(19)
`
`(12)
`
`Europaisches Patentamt
`
`European Patent Office
`
`Office europeen des brevets
`
`111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
`EP 0 786 890 A2
`
`(11)
`
`EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION
`
`(43) Date of publication:
`30.07.1997 Bulletin 1997/31
`
`(21) Application number: 97300516.8
`
`(22) Date of filing: 28.01.1997
`
`(51) lnt CI.G: H04L 27/26, H04L 5/06
`
`(84) Designated Contracting States:
`AT DE FR GB NL
`
`(72) Inventor: Suzuki, Mitsuhiro
`Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo (JP)
`
`(30) Priority: 29.01.1996 JP 12954/96
`
`(71) Applicant: SONY CORPORATION
`Tokyo (JP)
`
`(74) Representative: Nicholls, Michael John
`J.A. KEMP & CO.
`14, South Square
`Gray's Inn
`London WC1 R 5LX (GB)
`
`(54)
`
`Resource allocation in a multi-user, multicarrier mobile radio system
`
`(57)
`In even code division multiple access method
`(COMA) considered to be suitable for radio transmission
`using mobile stations such as a cellular phone or the
`like, at present it is difficult to secure a strict orthogonal
`relationship, so that received signals cannot be sepa(cid:173)
`rated from each other completely, thereby other mobile
`stations being an interfering source. Further, if an appli-
`
`cation band width for use is defined, the other band
`widths cannot be applied. The multi-carrier modulation
`section places a plurality of carriers continuously within
`a preliminarily allocated band and modulates the indi(cid:173)
`vidual carriers separately. An adder synthesizes a plu(cid:173)
`rality of the carriers modulated by the multi-carrier mod(cid:173)
`ulation section. An antenna transmits a synthesized out(cid:173)
`put from the adder.
`
`11
`
`~
`
`1 0 BASE STATION
`TRANSMISSION
`SECTION
`
`13
`
`USER
`SIGNAL
`U'o
`
`USER
`SIGNAL
`U'1
`
`USER
`SIGNAL
`U'm
`
`C\1
`<C
`0
`0)
`co
`(0
`co
`1'-
`0
`a.
`w
`
`12
`
`FIG.2
`
`Printed by Jouve. 75001 PARIS (FR)
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1023
`Page 1
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`

`

`Description
`
`EP 0 786 890 A2
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`This invention relates to a communication resource allocation method and apparatus for allocating signals of plural
`users in a predetermined band for transmission.
`Recently, satellite transmission, mobile transmission or the like uses communication resource allocation method
`wherein a plurality of earth stations or subscriber stations join a single transponder or base station for mutual exchange
`of information for communication. For example, in communication resource allocation for mobile transmissions, a single
`base station is commonly utilized by a plurality of mobile stations (users). Thus, a variety of methods have been con(cid:173)
`ceived to avoid interference between respective mobile stations. For this purpose, the methods of frequency division
`multiple access (FOMA), time division multiple access (TOMA) and code division multiple access (COMA) are currently
`available.
`Of these methods, COMA is a communication resource allocation methods in which a particular code is allocated
`to each of mobile stations, a modulated wave on the same carrier is spread in the form of spectrum by this code and
`transmitted to the same base station and a receiving side encodes respective waves by synchronizing to identify a
`desired mobile station.
`That is, the base station occupies all the band by spread spectrum and transmits to respective mobile stations in
`the same interval of time and by use of the same frequency band. Then, each mobile station de-spreads signals having
`a fixed spread band width transmitted from the base station to fetch an appropriate signal. Additionally, the base station
`identifies respective mobile stations by mutually different codes for spreading.
`COMA makes it possible to communicate by each direct call if the particular code is determined between the base
`station and each of respective mobile stations. Additionally, COMA provides excellent secrecy in communication and
`therefore suitable for radio transmission using a mobile station, such as a cellular phone or the like.
`COMA makes it difficult to place signals transmitted from different mobile stations in strict orthogonal relationship,
`so that they cannot be separated from each other completely, whereby other mobile stations are interfering sources.
`Further, if an application band width is defined, other band widths cannot be applied.
`For example, FIG. 1 illustrates a model for extracting, by de-spreading, a particular users signal from eight mobile
`station (user) signals multiplexed by coding. If it is intended to extract, by de-spreading, U0 from eight user signals U0
`- U7 multiplexed by coding, although user signal U0 can be extracted, the other seven user signals U1 - U7 handled by
`the same base station interfere. As a result, as shown in FIG. 1 B, noise from the other signals U1 - U7 ride on the signal
`U0, so deteriorating S/N characteristics. Thus, radio transmission using the COMA has a narrow service area because
`radio wave transmission is lowered due to this deterioration. Further, because interference using the other users can
`be suppressed only by a spreading gain obtained in a process of spectrum de-spreading, the users (mobile stations)
`capable of connecting to the base station is limited so that the capacity of channel is reduced.
