I
`The I
`Electronic
`Commerce
`Dictionary
`
`Tecl Haynes
`
`The definitive terms for
`
`doing business on the
`
`Information Superhighway
`
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`The Electronic Commerce Dictionary
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` 1
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`.
`The f
`Electremc
`Cem‘merce
`Dictionary
`
`{fie fiefisifiye farms f5:
`daing business 5;: the
`infarmai‘ioa Superhighway
`
`by Ted Hayfies
`
`THE ROBLEDA COMPANY
`
`MENLO PARK, CALIFORNIA
`
`

`

`The Electronic Commerce Dictionary is published by:
`
`The Robleda Company
`1259 El Camino Real, Suite 2720
`Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA.
`
`Design and Production by foe! Friedlana'er Publishing Services
`
`Available through book wholesalers. ISBN 0-9646506-0-6
`
`© Copyright 1995 by Ted Haynes. All rights reserved. No part of
`this book may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microfilm,
`xerography, or any other means, or incorporated into any information
`retrieval system, electronic or mechanical, without the written permis—
`sion of the copyright owner except for the inclusion of brief quota-
`tions in a review or the use of up to five definitions, with attribution,
`in any one book or article. While every precaution has been taken in
`the preparation of this book, neither the publisher nor author assumes
`responsibility for damages resulting from the use ofinformation con-
`tained herein.
`
`All product names mentioned herein are the trademarks
`of their respective owners.
`
`First Printing
`Printed in the United States of America
`
`10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
`
`Publishers Cataloging in Publication
`
`(Prepared by Quality Book: Inc.)
`Haynes, Ted.
`The electronic commerce dictionary : the definitive terms for
`doing business on the information superhighway / Ted Haynes.
`p. cm.
`Preassigned LCCN: 95—69169
`ISBN 0—9646506—0-6
`
`1. Business enterprises—Communication systems——
`Dictionaries. 2. Internet (Computer network)———Dictionaries. 3.
`Electronic data interchange—Dictionaries. 4. Electronic funds
`transfer—Dictionaries. 5. Computer security—Dictionaries. 6.
`Home banking services—~Dictionaries. I. Title.
`
`HD30.335.H391995 650’.028’5’467’03
`QBI9S-20229
`
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`= Sontents
`
`:
`
`Introduction .......................... ix
`
`The Data Communications Dictionary ....... I
`
`Electronic Commerce Web Sites
`and Their Uniform Resource Locators ...... 105
`
`
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`- Acknowledgements
`
`-
`
`This book would never have seen the light of day without the
`assistance of several important people. First of all the author would
`like to thank Len Feldman, author of W/ina'ows NT, The Next
`
`Generation for editing the manuscript and for his excellent advice
`throughout the project. Many thanks to those who reviewed the
`manuscript and provided comments more valuable than they perhaps
`knew: Dave Darnell, Dieter Karaluz, Paul Hoffman, Glenn
`
`Fleishman, and Michael Killen. Any remaining errors are strictly the
`responsibility of the author. For encouraging the author to explore
`the Internet and to write this book thanks to Jared Haynes of the
`Department of English at UC Davis, Isabel Haynes, Ann Zeichner,
`Tom Parker, and Bob Metcalfe. Heartfelt thanks to my wife, Joan
`Haynes, for her support and patience with my long hours at the PC
`and on the Internet.
`
`Finally, a thanks in advance to you, the reader, for any comments,
`criticisms, or new definitions you provide. The author can be reached
`
`at T_Haynes@ix.netcom.com
`
`vii
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`-
`
`Introduction
`
`-
`
`Wkateveryou cannot understandyou cannotpossess.
`— Goat/1e
`
`Every revolution in technology and business brings with it a host
`of new words, abbreviations, and acronyms. Electronic commerce is
`spawning more than its share—digital cash, electronic catalog,
`Internet presence, network payment system—to name a few.
`Managers are finding they need to learn the nomenclatures of the
`Internet, electronic data interchange (EDI), electronic funds transfer
`(EFT), bank card operations, and many other fields covered in this
`book. Driven most recently by the growth of the World Wide Web,
`electronic commerce is poised to change the business landscape
`permanently.
