DICTIONARY OF
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`
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`COMPUTING
`COMMUNICATIONS
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`
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`MORE THAN 11,000 ESSENTIAL TERMS
`
`COVERS EVERY DISCIPLINE OF COMPUTING & COMMUNICATIONS
`
`PROVIDES SYNONYMS, ACRONYMS, AND ABBREVIATIONS
`
`RMI EXHIBIT 2006
`
`CBM2014-00116
`
`RMI EXHIBIT 2006
`CBM2014-00116
`
`Page 1
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`

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`McGraw—Hill
`
`Dictionary of
`Computing &
`Communications
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`Sydney Toronto
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`McGraw-Hill
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`New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid
`Mexico City Milan New Delhi
`San Juan
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`The McGraw-Hill Companies
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`Materials in this dictionary are derived from the McGRAW-I—IILL DICTIONARY
`OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL TERMS, Sixth Edition, copyright © 2003 by
`The McGraw—Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
`
`McGRAW-HILL DICTIONARY OF COMPUTING 8 COMMUNICATIONS, copyright
`© 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,
`Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in
`the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States
`Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or
`distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval
`system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
`
`1234567890
`
`DOC/DOC
`
`09876543
`
`ISBN 0—07-142178-5
`
`This book is printed on recycled, acid—free paper containing a
`minimum of 50% recycled, de—inked fiber.
`
`This book was set in Helvetica Bold and Novarese Book by TechBooks, Fairfax,
`Virginia. It was printed and bound by RR Donnelley, The Lakeside Press.
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`Publishing, McGraw—Hill, Two Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121—2298. Or contact
`your local bookstore.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in—Publication Data
`
`McGraw-Hill dictionary of computing and communications/McGraw—Hill.
`p.
`cm.
`ISBN 0—07—142178—5
`
`2. Telecommunication—Dictionaries.
`1. Computer science—Dictionaries.
`3. Engineering—Dictionaries.
`I. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
`
`QA76.15D52634
`004'.03—dc21
`
`2003
`
`2003051209
`
`Preface
`Staff ..........
`How to Us
`Fields anc
`Pronuncia
`A-Z Terms
`
`Appendix
`Equi
`Cl
`Com
`m
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`Matl
`Sche
`Parti
`ASC
`Elec
`Radi
`Micr
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`Page 3
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`Page 3
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`

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`computer netwark
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`|COMPUT SCI] The process
`computer graphics
`all phases of the development of an information
`of pictorial communication between humans
`system, including analysis, design. and program-
`and computers.
`in which the computer input
`ming. Abbreviated CASE.
`{ kam'py‘tidvar .ad-od
`and output have the form of charts, drawings,
`.soft.wer en~ia'nir-ii]]
`or appropriate pictorial
`representation; such
`computer algebra system See symbolic system
`devices as cathode-ray tubes, mechanical plot-
`[ kamlpyiid‘ar 'al-ie-bra .sis-tam i
`ting boards, curve tracers, coordinate digitizers,
`computer analyst
`|COMPUT SCI] A person who
`and light pens are employed.
`( kem'pyflder
`defines a problem. determines exactly what
`'grafviks ]
`is required in the solution. and defines the
`|COMPUT SCIl A
`computer graphics interface
`outlines of the machine solution. generally. an
`standard format
`for writing graphics drivers
`expert in automaticdata processing applications
`Abbreviated CGi.
`{ kamlpyiid-or lgrafliks 'in-tor
`| kam’py‘t'id-ar 'an-aJist }
`.fasl
`computer animation
`|COMPUT scu The use of
`lCOMPUT SCI] A
`computer graphics metafile
`a computer to preSent, either continuously or
`standard device-independent graphics format
`in rapid succession. pictures on a cathode‘ray
`that is used to transfer graphics images between
`tube or other device. graphically representing
`computer programs and storage devices. Abbre-
`a time developing system at successive times.
`viated CGM,
`{kamlpyiid-ar lgraf-iks 'med-a.fil }
`{ kam'pyiidvar an-a'mavshan J
`computer input from microfilm |COMPUT SCJI
`art
`computer architecture
`|COMPUT SC” The
`The technique of reading images on microfilm
`and science of assembling logical elements to
`and transforming them into a form which is
`form a computing device.
