HTML 4.0 Specification
`
` REC-html40-19980424
`
`HTML 4.0 Specification
`W3C Recommendation, revised on 24-Apr-1998
`
`This version:
`http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-html40-19980424
`Latest version:
`http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40
`Previous version:
`http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40-971218
`Editors:
`Dave Raggett <dsr@w3.org>
`Arnaud Le Hors <lehors@w3.org>
`Ian Jacobs <ij@w3.org>
`
`Abstract
`
`This specification defines the HyperText Markup Language (HTML), version 4.0, the publishing language
`of the World Wide Web. In addition to the text, multimedia, and hyperlink features of the previous
`versions of HTML, HTML 4.0 supports more multimedia options, scripting languages, style sheets, better
`printing facilities, and documents that are more accessible to users with disabilities. HTML 4.0 also takes
`great strides towards the internationalization of documents, with the goal of making the Web truly World
`Wide.
`
`HTML 4.0 is an SGML application conforming to International Standard ISO 8879 -- Standard
`Generalized Markup Language [ISO8879] [p.327] .
`
`Status of this document
`
`This document has been reviewed by W3C Members and other interested parties and has been endorsed
`by the Director as a W3C Recommendation. It is a stable document and may be used as reference material
`or cited as a normative reference from another document. W3C’s role in making the Recommendation is
`to draw attention to the specification and to promote its widespread deployment. This enhances the
`functionality and interoperability of the Web.
`
`W3C recommends that user agents and authors (and in particular, authoring tools) produce HTML 4.0
`documents rather than HTML 3.2 documents (see [HTML32] [p.329] ). For reasons of backwards
`compatibility, W3C also recommends that tools interpreting HTML 4.0 continue to support HTML 3.2
`and HTML 2.0 as well.
`
`1
`
`Qualtrics, LLC
`Exhibit 1008
`CBM of U.S. Patent No. 8,041,805
`Page 001
`
`

`
`Available formats
`
`A list of current W3C Recommendations and other technical documents can be found at
`http://www.w3.org/TR.
`
`Public discussion on HTML features takes place on www-html@w3.org.
`
`This document is a revised version of the document first released on 18 December 1997. Changes from the
`original version [p.304] are only editorial in nature.
`
`Available formats
`
`The HTML 4.0 W3C Recommendation is also available in the following formats:
`
`A plain text file:
`http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-html40-19980424/html40.txt (735Kb),
`A gzip’ed tar file containing HTML documents:
`http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-html40-19980424/html40.tgz (357Kb),
`A zip file containing HTML documents (this is a ’.zip’ file not an ’.exe’):
`http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-html40-19980424/html40.zip (389Kb),
`A gzip’ed Postscript file:
`http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-html40-19980424/html40.ps.gz (600Kb, 367 pages),
`A PDF file:
`http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-html40-19980424/html40.pdf (2.1Mb) file.
`
`In case of a discrepancy between electronic and printed forms of the specification, the electronic version is
`the definitive version.
`
`Available languages
`
`The English version of this specification is the only normative version. However, for translations of this
`document, see http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/html40-updates/translations.html.
`
`Errata
`
`The list of known errors in this specification is available at:
`http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/html40-updates/REC-html40-19980424-errata.html
`
`Please report errors in this document to www-html-editor@w3.org.
`
`2
`
`Qualtrics, LLC
`Exhibit 1008
`CBM of U.S. Patent No. 8,041,805
`Page 002
`
`

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`Table of Contents
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`Table of Contents
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`1. About the HTML 4.0 Specification
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`1. How the specification is organized
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`2. Document conventions
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`1. Elements and attributes
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`2. Notes and examples
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`3. Acknowledgments
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`4. Copyright Notice
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`2. Introduction to HTML 4.0
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`1. What is the World Wide Web?
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`1. Introduction to URIs
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`2. Fragment identifiers
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`3. Relative URIs
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`2. What is HTML?
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`1. A brief history of HTML
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`3. HTML 4.0
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`1. Internationalization
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`2. Accessibility
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`3. Tables
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`4. Compound documents
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`5. Style sheets
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`6. Scripting
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`7. Printing
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`4. Authoring documents with HTML 4.0
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`1. Separate structure and presentation
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`2. Consider universal accessibility to the Web
`3. Help user agents with incremental rendering
`3. On SGML and HTML
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`1. Introduction to SGML
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`2. SGML constructs used in HTML
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`1. Elements
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`2. Attributes
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`3. Character references
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`4. Comments
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`3. How to read the HTML DTD
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`1. DTD Comments
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`2. Parameter entity definitions
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`3. Element declarations
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`Content model definitions
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`4. Attribute declarations
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`DTD entities in attribute definitions
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`Boolean attributes
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`3
`
`Qualtrics, LLC
`Exhibit 1008
`CBM of U.S. Patent No. 8,041,805
`Page 003
`
`