`This book is for anyone working to understand electronic
`commerce and looking for opportunities to profit from it. The
`definitions are based on usage in both general and technical
`sources-books, seminar materials, government publications,
`magazines, over two hundred World Wide Web sites and FTP servers,
`and the author’s years of experience in commerce and data
`communications. The intent has been to make each term
`
`understandable to anyone with modest computer literacy. Where
`appropriate, specific products and companies are identified.
`Cryptography, long the purview of government agencies and the
`military, turns out to be the bedrock on which many new ways of
`doing business over public networks are founded. Although many
`cryptographic terms are defined in this book,
`the relatively
`sophisticated math behind RSA and other algorithms is not described
`in detail. There are several excellent books on network security and
`on cryptography which can provide in—depth information.
`Where words or phrases important to a definition are themselves
`defined elsewhere they are printed in SMALL CAPITAL LETTERS. Plural
`
`ix
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`words in capitals (e.g. MICROPAYMENTS) are usually defined in the
`singular form. Where two or more words are in capitals (e.g. WEB
`BROWSER) the words will sometimes be defined separately rather as a
`single phrase.
`The dictionary is designed to remain a fundamental resource in
`the development of electronic commerce. New words and other
`updates to this book will be published on the Electronic Commerce
`Dictionary Web site at http://www.haynes.com/haynes. Readers are
`encouraged to check this site for new information periodically.
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`*A'
`
`acceptable use policy the policy of an INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER
`on What uses of the network are permitted. For example, many
`ISPs specifically forbid chain letters. The NATIONAL SCIENCE
`FOUNDATION, which once provided Internet BACKBONE services,
`limited backbone services to research and educational institutions
`
`and to open scholarly communication and research by companies.
`
`acceptor The party, such as a merchant, who accepts a PAYMENT
`CARD in exchange for goods or services and presents the TRANSAC-
`TION data to the ACQUIRER.
`
`access Entry to a computer system or network, such as the INTER—
`' NET.
`
`access control Protection against unauthorized use or manipulation
`of RESOURCES.
`
`ACH See AUTOMATED CLEARING HOUSE.
`
`ack Notification sent from one device to another to acknowledge
`that a MESSAGE has been received.
`
`acquirer The institution, such as a BANK, which receives PAYMENT
`CARD TRANSACTION data from an ACCEPTOR and passes it on to the
`authorizing institution (the card ISSUER). Also known as the
`MERCHANT BANK or merchant processing bank.
`
`Acrobat A software product from Adobe Systems that modifies FILES
`for transfer between incompatible computers such that the file will
`be displayed and printed identically on both machines.
`
`ship
`the
`as
`known
`Advance shipping notice (ASN) Also
`notice/manifest, an EDI STANDARD TRANSACTION SET sent by a
`vendor to a customer specifying the contents of a pending ship-
`ment and the estimated time of arrival.
`
`Advanced Intelligent Network A switched network using sophisti—
`cated software in which the information carried is separated from
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`Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)
`
`the Signaling and control signals. The current public switched
`telephone network implements some elements of advanced intel—
`ligent networking.
`
`organization
`Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) An
`within DOD which developed the predecessor to the Internet
`(ARPAnet) and which is now chartered with identifying and
`supporting risky technologies with significant long—term benefits.
`Prior to 1993,
`it was known as DARPA for Defense Advanced
`
`Research Projects Agency.
`
`Advanced Technologies Program (ATP) A program administered
`by NIST which grants funds to small companies to undertake
`research on generic technologies prior to their becoming viable in
`the marketplace.
`
`agent A software program that processes queries and sends responses
`on behalf of an APPLICATION.
`
`AIAG See AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY ACTION GROUP.
`
`American National Standards Institute (ANSI) The U.S. stand—
`ardization body that administers a wide variety of standards,
`including the X12 standard for EDI. ANSI is a member of the
`INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ORGANIZATION.
`
`American Textile Partnership (AMTEX) A CRADA formed by the
`textile industry and the Department of Energy.
`
`AMTEX See AMERICAN TEXTILE PARTNERSHIP.
`
`anchor In a WORLD WIDE WEB page, a word or words that are
`highlighted on a screen or displayed in a different color from other
`text to indicate a LINK to another point on the same page or on
`another page. A USER can elect to display the other point or page
`by clicking on the anchor. See HYPERTEXT.
`
`ANI See AUTOMATIC NUMBER IDENTIFICATION.