`[ k9m'pyiid~or 'ar-ks
`understandable to a computer. Abbreviated CiM
`.tek-chor]
`{kam'prd-ar 'in,pL'it from 'rni-kra.film}
`|COMPUT SCII
`instruction
`computer-assisted
`computer-integrated manufacturing
`[IND ENG|
`The use of computers to present drills, practice
`A computer—automated system in which indi—
`exercises. and tutorial sequences to the student,
`vidual engineering, production, marketing. and
`and sometimes to engage the student
`in a
`support functions of a manufacturing enterprise
`dialog about the substance of the instruction.
`Abbreviated CAI. Also known as computer-
`are organized; functional areas such as design,
`analysis, planning, purchasing, cost accounting.
`aided instruction; computer—assisted learning.
`inventory control, and distribution are linked
`[kam'pyiid‘er a'sistad in'strok‘shan]
`through the computer with factory floor func-
`computer-
`computer-assisted
`learning
`See
`tions such as materials handling and manage-
`assisted instruction,
`{ kom'pyiidrer a'sistad
`ment, providing direct control and monitoring
`‘larn‘ln }
`of all process operations. Abbreviated ClM.
`|COMPUT SCI] The
`computer-assisted retrieval
`{kom'pyiid-ar lint-agréd-ad .man-o'fakchenin l
`use of a computer
`to locate documents or
`records stored outside of the computer, on paper
`computerized branch exchange
`[COMMUNI A
`or microfilm. Abbreviated CAR.
`[ kem'pyild-
`computer-controlled telephone switching sys-
`tem that supports such services as conference
`or a'sis‘tod ri'tre‘vel }
`computer center
`See electronic data-processing
`calling, least-cost routing, direct inward dialing.
`and automatic reringing of a busy line. Abbrevi-
`center
`(kem'py’tidiar .senvter]
`ated CBX.
`{ kom‘pyild‘eflzd 'branch iks'chan] ]
`c°'“l3uter code
`|COMPUT SCI] The code repre-
`computer-limited
`|COMPUT SCI] Pertaining to a
`senting the operations built into the hardware
`r
`'
`situation in which the time required for compu-
`Of a particular computer
`[ kam'pyiid-er Ikod}
`aided engineering icnci Title tries: gt
`tation exceeds the time required to read inputs
`computer conferencing
`See computer network-
`r—based tools to asSist in sour
`and write outputs.
`[kam'pyu'd-er .lim~sd-od}
`'ng
`{kem'pyuder 'kan-frons-in}
`t kam‘pyiid‘or art
`ing problems.
`computer literacy
`|COMPUT SCll Knowledge and
`meutercontroi
`[CONT SYSI Process control in
`mi
`_
`computer-
`understanding of computers and computer sys—
`“midi
`the process variables are fed into a
`..
`aided
`instruction
`—
`.
`See
`cl
`in
`tems and how to apply them to the solution of
`ca"'"flulerancl the output of the computer is used
`instruction.
`l kom‘pyud-ar .ada
`problems.
`{ kam'pyiid-or 'lit~ra-sé]
`alien
`an}
`egg-“film! the Process.
`{ kem‘pyfld-ar kan'trol }
`computer-managed instruction
`[COMPUT SCI]
`aided management
`of main: m
`term-‘2? control counter
`|COMPuT SCI| Coun-
`The use of computer assistance in testing. diag-
`nputer—managed
`instruction.
`i
`any col? stores the next recurred address;
`nosing. prescribing, grading, and record keeping.
`r .ad‘ad ‘man-ii-mant av in stro
`Abbreviated CMl. Also known as computer-aided
`control“ te.’ which furnishes information to the
`
`«aided manutaeturlng
`m “”‘l-
`{Item pvudvarkan'trol .kaunt-arl
`
`management of
`instruction.
`{ kom‘pyiid-ar
`titers in conve
`bacwlwckmntontrollad system ICONT svsi Afeecl-
`:rnan-iid in'strak-shan}
`comp ' hed products. Computers as
`ates on bLOLSYSEem In which a computer oper-
`
`computer memory
`See memory.