`The spreading band width is usually fixed and the number of users which can be multiplexed is limited, therefore
`the COMA cannot flexibly cope with respective conditions in frequency allocation different depending on countries.
`Thus, only a relatively narrow band width can be defined, so that a maximum user rate is also limited.
`According to the present invention invention, there is provided an allocation method comprising:allocating plural
`carriers continuously in a predetermined band; and allocating some numbers of said carriers continuously as a carrier
`group in accordance with information to be transferred.
`The hereinafter described embodiments of the present invention can provide a communication resource allocation
`method and apparatus wherein separation of signals among respective users can be achieved completely so as to
`prevent deterioration of such characteristics as S/N or the like, the number of users which can be multiplexed can be
`secured to its maximum extent depending on the band width and transmission rate can be changed.
`Hereinafter, a non-limitative embodiment of the communication resource allocation method and apparatus accord-
`ing to the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
`FIGS. 1 A, 1 Bare diagrams showing multiple access by COMA and the limit of the multiple access.
`FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing a schematic construction of an embodiment of a communication resource allo(cid:173)
`cation method and apparatus according to the present invention.
`FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing a detailed construction of the major parts of the above embodiment.
`FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing the construction of a mobile station receiving signals transmitted from the above
`embodiment.
`FIGs. SA, SB are diagrams showing multiple access conducted by the above embodiment.
`FIG. 6 is a diagram showing a placement of carriers within a band and allocation thereof to user according to the
`above embodiment.
`FIG. 7 is a diagram showing variable transmission rates according to the above embodiment.
`FIG. 8 is a diagram for explaining the operation of the present embodiment using the OFOM processing.
`FIG. 9 is a diagram showing a case in which allocation of frequency is wide.
`FIG. 10 is a diagram showing a case in which allocation of frequency is narrow.
`
`2
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`Page 2
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`EP 0 786 890 A2
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`FIG. 11 is a diagram showing a case in which allocation of frequency is particularly wide.
`FIG. 12 is a diagram showing a case in which the present invention is applied to broadcasting equipment.
`FIG. 13 is a diagram showing a broadcasting receiver.
`FIG. 14 is a diagram showing a communication terminal apparatus.
`FIG. 15 is a diagram showing an example of base station equipment corresponding to a mobile station such as a
`cellular phone or the like.
`FIG. 16 is a diagram showing an example of a computer apparatus accessing an internet or the like through optical
`fiber or telephone line or the like.
`FIG. 17 is a diagram showing an example of a network server to be connected to internet or the like.
`FIG. 18 is a diagram showing an example of application of the present invention to internet.
`According to this embodiment, the communication resource allocation method and apparatus of the present in(cid:173)
`vention is applied to a base station 10, as shown in FIG. 2, which has multiple access to a plurality of user signals for
`transmission with mobile stations, such as cellular phone or automobile telephone.
`This base station 10 includes a multi-carrier modulation section 11 for placing a plurality of carriers continuously
`within a preliminarily allocated band and for dividing and modulating the carriers, and an adder 12 for synthesizing a
`plurality of the carriers modulated by this multi-carrier modulation section 11. Then, a synthesized output from the adder
`12 is transmitted through an antenna 13.
`That is, the base station 10 conducts communication resource allocation for multiple access by dividing a plurality
`of the carriers, placed continuously within a preliminarily allocated band having a predetermined width, for respective
`mobile stations. This communication resource allocation method is called band division multiple access method (BDMA)
`here.
`This BDMA is different from frequency division multiple access (FDMA). The FDMA refers to a communication
`resource allocation method in which a relatively low transmission rate is determined and a plurality of carriers which
`are not always sequential are placed on frequency axis. On the other hand, the BDMA refers to a communication
`resource allocation method in which, as described above, a relatively wide band is initially allocated to a base station
`and then divided to respective mobile stations under the base station and is different from the above FDMA.
`Here, the multi-carrier modulation section 11 contains a plurality of (m+ 1) multi-carrier modulators 11 0 , 11 1 ··· 11m
`depending on user signals U'0, U'1 ··· U'm divided for respective users.
`The construction of the multi-carrier modulators 11 0 , 11 1 , ··· 11m will be described with reference to FIG. 3. FIG. 3
`shows, for example, the construction of the multi-carrier modulator 11 0 .
`In the multi-carrier modulator 11 0, carrier allocators 20 allocates a user signal U'0 to a plurality of carriers and the
`allocated signals are modulated by carrier modulation circuits 21 1, 21 2 , ··· 21 n· The outputs modulated by the respective
`carrier modulation circuits 21 1 , 21 2, ··· 21 n are supplied to the adder 12.
`The carrier modulation signals transmitted from an antenna 13 are received by mobile stations 30 which are re-
`spective users as shown in FIG. 4. If this mobile station receives, for example, the carrier modulation user signal U0,
`the respective carrier demodulation circuits 321, 322 ··· 32n of the carrier demodulation section 32 demodulate respec(cid:173)
`tive carrier modulation signals. Then, the respective demodulation signals are synthesized by a signal synthesizer 33.