`
`anonymity The ability to send a MESSAGE or pay out funds without
`revealing the IDENTITY of the sender or payer.
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`appropriate usage policy
`
`anonymous FTP An Internet tool that enables user ACCESS to a
`REMOTE HOST’S directories and FILES wéthout requiring a pre—ar-
`
`ranged PASSWORD See FTP.
`
`anonymous server A SERVER which enables a USER to send an
`anonymous POSTING to USENET by deleting all user—related infor—
`mation and forwarding the MESSAGE to the USENET newsgroup.
`
`ANSI See AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDs INSTETUTE.
`
`ANSI ASC X12 The ANSI accredited subcommittee responsible
`for developing the EDI document standards. See X12.
`
`API See APPLICATION PROGRAM INTERFACE.
`
`application A software program which performs tasks directly useful
`to an individual or organization, as opposed to an operating
`system, software tool, driver, or utility which supports other
`programs or is useful only in manipulating computer systems,
`devices, or networks.
`
`application acknowledgment An EDI STANDARD TRANSACTION SET
`that acknowledges receipt of an earlier transaction set and its
`processing by a business APPLICATION.
`
`application level gateway A FIRE WALL technology that uses a single
`device with only one IP ADDRESS to represent a private network to
`users on the Internet. It provides stronger SECURITY than PACKET
`LEVEL FILTERING but is more difficult to implement. An applica-
`tion level gateway can be a PROXY SERVER and can support IP
`address translation, user AUTHENTICATION, and end-ro-end
`ENCRYPTION.
`
`application program interface (API) A set of rules stating how an
`APPLICATION program calls a utility or other software program. In
`practice, a set of semi—standard interfaces between two applica—
`tions or between applications and an operating system.
`
`appropréate usage policy Rules set by a company on how employees
`should use company networks and the Internet, particularly with
`regard to E-MAIL. and concerned with such issues as use for private
`gain, soliciting donations, representation of company positions,
`
`
`
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`Archie
`
`
`offensive, harassing or disparaging statements, sexually oriented
`images or messages, transmission ofproprietary information, and
`COPYRIGHTS.
`
`Archie An INTERNET application for locating FILES by name. See
`VERONICA and JUGHEAD.
`
`ARPA See ADVANCED RESEARCH PROJECTS AGENCY.
`
`arrival notice An EDI STANDARD TRANSACTEON SET sent from an
`ocean carrier to an onshore carrier and to the consignee to report
`on the planned arrival of shipped goods.
`
`ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange. An
`8—BIT code (including one bit for parity) for representing 256
`characters of the English alphabet, foreign language characters,
`numbers, punctuation, and selected symbols.
`
`ASN See ADVANCE SHIPPING NOTICE.
`
`asynchronous transmission T16 TRANSMISSION of BITS over a NET-
`WORK without precise clocking and with no common time refer—
`ence between the sender and receiver. Individual characters are
`normally encapsulated in control bits called start and stop bits.
`See SYNCHRONOUS TRANSMISSION.
`
`Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) A technology which permits
`the sharing of TRANSMISSION facilities among data types with
`different requirements (e.g. voice, data, video) by carrying the data
`in small fixed-size (56 byte) cells. The ITU-TSS standard for CELL
`RELAY.
`
`ATM See ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE, AUTOMATED TELLER
`MACHINE.
`
`ATM card See AUTOMATED TELLER MACHINE.
`
`ATM network A SYSTEM that allows customers to use AUTOMATED
`
`TELLER MACHINES owned and operated by BANKS and financial
`institutions other than their own. ATM NETWORKS are jointly
`operated by multiple owners and operators of ATMS and by a
`network service provider, who provides ELECTRONIC FUNDS
`TRANSFER.
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`automated teller machine (ATM)
`
`ATP See ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM.
`
`authentication 1) In accessing a computer system or network,
`methods of assuring that the party requesting ACCESS is in fact the
`party he or she claims to be. See SECURITY, PASSWORD. 2) In E—MAIL
`and ELECTRONIC COMMERCE, assurance that a party to a TRANSAC—
`
`TION or communication is the person or organization so repre—
`sented and that any MESSAGE sent by that party has not been
`modified in transit. See DIGITAL SIGNATURE and DIGITAL CERTEFI—
`
`CATE. 3) In EDI, methods of assuring that any changes in a
`document during TRANSMISSION can be detected by the receiving
`party. 4) In EFT, a method of assuring that a payment instruction
`has indeed originated at the sending BANK and has not been
`tampered with.