`ers. menu
`facturing engineers. a
`Signal to fl;
`the Input signal and” the feedback
`or 'rnem~ré ]
`.1 workers by
`n5-
`automating many 3
`iSis-ram l
`ect control.
`{item pvud‘arkan‘troid
`Writ
`|COMPUT SCI] The use of a
`computer modeling
`
`_ mm-
`isks. such as developing proces
`t
`
`computer to develop a mathematical model of a
`1g and tracking materials. and mo
`| £31533”? WSW-El:
`See program register
`complex system or process and to provide con-
`as as well as controlling “d
`ction schedui
`n
`to"Witter em [I an "O! Felts-star I
`.
`ditions for testing it.
`{ kem'pyiidor 'mad-ol-irj }
`I
`uiprnentfithe
`
`nes. industrial robots. test eq
`_
`is
`9f actual op: MFG"
`_ IcemPUT SC” 1. The ratio
`
`computer network
`[COMPUT SCll A system of
`lid-2d
`ns that move and store material“
`tirne ofa co ran“? llme to scheduled operating
`two or more computers that are interconnected
`ti
`0' user
`mputET-
`2. in time-sharing. the ratio
`
`y,Abbreviated CAM.
`[ham pyu
`C .
`by communication channels. Also known as
`
`a'falt-cha-rin }
`Elma
`Ellie tie the sum of user time plus system
`network.
`{kam'pyiid-ar 'net.warkl
`ided so
`ftware engineering £5151“.
`am pyud-ar i'fish-an-sé I
`grime useof software packages
`
`
`[ ‘kamv
`ssed by equipments.
`A
`'na-shanz}
`namlca
`lFL MECiil
`fluid
`d?
`is use of high-
`cerned with th_
`(dinputers to numerically solve the
`'
`iequations
`‘
`rearpartiaidiiierentia _
`. -.
`aus fluid inWs
`l
`.kamrpyota
`" am-iksl
`jrhiinerical control
`Sele_ com-
`al control
`i
`.kam-pyata‘shen-
`'troi
`rfirrograrh
`Size CPU-hound pio-
`"
`'
`'nd'
`ro-graml
`le'ggi‘ilitur gal A control proce-f
`RAN which allows the transfe; (1}
`e ith label ot a set of n is es
`. -
`..
`ement numbers in the program.
`: gTSShEtPUT SCIiThe operation of
`-mputer in which input Signals are
`: computing units to calculate at
`contrast to hold mode and rese
`m'pyiit .modi
`device that receives.
`LOMPUT SCll A
`the two types are
`nd presents data;
`n as computing
`digital Also know
`'
`ii
`-ar
`regardegig:
`l‘icoN'r are! The use o;
`in converting the initial idea cor
`.
`o a detailed engineering design; t0hr:s
`'
`'
`la 1
`:Is and graphics repiaéiigtéfive 35w
`fertggugtisaghrdgscommunicate design
`npnbbreviated GAD.
`i Item pyudvar
`in}
`M-
`'
`d drafting ico
`ided design an computer—aided de-
`_
`r
`ing out of
`12%;:that has additional features for
`
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`Y'L—.-.;-.,‘.__._
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`that
`icompur 501 Equipment
`render
`ts links to several other devices to One
`acomputer.
`t'port ik.span-dar]
`.
`|COMPUT SCI] The process of converting
`a to run on a computer other tha n‘theo ne
`ch it was originally written.
`l‘pordnn }
`iratlone service
`|COMMUN| Marltlme
`communications service in or near a poi-{I
`’.I'I coast stations and ship stations. of
`an ship stations. in which messages are
`:ed to those relating to the movement and
`of ships and. in an emergency. to the safety
`ions.
`{ 'port .ap-a'ra-shenz .sar-vos]
`of notation
`IMATHI Any oi several nu-
`on systems in which a number is repre.
`i by a sequence of digits In such a tray
`to significance oi each digit depends onus
`on in the sequence as well as its numeric
`Also known as notation.
`{ pa'zish‘anvfl
`il'l‘al‘l}
`1COMPUT SCI] One or .3
`Ial parameter
`er of parameters in a group. whose signifr
`: is determined by its position within the
`-.