`
`Table of Contents
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`4. Conformance: requirements and recommendations
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`1. Definitions
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`2. SGML
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`3. The text/html content type
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`5. HTML Document Representation - Character sets, character encodings, and entities
`1. The Document Character Set
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`2. Character encodings
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`1. Choosing an encoding
`Notes on specific encodings
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`2. Specifying the character encoding
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`3. Character references
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`1. Numeric character references
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`2. Character entity references
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`4. Undisplayable characters
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`6. Basic HTML data types - Character data, colors, lengths, URIs, content types, etc.
`1. Case information
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`2. SGML basic types
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`3. Text strings
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`4. URIs
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`5. Colors
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`1. Notes on using colors
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`6. Lengths
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`7. Content types (MIME types)
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`8. Language codes
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`9. Character encodings
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`10. Single characters
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`11. Dates and times
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`12. Link types
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`13. Media descriptors
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`14. Script data
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`15. Style sheet data
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`16. Frame target names
`7. The global structure of an HTML document - The HEAD and BODY of a document
`1. Introduction to the structure of an HTML document
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`2. HTML version information
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`3. The HTML element
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`4. The document head
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`1. The HEAD element
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`2. The TITLE element
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`3. The title attribute
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`4. Meta data
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`Specifying meta data
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`The META element
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`4
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`Qualtrics, LLC
`Exhibit 1008
`CBM of U.S. Patent No. 8,041,805
`Page 004
`
`

`
`Table of Contents
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`Meta data profiles
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`5. The document body
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`1. The BODY element
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`2. Element identifiers: the id and class attributes
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`3. Block-level and inline elements
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`4. Grouping elements: the DIV and SPAN elements
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`5. Headings: The H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6 elements
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`6. The ADDRESS element
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`8. Language information and text direction - International considerations for text
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`1. Specifying the language of content: the lang attribute
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`1. Language codes
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`2. Inheritance of language codes
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`3. Interpretation of language codes
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`2. Specifying the direction of text and tables: the dir attribute
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`1. Introduction to the bidirectional algorithm
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`2. Inheritance of text direction information
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`3. Setting the direction of embedded text
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`4. Overriding the bidirectional algorithm: the BDO element
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`5. Character references for directionality and joining control
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`6. The effect of style sheets on bidirectionality
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`9. Text - Paragraphs, Lines, and Phrases
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`1. White space
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`2. Structured text
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`1. Phrase elements: EM, STRONG, DFN, CODE, SAMP, KBD, VAR, CITE, ABBR, and
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`2. Quotations: The BLOCKQUOTE and Q elements
`Rendering quotations
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`3. Subscripts and superscripts: the SUB and SUP elements
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`3. Lines and Paragraphs
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`1. Paragraphs: the P element
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`2. Controlling line breaks
`Forcing a line break: the BR element
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`Prohibiting a line break
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`3. Hyphenation
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`4. Preformatted text: The PRE element
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`5. Visual rendering of paragraphs
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`4. Marking document changes: The INS and DEL elements
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`10. Lists - Unordered, Ordered, and Definition Lists
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`1. Introduction to lists
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`2. Unordered lists (UL), ordered lists (OL), and list items (LI)
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`3. Definition lists: the DL, DT, and DD elements
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`5
`
`Qualtrics, LLC
`Exhibit 1008
`CBM of U.S. Patent No. 8,041,805
`Page 005
`
`

`
`Table of Contents
`
`11. Tables
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`1. Introduction to tables
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`2. Elements for constructing tables
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`1. The TABLE element
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`Table directionality
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`2. Table Captions: The CAPTION element
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`3. Row groups: the THEAD, TFOOT, and TBODY elements
`4. Column groups: the COLGROUP and COL elements
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`The COLGROUP element
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`The COL element
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`Calculating the number of columns in a table
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`5. Table rows: The TR element
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`6. Table cells: The TH and TD elements
`Cells that span several rows or columns
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`3. Table formatting by visual user agents
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`1. Borders and rules
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`2. Horizontal and vertical alignment
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`Inheritance of alignment specifications
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`3. Cell margins
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`1. Associating header information with data cells
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`2. Categorizing cells
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`3. Algorithm to find heading information
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`5. Sample table
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`12. Links - Hypertext and Media-Independent Links
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`1. Introduction to links and anchors
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`1. Visiting a linked resource
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`2. Other link relationships
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`3. Specifying anchors and links
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`4. Link titles
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`5. Internationalization and links
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`2. The A element
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`2. Nested links are illegal
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`3. Anchors with the id attribute
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`4. Unavailable and unidentifiable resources
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`3. Document relationships: the LINK element
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`1. Forward and reverse links
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`2. Links and external style sheets
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`3. Links and search engines
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`4. Path information: the BASE element
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`1. Resolving relative URIs
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`6
`
`Qualtrics, LLC
`Exhibit 1008
`CBM of U.S. Patent No. 8,041,805
`Page 006
`
`