`authentication key In EDI, a character sequence that both parties
`to a TRANSACTION must use to begin the AUTHENTICATION proce-
`dure. See KEY.
`
`authorization 1) The approval to complete aTRANSACTION. In BANK
`CARD transactions authorization is given by the ISSUER to the
`ACQUIRER. 2) The granting of rights to users to ACCESS resources
`or to read, modify, delete, copy, classify or otherwise manipulate
`specific information.
`authorizing key A set ofBITS which must be present for an encrypted
`software program to run.
`
`automated clearing house (ACH) Any of several organizations
`which BANKS use to settle their accounts with one another
`electronically as an alternative to FED WERE. Most Social Security
`payments and payroll direct deposit transactions are handled
`through the AUTOMATED CLEARING HOUSE network. ELECTRONIC
`BENEFITS TRANSFER is a controversial potential use of ACE net-
`works. See also NATIONAL AUTOMATED CLEARING HOUSE ASSOCIA—
`TION.
`
`automated teller machine (ATM) A machine which enables a BANK
`customer using a secret PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION NUMBER and a
`plastic DEBIT CARD wEth a magnetically encoded strip (an ATM
`
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`Automatic Number Identification (AN1)
`
`including the
`to transact business with the bank,
`CARD)
`withdrawal of cash, at any hour of the day or night. See also ATM
`NETWORK.
`
`Automatic Number Identification (AN1) A telephone company
`capability, available nationwide, that passes the telephone number
`of a person calling an 800 number to the called party.
`
`Automobile Industry Action Group (AIAG) The XI2 standard for
`EDI as modified for use by the automobile induStry. Also, the
`committee that maintains the modified standard.
`
`autonomous system A group of networks administered by a single
`authority (e.g. a company wide area network).
`
`availability The assurance that legitimate users of a RESOURCE or
`information are not denied ACCESS to it.
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`.3.
`
`backbone A NETWORK that connects other, usually lower
`BANDWIDTH networks, and allows them to send data to one
`another.
`
`bandwidth The amount of data that can be transmitted over a
`circuit or NETWORK, measured in BITS per second.
`
`bank A company that maintains savings and checking accounts,
`issues loans and credit, and deals in securities issued by govern—
`ments and corporations. A commercial BANK invests primarily in
`loans while an investment bank invests in securities for its CLIENTS
`and for its own account. See also FINANCIAL INSTITUTION.
`
`bankcard TRANSACEION CARD that enables a BANK customer to
`purchase goods and services and/or receive cash at AUTOMATED
`TELLER MACHINES. Bank cards include credit cards, and debit
`cards.
`
`bank card association An organization, owned by financial institu-
`tions, that licenses and markets BANK CARDS and service marks,
`facilitates TRANSACTION AUTHORIZATION, and handles accounting
`and transferring of funds between BANKS in connection with bank
`card transactions. The two associations in the United States are
`MasterCard International and Visa (USA).
`
`bar code a printed array of bars and spaces of varying width cor—
`responding to an alphanumeric sequence that provides informa-
`tion about the item displaying the bar code. By means of the bar
`code the alphanumeric data can be quickly input into a computer
`using a SCANNER. Bar codes are widely used to track inventory and
`shipments. Bar codes on most consumer items conform to the
`UNIVERSAL PRODUCT CODE (UPC).
`
`Basic Rate Interface (BRI) The ISDN interface designed for in—
`dividual subscribers and consisting of two channels for voice or
`data and one channel for signaling.
`
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`BBS
`
`BBS See BULLE'IEN BOARD SYSTEM.
`
`bill of ladin An EDI STANDARD TRANSACTION SET sent from a shi
`P
`g
`per to a carrier or consignee to detail the contents ofshipment and
`delivery details of a shipment ready to be picked up.
`
`-
`
`BINHEX A Macintosh compressed FILE format used to transmit
`files over a network such as the Internet.
`
`biometric authentication Verification Of a person’s IDENTITY by
`comparison of a unique physical characteristic (e.g. fingerprint,
`retinal scan) with a previously verified measurement.
`
`BISNIS A Department ofCommerce network that provides ONLINE
`information on business opportunities in the former Soviet
`Union.