`I pa'zish-an‘al pa‘ram-ad-or]
`rial
`aervomechaniern
`icoN‘r 3Y5] . A
`ack control system 'in which the mechanical
`ion [as opposed to velocity) of some obiect
`Itomatically maintained
`i pa zlshvan‘al
`5'mek-o.niz-am}
`.
`n control
`[CONT sYs] Atype ofautomatic
`01 in which the input commands are the
`ed position of a body.
`{ pa'zish-on ken
`
`a
`
`[CONT SYS] Automatic con-
`ining action
`action in which there is a predetermined
`ion between the value of a controlled vari-
`and the position of a final control element.
`' h-an-i
`.ak‘shon]
`3:th tll-ne
`[COMPUT SCIlThe time krte-
`ed for a storage medium such as a dis b:
`rositioned and for readi'write heads to be
`ierly located so that the desired data can
`:or written.
`{DGIIlSh-an‘ii] itim]
`l D
`on pulse
`See commutator pulse.
`.
`-.
`i-on pals]
`..
`ve electrode
`See anode.
`['paz-od~wrlek
`[rile
`feedback [CONT svsi
`Feedbaclgt 3:
`ch a portion of the output of a circui0 as
`ice is fed back in phase with the inpuiiown
`ncrease the total amplification. A159 n-
`re-
`reaction tBritish usage];
`regenerafiloségel
`.erative feedback: retroaction {Britis
`u
`“z-ad-iv'tedbaki
`.
`_
`'ch
`fire logic
`IELECTRI Logic circuitry I: we”
`more positive voltage [or curretiive l
`resents the 1 state: the less 'pefl'likl
`Iresentstheflstate.
`{'paz-ad-iv irii- mud?
`rive modulation
`lELECTR] in an arfihI:It form
`idolated analog television system.
`inc
`television modulation in which engage in
`brightness corresponds to an -I-l:|;'1§-sh9“!
`nsmitted power.
`{ ‘paz-ad-iv .mai “smissioi‘
`tive transmission [COMIviuNl "Praia wall that
`analog television signals in suc
`
`interpreter.
`
`light intensity causes an
`an increase in initial
`increase in the transmitted power.
`(
`'pa'z-ad-iv
`tranz'mishlen ]
`value
`zero
`[COMPUT SCI] The
`positive
`zero
`reached by counting down from a positive
`number
`in the binary system.
`[
`'paz-adriv
`‘zir-6]
`post
`|COMPUT SCI] To add or update records in
`a file.
`[post]
`See autodecrement address-
`postdecrementing
`ing.
`[lpést'dek-roment-in ]
`postedit
`|COMPUT SCI] To editthe outputdata of
`a computer.
`{'post.ed-at}
`POS terminal
`See point—of—sale terminal.
`{ lpé
`:6'es .term-on-al }
`See reVErse Polish notation.
`poetl'lx notation
`[‘pfistJiks no‘ta-shon }
`postlncremantlng
`See autoincrement address—
`ing.
`I [post'in‘kroment‘in ]
`postindexing
`|COMPUT SCI] Operation in which
`the contents of a register indicated by the index
`bits of an indirect address are added to the
`indirect address to form the effective address.
`{post‘imdek-sirj]
`{'post-in ]
`posting
`See update.
`See
`transfer
`posting interpreter
`['post-ig in'tar-prod-ar}
`taken
`action
`postmortem |COMPUT SCI] Any
`after an operation is completed to help analyze
`that operation.
`{ post'mord-am ]
`postmortem dump
`[COMPUT SCI] 1. The print-
`out showing the state of all registers and the
`contents ofmain memory. taken after a computer
`run terminates normally or terminates owing
`to fault,
`2. The program which generates this
`printout.
`[post'mr'er-am 'damp]
`postmortem program See postmortem routine
`{post'mOrd-am ‘pro-gram ]
`postmortem routine
`[COMPUT SCI] A computer
`routine designed to provide information about
`the operation of a program after the program is
`completed. Also known as postmortem program.