`
`Table of Contents
`
`13. Objects, Images, and Applets
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`1. Introduction to objects, images, and applets
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`2. Including an image: the IMG element
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`3. Generic inclusion: the OBJECT element
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`1. Rules for rendering objects
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`2. Object initialization: the PARAM element
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`3. Global naming schemes for objects
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`4. Object declarations and instantiations
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`4. Including an applet: the APPLET element
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`5. Notes on embedded documents
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`6. Image maps
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`1. Client-side image maps: the MAP and AREA elements
`Client-side image map examples
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`2. Server-side image maps
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`7. Visual presentation of images, objects, and applets
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`1. Width and height
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`2. White space around images and objects
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`3. Borders
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`4. Alignment
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`8. How to specify alternate text
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`14. Style Sheets - Adding style to HTML documents
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`1. Introduction to style sheets
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`2. Adding style to HTML
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`1. Setting the default style sheet language
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`2. Inline style information
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`3. Header style information: the STYLE element
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`4. Media types
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`3. External style sheets
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`1. Preferred and alternate style sheets
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`2. Specifying external style sheets
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`4. Cascading style sheets
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`1. Media-dependent cascades
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`2. Inheritance and cascading
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`5. Hiding style data from user agents
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`6. Linking to style sheets with HTTP headers
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`15. Alignment, font styles, and horizontal rules
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`1. Formatting
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`1. Background color
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`2. Alignment
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`3. Floating objects
`Float an object
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`Float text around an object
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`2. Fonts
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`7
`
`Qualtrics, LLC
`Exhibit 1008
`CBM of U.S. Patent No. 8,041,805
`Page 007
`
`

`
`Table of Contents
`
`1. Font style elements: the TT, I, B, BIG, SMALL, STRIKE, S, and U elements
`2. Font modifier elements: FONT and BASEFONT
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`3. Rules: the HR element
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`16. Frames - Multi-view presentation of documents
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`1. Introduction to frames
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`2. Layout of frames
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`1. The FRAMESET element
`Rows and columns
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`Nested frame sets
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`Sharing data among frames
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`2. The FRAME element
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`Setting the initial contents of a frame
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`Visual rendering of a frame
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`3. Specifying target frame information
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`1. Setting the default target for links
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`2. Target semantics
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`4. Alternate content
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`1. The NOFRAMES element
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`2. Long descriptions of frames
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`5. Inline frames: the IFRAME element
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`17. Forms - User-input Forms: Text Fields, Buttons, Menus, and more
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`1. Introduction to forms
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`2. Controls
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`1. Control types
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`3. The FORM element
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`4. The INPUT element
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`1. Control types created with INPUT
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`2. Examples of forms containing INPUT controls
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`5. The BUTTON element
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`6. The SELECT, OPTGROUP, and OPTION elements
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`1. Preselected options
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`7. The TEXTAREA element
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`8. The ISINDEX element
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`9. Labels
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`1. The LABEL element
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`10. Adding structure to forms: the FIELDSET and LEGEND elements
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`11. Giving focus to an element
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`1. Tabbing navigation
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`2. Access keys
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`12. Disabled and read-only controls
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`1. Disabled controls
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`2. Read-only controls
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`13. Form submission
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`8
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`Qualtrics, LLC
`Exhibit 1008
`CBM of U.S. Patent No. 8,041,805
`Page 008
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`application/x-www-form-urlencoded
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`multipart/form-data
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`2. Designing documents for user agents that support scripting
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`2. Hiding script data from user agents
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`Qualtrics, LLC
`Exhibit 1008
`CBM of U.S. Patent No. 8,041,805
`Page 009
`
`

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`Table of Contents
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`Deprecated elements
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`Obsolete elements
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`2. Changes to attributes
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`3. Changes for accessibility
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`9. Changes for forms
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`12. Changes for scripting
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`13. Changes for internationalization
`2. Changes from the 18 December 1997 specification
`1. Errors that were corrected
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`2. Minor typographical errors that were corrected
`B. Performance, Implementation, and Design Notes
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`1. Non-ASCII characters in URI attribute values
`2. Ampersands in URI attribute values
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`Element content
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`1. Search robots
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`Dynamic reformatting
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`10
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`Qualtrics, LLC
`Exhibit 1008
`CBM of U.S. Patent No. 8,041,805
`Page 010
`
`