`
`bit The smallest unit of information. A binary digit equal to either
`zero or one.
`
`BITNET A network between universities in the U.S., Europe, and
`Japan which does not use TCP/IP but which can exchange E—MAIL
`with the Internet.
`
`bits per second (bps) A measure of the speed of any digital TRANS-
`MISSION system.
`
`blind entry In DIRECT STORE DELIVERY the acceptance ofa shipment
`and updating of inventory information without an actual count
`of the units received.
`
`BOL See BILL OF LADING.
`
`book transfer The transfer of funds from one account to another
`
`within the same FINANCIAL INSTITUTION.
`
`booking confirmation An EDI STANDARD TRANSACTION SET relaying
`acceptance of a freight booking on an ocean carrier.
`
`booking request An EDI STANDARD TRANSACTION SET providing the
`details of a request to place freight with an ocean carrier.
`
`bot A computer program whose output appears to be the work of
`an ONLINE human being, sometimes replying to general E-MAIL
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`bulletin board system (BBS)
`
`inquiries (a mailbot) and sometimes assuming a personality and
`taking on the role of a player in an online game. See KNOWBOT.
`BRI See BASIC RATE INTERFACE.
`
`bridge A device which links two local area networks and forwards
`packets between them, filtering out packets addressed to com-
`puters on the LAN from which the packets originated.
`
`broadband Any TRANSMISSION system which combines multiple
`signals on a single physical circuit, as does cable TV. See
`ASYNCI—IRONOUS TRANSFER MODE.
`
`browser A CLIENT program that facilitates locating and displaying
`information. The most popular WORLD WIDE WEB browser is
`Netscape, based upon MOSAIC.
`
`bulletin board system (BBS) A computer system accessible over the
`Internet or by direct dialup or both that provides news and
`information on a particular topic and frequently supports POSTING
`of MESSAGES and news by its subscribers. Though BBS software is
`not standardized, functionality is similar across BBS software
`packages.
`
`
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`.3.
`
`CA See CERTIFICATION AUTHORITY.
`
`cable area network A multi—star topology for cable TV that runs
`fiber—optic trunks to selected amplifiers in the network and con—
`ventional coax cable to end users. The fiber star provides improved
`signal quality and reliability versus the older tree—and—branch cable
`topology. About 25% of cable TV subscribers are served by these
`fiber—enriched systems.
`
`cable modem A MODEM that provides ACCESS to on—line computer
`services and the Internet delivered over a cable I V syetem.
`
`CAD See COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN.
`
`CAD/CAM computer-aided design/computer aided manufactur—
`ing.
`
`CAFE Conditional Access for Europe. A group cooperating to
`develop a secure electronic PAYMENT SYSTEM using SMART CARDS
`and ELECTRONIC WALLETS that protects the PRIVACY of the USER.
`Members include Siemens, France Telecom and Post Research,
`and DIGICASH. See DIGITAL CASH.
`
`caller ID services Services provided by telephone companies that
`enhance SECURITY by providing the phone number of the calling
`party over the phone line to the receiving party before the call is
`picked up. Variations of the services are Caller Number Delivery
`(CND), and Calling Line Identification. Services are available
`only where permitted by local regulation. The major drawback to
`the service is that the information is not passed between phone
`carriers and cannot be used in granting ACCESS to a computer when
`users call through a phone carrier other than that serving the
`computer itself.
`
`Canadian Payments Association (CPA) An industry association
`created by Parliament that Operates a national CLEARINGS and
`
`10
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`cash card
`
`SETTLEMENTS system and plans the evolution of the national
`PAYMENTS SYSTEM. The CPA operates the Automated Clearing
`Settlement System (ACSS) and the US Dollar Bulk Exchange
`(USBE) system.
`
`Capstone A US. government project to develop publicly available
`CRYPTOGRAPI-FY standards incorporating KEY ESCROW and the
`DECRYPTION of encoded messages by government agencies under
`court order. The four major components ofCapstone are SKIPJACK
`(a data ENCRYPTION algorithm), CLIPPER (a chip incorporating the
`Skipjack algorithm), DSS (a DIGITAL SIGNATURE algorithm), and
`51-15 (a HASH FUNCTION). All parts of Capstone have 80-BIT
`SECURITY and all the KEYS involved are 80 bits long.