`l post'mc‘irdem rii.tén i
`2 Foot office
`|COMPUT SCI] The software and files
`in an electronic mail system that receive mes«
`sides and deliver them to recipients.
`{
`'post
`.o as]
`' Poaiorrlce Protocol
`ECDMPUT scn An Internet
`Standard for delivering e—mail
`from a server
`t0 an e—mail client on a personal computer.
`Ablareviated POP.
`| lpost .of-as 'prod-a.kt'Il }
`Mlnroceseor
`|COMPUT scun program that
`Oonverls graphical output data to a form that can
`used by computing equipment.
`I lpést'pra
`fies.” l
`The frequency
`]COMMUN]
`r bandwidth
`Lance for which half
`the rated power of an
`[351? amplifier is available at rated distortion.
`Mar lband.width I
`he {check |COMPUT SCI] An automatic sus-
`si I‘I-filon Of computer operations resulting from a
`.gnlflcani fluctuation in internal electric power.
`Mmuiar .chek l
`er«tensity spectrum See frequency spec-
`!
`'pau-ar :densodé .spek-trom ]
`
`preamplifier
`
`spectrum.
`
`[ELECTR] Form of detection in
`power detection
`which the power output of the detecting device
`is used to supplya substantial amount of power
`directly to a device such as a loudspeaker or
`recorder.
`[ 'pau-ar di.tek~shon ]
`power detector
`]ELECTR] Detector capable of
`handling strong input signals without apprecia-
`ble distortion.
`{'pau-er di.tek-torl
`power distribution unit
`|COMPUT SCI] Equip-
`ment
`located in or near a computer
`room
`which breaks down electric power from a high-
`voltage source to appropriate levels for dis-
`tribution to the central processing unit and
`peripheral devices. Abbreviated PDU.
`[
`'pau-or
`.di-stre'byii~shon .yii-nat]
`power down
`[COMPUT SCI] To exit from any run—
`ning programs and remove floppy- and hard-
`diskcartridges beforeswitching the computeroff.
`“parlor ldat'rn}
`[COMMUN] Interference
`power-line interference
`caused by radiation from high-voltage power
`lines.
`[‘pau-or Ilin ,in-tor.firvons]
`power
`spectrum See
`frequency
`{ ‘pau-or .spek-trom ]
`power typing
`|COMPUT SCI] A word-processing
`technique that allows the automatic typing of
`repetitious text, such as appears in a form letter.
`['pau-ar .tipin }
`power up
`[COMPUT scr] To check that the com—
`puter memory, peripherals, and input/output
`channels are working properly before the oper—
`ating system is loaded.
`[:pau-or lap}
`PPI
`See plan position indicator
`P-picture
`See predicted picture
`char}
`PPM Seepulse-positionmodulation.
`PPP
`See Point-to-Point Protocol.
`{'pé .pals]
`P pulse
`See commutator pulse.
`Practical Extraction and Reporting Language
`[COMPUT SCI] A scripting language often used
`for creating CCil programs. Abbreviated Perl
`{lprak-ti-kal ik.strak-shan and ri'pért-irj .lag-gwii}
`pragma
`|COMPUT SCI] A directive inserted into
`a computer program to prevent the automatic
`execution ofcertain error checking and reporting
`routines which are no longer necessary when the
`program has been perfected.
`{
`'pragrmo ]
`pragmatics
`|COMMUN| The branch of semiotics
`that treats the relation of symbols to behav—
`ior and the meaning received by the listener
`or reader of a statement.
`[COMPUT SCI] The
`fourth and final phase of natural
`language
`processing, following contextual analysis, that
`takes into account the speakers goal in uttering
`a particular thought
`in a particular way in
`determining what constitutes an appropriate
`response.
`{ prag'mad-iks ]
`preamble
`|COMMUN] The portion of a commer—
`cial radiod ata message that is sent first, contain-
`ing the message number, office of origin, date,
`andothernumericaldata not partofthefollowing
`message text.
`{ 'pré.am-bal ]
`preamplifier
`|ELECTR] An amplifier whose pri-
`maryfunction is to boost the output ofa low-level
`audio—frequency, radio-frequency. or microwave
`
`[
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`'pé Ipik-
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`285
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