in effect promises the purchaser that in exchange for the price
`paid, it will not interfere with the purchaser’s full enjoyment of
`the product purchased. The buyer has an implied license under
`any patents of the seller that dominate the product or any uses of
`the product to which the parties might reasonably contemplate the
`product will be put.
`
`123 F.3d 1451 (boldface added, underlining used for language
`omitted by the Respondents).
`
`In this context, the Federal Circuit held that the purchaser could use the purchased product in all
`
`ways reasonably contemplated. 123 F.3d at 1455. In the present case, unlike in Hewlett-Puckurd,
`
`The Respondents only buy a genuine Ford part to use it as the model for its replacement
`part copies that purportedly “match the original parts in all material respects, including cosmetic
`appearance, fit, finish, and quality.” (p. 11 .)
`
`-5-
`
`

`
`Ford does not attempt to interfere with any use of physical products that were purchased from
`
`Ford, Ford only seeks to stop the Respondents’ importation and sale of infringing copies.
`
`2.
`
`Jazz Photo Corp. v. Int’l Trade Commission,
`264 F.3d 1094 (Fed. Cir. 2001)
`
`Jazz Photo involved single use cameras sold by the patentee and refurbished by the
`
`defendants. The Federal Circuit held that the purchaser could use the purchased product in any
`
`way reasonably contemplated without answering to the patentee. 264 F.3d at 1107.
`
`Unlike the present case, no patent covered any of the parts replaced by the
`
`defendants. 264 F.3d at 1098, 1100-01. The Federal Circuit made clear that the rule permitting
`
`replacement of unpatented parts does not apply to replacing parts that are separately patented as
`
`in the present case.
`
`The ruling of reconstruction as to these patents is incorrect, because
`the
`remanufacturing processes simply reuse
`the original
`components, such that there is no issue of replacing parts that
`were separately patented.
`If the claimed component is not
`replaced, but simply is reused, this component is neither repaired
`nor reconstructed.
`
`Id. at 1107 (emphasis added).
`
`3.
`
`In A Desperation Argument, Respondents Equate
`Design Patents With Process Patents
`
`In both Hewlett-Packard and Jazz Photo, there were related process patents. Those
`
`process patents covered use of the devices at issue. Under the patent exhaustion doctrine, the
`
`patentee could not control the use of the purchased product by asserting the related process
`
`-6-
`
`

`
`patents. Hewlett-Puckurd, 123 F.3d 1451; Juu Photo, 264 F.3d at 1107. Here, Respondents do
`
`not use products purchased from Ford.3 Accordingly, Hewlett-Packurd and Juu Photo are
`
`inapplicable to the present case: the allegedly infringing activity is not the use of a product
`
`purchased from Ford.
`
`Acknowledging that they do not use the patentees’ products like the defendants in
`
`Hewlett-Puckurd and Jazz Photo, Respondents seek an additional “to have made license” for F-150
`
`owners. (Respondents Brief, p. 20.) Respondents cite Kendall Co. v. Progressive Med. Tech.
`
`Znc., 85 F.3d 1570, 1573 (Fed. Cir. 1996). Kendull did not involve a patent directed to a
`
`replacement part. In Kendull, the infringement claim failed for “failure to obtain effective patent
`
`protection for the replaceable sleeve. ” Id. at 1576. That is not the case here, as Ford has obtained
`
`patent protection on replacement parts.4
`
`In every patent case, the analysis centers on the coverage of the asserted patent.
`
`Here, Respondents sell the entirety of the article covered by each asserted patent. If they made
`
`or modified only a portion of the part covered by the patent, the four defenses presented by the
`
`Respondents might be pertinent. For example, if Respondents were: (1) selling a piece of glass
`
`for the patented side view mirror, (2) selling a bulb for the patented headlamp, or (3) bumping out
`
`The Respondents admit they do not use “parts obtained from salvage yards” or “restore
`[parts damaged in a collision] to like-new condition.” (Northrup Affidavit, 17 6, 11 (attached by
`Respondents as Ex. D.)
`
`Perhaps understanding the shortcomings of these four defenses, Respondents’ brief
`concludes with an unrelated functionality attack on Ford’s design patents. Keystone’s own
`products, however, demonstrate that Respondents need not copy Ford’s design to make a
`functioning part. Keystone sells an infringing hood and at least one other hood for use on Ford
`F-150 vehicles that is not a copy of Ford’s design. See Exhibit 1, Keystone Non-Copied Hood.
`Notably, the hood of Exhibit 1 was not produced in discovery by Keystone.
`
`-7-
`
`

`
`a dent in a fender purchased from Ford, these defenses might apply. The fact that the patented
`
`replacement parts may be used to “repair” an F-150 truck does not erase Ford’s patent rights in
`
`the separate articles.
`
`-8-
`
`

`
`111. CONCLUSION
`
`As reflected in Ford's opening briefs and the Staffs brief, there is no legal basis
`
`for any of Respondents' exhaustion, permissible repair, license and misuse defenses. Ford is
`
`entitled to summary determination on all of these defenses.
`
`Dated: May 15, 2006
`
`Respectfully submitted,
`
`-
`
`Ernie L. Brdks
`Frank A. Angileri
`Sangeeta G. Shah
`Marc Lorelli
`BROOKS KUSHMAN P.C.
`1000 Town Center, 22"d Floor
`Southfield, Michigan 48075
`Tel: (248) 358-4400; Fax: (248) 358-3351
`
`V. James Adduci I1
`Adduci, Mastriani & Schaumberg LLC
`1200 17" Street N.W.
`Washington, D.C. 20036
`Telephone: (202) 467-6300
`
`Counsel for Complainant
`Ford Global Technologies, LLC
`
`-9-
`
`

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`
`CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
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`I hereby certify
`the foregoing COMPLAINANT FORD'S
`that a copy of
`MEMORANDUM IN OPPOSITION TO RESPONDENTS' CROSS-MOTION FOR
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`PERMISSIBLE REPAIR, LICENSE AND PATENT MISUSE, AND MOTION FOR
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`The Honorable Marilyn R. Abbott
`SECRETARY
`U.S. INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION
`500 E Street, S.W., Room 112A
`Washington, DC 20436
`(VIA HAND DELIVERY - Original + 6 copies)
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`The Honorable Paul J. Luckern
`ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGE
`U.S. INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION
`500 E Street, S.W., Room 317
`Washington, DC 20436
`(VIA HAND DELIVERY - 2 copies)
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`OFFICE OF UNFAIR IMPORT INVESTIGATIONS
`US. INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION
`500 E Street, S.W., Room 401
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`V I A HAND DELIVERY)
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`ON BEHALF OF RESPONDENTS
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`Basil J. Lewris, Esq.
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`FINNEGAN, HENDERSON, FARABOW, GARRETT &
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`901 New York Avenue, N.W.
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`FO100006.doc