`
`carbon copy routing the sending of duplicate EDI standard trans-
`action sets to more than one computer.
`
`n‘card—not—present transaction CREDIT CARD or DEBIT CARD TRANS—
`ACTION, such as a catalog order over the phone or over a network,
`where the vendor cannot check that the buyer has physical pos-
`session of the card itself.
`
`CARI A system of making CREDIT CARD purchases through the
`Internet without sending credit card numbers over the network.
`The customer sends the merchant a virtual credit card number
`
`assigned by CARI and the merchant sends the number to CARI
`along With the buyer’s encrypted telephone number and a
`preferred time to call. When contacted, the customer enters into
`the phone keypad the virtual credit card number, a PIN, and the
`credit card number and expiration date of a credit card. CARI
`combines this wéth the order information from the merchant and
`
`formats a transaction file.
`
`carpet bomb To CROSSPOST an inappropriate MESSAGE (e.g. an ad-
`vertisement, a chain letter, a misleading business solicitation, or
`an intentionally Offensive message) on USENET or Internet
`newsgroups.
`
`CASE Computer Aided Software Engineering.
`
`cash card An AUTOMATED TELLER MACHINE DEBIT CARD.
`
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`cash concentration and disbursement (CCD)
`
`cash concentration and disbursement (CCD) An
`AUTOMATED
`CLEARING HOUSE standard transaction set for making payments
`electronically.
`
`CBDS See CONNECTIONLESS BROADBAND DATA SERVICE.
`
`CCD See CASH CONCENTRATION AND DISBURSEMENT.
`
`CCD+ A CCD transaction set which permits the addition of free
`form text.
`
`CCITT Consultative Committee for International Telegraph and
`Telephone. NOW named the International Telecommunication
`Union - Telecommunication Standardization Section or ITU-Tss.
`
`CD ROM Compact Disc Read Only Memory. A prerecorded op-
`tical data storage format using the same media as digital audio
`Compact Discs.
`
`CDMA See CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS.
`
`CDPD See CELLULAR DIGITAL PACKET DATA.
`
`CEBus An architecture for managing energy in the home and
`controlling appliances backed by the Electronic Industry Associa-
`tion using an open communication system based on 081.
`
`CellNet A system of using POWER LINE CARRIER to send signals from
`SMART METERS to neighborhood radios which each transmit to a
`single central site for billing by a utility. Also see NETCOMM.
`
`cell relay A NETWORK technology simultaneously carrying all types
`of transmissions (voice, data, video, etc.) in cells of identical size.
`
`The fixed—length of the cells makes it possible to switch each cell
`to its appropriate circuit at very high speeds.
`
`Cello A popular WWW BROWSER.
`
`Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD) A technology which uses the
`same radio channels as analog cellular voice services to provide
`data networking services to mobile hosts.
`
`CERN The European Laboratory for Particle Physics at which Tim
`Berners-Lee originated the WORLD WIDE WEB and which joined
`MIT in developing international standards for the Web.
`
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`CheckFree
`
`CERT Computer Emergency Response Team. An organization
`established at Carnegie Mellon University to respond to any
`sudden wide—ranging problem on the Internet, particularly
`SECURITY related issues.
`
`certificate issuing authority An organization which issues DIGITAL
`CERTIFICATES. To be useful, a certificate issuing authority must be
`widely known and trusted, and must have well defined methods
`of assuring the IDENTITY of the parties to whom it issues digital
`certificates.
`
`certificate issuing system A hardware and software system which
`issues, manages, and reports on serialized DIGITAL CERTIFICATES.
`
`Certificate Revocation List (CRL) A list ofdigital certificates which
`have been revoked or held in suspension.
`
`Certification Authority Any of the Level 3 organizations in the
`- PRIVACY ENHANCED MAIL model which is certified by 2 POLICY
`CERTIFICATION AUTHORITY and provides certification to users of
`the certificates.
`
`certified delivery Provides a document to the vendor of DIGITAL
`MERCHANDISE that proves that the merchandise has been received
`by the purchaser over the network.
`
`CGI See COMMON GATEWAY INTERFACE.
`
`challenge/response authentication A method of authenticating
`remote users through an ENCRYPTION algorithm and a TOKEN
`embedded in software or in a hand—held device or via a series of
`
`questions that only the expected remote user can answer. Also see
`TWO—FACTOR AUTHENTICATION.