`
`Table of Contents
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`2. Recommended Layout Algorithms
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`Fixed Layout Algorithm
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`Autolayout Algorithm
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`6. Notes on forms
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`1. Incremental display
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`2. Future projects
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`7. Notes on scripting
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`1. Reserved syntax for future script macros
`Current Practice for Script Macros
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`8. Notes on frames
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`10. Notes on security
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`1. Security issues for forms
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`References
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`1. Normative references
`2. Informative references
`Index of Elements
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`Index of Attributes
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`Index
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`Copyright [p.16] © 1997 W3C (MIT, INRIA, Keio ), All Rights Reserved.
`
`11
`
`Qualtrics, LLC
`Exhibit 1008
`CBM of U.S. Patent No. 8,041,805
`Page 011
`
`

`
`Table of Contents
`
`12
`
`Qualtrics, LLC
`Exhibit 1008
`CBM of U.S. Patent No. 8,041,805
`Page 012
`
`

`
`1 About the HTML 4.0 Specification
`
`1 About the HTML 4.0 Specification
`
`Contents
`
`1. How the specification is organized
`2. Document conventions
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`1. Elements and attributes
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`2. Notes and examples
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`3. Acknowledgments
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`4. Copyright Notice
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`.16
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`1.1 How the specification is organized
`
`This specification is divided into the following sections:
`
`Sections 2 and 3: Introduction to HTML 4.0
`The introduction describes HTML’s place in the scheme of the World Wide Web, provides a brief
`history of the development of HTML, highlights what can be done with HTML 4.0, and provides
`some HTML authoring tips.
`
`The brief SGML tutorial gives readers some understanding of HTML’s relationship to SGML and
`gives summary information on how to read the HTML Document Type Definition (DTD).
`Sections 4 - 24: HTML 4.0 reference manual
`The bulk of the reference manual consists of the HTML language reference, which defines all
`elements and attributes of the language.
`
`This document has been organized by topic rather than by the grammar of HTML. Topics are
`grouped into three categories: structure, presentation, and interactivity. Although it is not easy to
`divide HTML constructs perfectly into these three categories, the model reflects the HTML Working
`Group’s experience that separating a document’s structure from its presentation produces more
`effective and maintainable documents.
`
`The language reference consists of the following information:
`
`What characters [p.37] may appear in an HTML document.
`
`Basic data types [p.43] of an HTML document.
`
`Elements that govern the structure of an HTML document, including text [p.81] , lists [p.93] ,
`tables [p.101] , links [p.135] , and included objects, images, and applets [p.149] .
`
`Elements that govern the presentation of an HTML document, including style sheets [p.171] ,
`fonts, colors, rules, and other visual presentation [p.183] , and frames for multi-windowed
`presentations [p.193] .
`
`13
`
`Qualtrics, LLC
`Exhibit 1008
`CBM of U.S. Patent No. 8,041,805
`Page 013
`
`

`
`1.2 Document conventions
`
`Elements that govern interactivity with an HTML document, including forms for user input
`[p.207] and scripts for active documents [p.237] .
`
`The SGML formal definition of HTML:
`The SGML declaration of HTML [p.249] .
`Three DTDs: strict [p.251] , transitional [p.267] , and frameset [p.287] .
`The list of character references [p.289] .
`
`Appendixes
`The first appendix contains information about changes from HTML 3.2 [p.301] to help authors and
`implementors with the transition to HTML 4.0, and changes from the 18 December 1997
`specification [p.304] . The second appendix contains performance and implementation notes [p.309] ,
`and is primarily intended to help implementors create user agents for HTML 4.0.
`References
`A list of normative and informative references.
`Indexes
`Three indexes give readers rapid access to the definition of key concepts [p.353] , elements [p.333]
`and attributes [p.337] .
`
`1.2 Document conventions
`
`This document has been written with two types of readers in mind: authors and implementors. We hope
`the specification will provide authors with the tools they need to write efficient, attractive, and accessible
`documents, without over-exposing them to HTML’s implementation details. Implementors, however,
`should find all they need to build conforming user agents.
`
`The specification may be approached in several ways:
`
`Read from beginning to end. The specification begins with a general presentation of HTML and
`becomes more and more technical and specific towards the end.
`Quick access to information. In order to get information about syntax and semantics as quickly as
`possible, the online version of the specification includes the following features:
`1. Every reference to an element or attribute is linked to its definition in the specification. Each
`element or attribute is defined in only one location.
`2. Every page includes links to the indexes, so you never are more than two links away from
`finding the definition of an element [p.333] or attribute [p.337] .
`
`3. The front pages of the three sections of the language reference manual extend the initial table of
`contents with more detail about each section.
`
`1.2.1 Elements and attributes
`
`Element names are written in uppercase letters (e.g., BODY). Attribute names are written in lowercase
`letters (e.g., lang, onsubmit). Recall that in HTML, element and attribute names are case-insensitive; the
`convention is meant to encourage readability.
`
`14
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`Qualtrics, LL