`
`CheckFree An automated PAYMENT system which allows con-
`sumers to make payments from their checking or credit card
`account by sending AUTHORIZATION to CheckFree through a
`dialup port. CheckFree arranges the transfer of funds from the
`consumer’s bank to the merchant by ELECTRONIC FUNDS TRANS-
`FER. The advantage to the consumer is easier payment and record
`keeping; For the merchant, the use of EFT means the funds are
`
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`Chemical Industry Data Exchange (CIDX)
`
`available for use the day after collection (sooner than ifthey waited
`for check CLEARING through the banking system).
`
`Chemical Industry Data Exchange (CIDX) Guidelines for use in
`the chemical industry of the x12 standard. Also, a group that
`manages EDI activities for the chemical industry.
`
`CIDX See CHEMICAL INDUSTRY DATA EXCHANGE.
`
`CIE See CUSTOMER INITIATED ENTRY.
`
`cipher A cryptographic algorithm — a mathematical function for
`ENCRYPTION and DECRYPTION.
`
`cipher text An encrypted MESSAGE.
`
`circuit-switched network A NETWORK, such as the telephone sys—
`
`tem, which establishes a physical circuit between two or more
`parties in order to transmit information between them.
`CIX See COMMERCIAL INTERNET EXCHANGE ASSOCIATION.
`
`clearings The delivery of checks from BANKS where they have been
`deposited to the banks on which the checks were written, and the
`movement of funds in the reverse direction. Some paper checks
`are cleared through the US. Federal Reserve check clearing system
`and some are cleared through clearing houses owned by banks.
`Also see ELECTRONIC FUNDS TRANSFER.
`
`cleartext See PLAINTEXT.
`
`client A software program or, loosely, a person or computer, that
`obtains services (e.g. E—MAIL, FTP, WORLD WIDE WEB) from servers
`on the Internet. More generally, any computer or APPLICATION
`that requests services or information from another computer or
`APPLICATION. See CLIENT/SERVER COMPUTING.
`
`client/server computing Cooperative computing between two com-
`puters or APPLICATIONS using extensive computer-initiated com-
`munication between the CLIENT (which requests services) and the
`SERVER (which responds to the requests).
`
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`Common Gateway Interface (CGI:E
`
`Clipper Within the US. government’s CAPSTONE project, the CLIP-
`PER chip implements the classified SKIPJACK algorithm. The term
`Clipper is Often used to referto the Skipjack algorithm.
`
`CNRI Corporation for National Research Initiatives.
`
`Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) A cellular technology
`developed by Qualcomm that allows 100% frequency reuse from
`cell to cell because all the frequencies can be used in each cell and
`cells can be made smaller as needed.
`
`com The top-level Internet DOMAIN NAME assigned to all for-profit
`organizations. In the United States, a business domain name
`almost always ends with a period followed by com (eg.
`3Com.com).
`
`COMM ID In the grocery industry, an identifier placed within EDI
`transmissions to identify a party to its trading partners.
`
`"CommerceNet A non-profit organization open to public and
`private organizations which has a charter to develop, maintain,
`and promote an Internet—based infrastructure for ELECTRONIC
`COMMERCE in business-to—business applications.
`
`Commercial Internet Exchange Association (CIX) An association
`founded by a group of INTERNET SERVECE PROVIDERS to provide
`unrestricted BACKBONE services for business use and to use agreed-
`upon procedures in accounting for commercial traffic.
`
`common carrier A regulated, private company that provides voice
`and/or data communication services to the public for a fee.
`
`Common Gateway Interface (CGI) A standard for interfacing be—
`tween some WORLD WIDE WEB servers and external GATEWAY
`
`programs written by users. Common uses ofa CGI gateway include
`converting user documentation into HTML on the fly and sending
`the HTML result to a CLIENT, interfacing with WAIS and archive
`databases and converting the result into HTML to be sent to a
`client, and obtaining user feedback about a WEB SITE through an
`HTML form and a CGI decoder.
`
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`Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act of 1994
`
`Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act of 1994
`
`Also known as the FBI Wiretap Bill, this legislation mandates that
`the nation’s telecommunications infrastructure facilitate govern—
`ment interception of voice and data communications. Opposed
`by EPIC and other civil libertarian groups, the bill was also opposed
`by telephone companies because of the cost of additional equip—
`ment required. The la