`The mobile station 30 fetches the carrier modulation user signal U0 by filtering, by means of a band-pass filter,
`from a plurality of carrier modulation signals transmitted from the base station by communication resource allocation
`method of the BDMA, for example, 16 carrier modulation user signals U0 , U1 , ··· U15 shown in FIG. 4A, in such a manner
`as shown in FIG. SB. This is made possible by carrier modulation in which the base station 10 divides a band according
`to the BDMA. In this case, separation of the respective carrier modulation signals among users can be achieved by
`the filter completely. That is, the other carrier modulation user signals U1 , ··· U15 handled by the same base station do
`not become an interference source. Thus, no other carrier modulation user signals rides on a fetched carrier modulation
`user signal U0, thereby preventing deterioration of S/N ratio.
`Further, because there occurs no interference from other users, the base station can determine the number of
`users which can be multiplexed depending on a predetermined band width.
`Meanwhile, according to this embodiment, as shown in FIG. 6, narrow band carriers are placed continuously in
`respective band of each of user signal carriers allocated to the base station 10 by the multi-carrier modulation section
`11. Namely, in each of the bands of respective user signals U0 , U1 , ··· U15 shown in FIG. 6A, the multi-carrier modulation
`section 11 places the carrier Cas shown in FIG. 6B.
`Here, although the number of the carriers to be allocated to a single user is assumed to be 10, it is permissible
`that the number is one minimum.
`Further, the multi-carrier modulation section 11 places a single carrier having 0 power as a guard band G on the
`border of each band to minimize an interference of a band in the neighborhood between users placed nearby. Here,
`if the influence of an interference by the band in the neighborhood is less, it is permissible that the carrier having 0
`power does not exist, and if the influence thereof is excessive, a plurality of the carriers having 0 power may be placed.
`Further, as shown in FIG. 7, the multi-carrier modulation section 11 is capable of changing transmission rate by
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`Page 3
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`EP 0 786 890 A2
`
`making the number of the carriers C allocated to the users variable. That is, the multi-carrier modulation section 11 is
`capable of making the division width of a single band variable by dividing the band to an arbitrary number of the carriers
`C depending on user condition so as to achieve modification of the transmission rate. Division of the carriers C in the
`carrier modulation user signal UO and the carrier modulation user signal U1 shown in FIG. 7 A can be achieved by
`mutually different numbers as shown in FIG. 7B. Therefore, the carrier modulation user signal U0 can be transmitted
`by twice the transmission rate of the carrier modulation user signal U1 .
`Further, the multi-carrier modulation section 11 may place the plurality of the above carriers continuously as shown
`in FIG. 8 by orthogonal frequency division multiplex (OFDM) processing. Referring to FIG. 7, w(f) indicates a waveform
`indicating an energy on the frequency axis and B indicates a carrier distance. Here, the OFDM will be described below.
`In ordinary modulation, as indicated by the following expression (1 ), pulse waveforms each represented by h(t)
`are placed on time axis, information symbol of xk is posed thereon and the pulse waveforms are slid with respect to
`each other to be overlapped.
`
`[Expression 1]
`
`s
`
`10
`
`15
`
`x( t) =1: xk h ( t-kT)
`k
`
`··· (1)
`
`20
`
`As a result of Fourier transformation of this expression, the expression (2) is obtained as shown below.
`
`[Expression 2]
`
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`so
`
`ss
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`x(f) =L xkH(f)exp(-j2TtkfT)
`Jc
`
`···(2)
`
`Then, in this expression (2), time axis t is replaced with frequency axis f. That is, f is replaced with t, symbol time
`T is replaced with carrier distance Band waveform generation filter H(f) is replaced with time window (t). As a result,
`the expression (3) can be obtained as shown below.
`
`[Expression 3]
`
`x(t) =L xk exp(-j2TtkBT) w(t)
`k
`
`···(3)
`
`This expression (3) presents modulated waves of the unit of an hour under the OFDM.
`That is, this expression (3) indicates that a modulation symbols of xk are placed on frequency axis, they are mod(cid:173)
`ulated by the multi-carrier represented by exp( -j2nkBt), and that time window w(t) limits the modulation because the
`modulation symbols xk modulated continuously are not located on time axis.
`In ordinary multi-carriers, because respective narrow band carrier signals are filtered, the amount of corresponding
`processing is large and some guard bands are necessary for each of the carriers, so that the efficiency of use of
`frequency is reduced slightly.
`Then, with use of the above OFDM processing, assuming that transmission rate for each of the carriers is B[Hz],
`the band width necessary therefor can be also B[Hz].
`Because, in the OFDM, rapid arithmetic operation using rapid Fourier transformation is possible, this can achieve
`a far smaller processing than when each of the carriers is processed separately, thereby achieving a more rapid
`processing.
`In a case in which the OFDM is used, the modulation timings of the modulation signals of each carrier need to be
`synchronous with each other. However, descending channels from the base station to the mobile stations are synchro-
`no us with each other for the base station to transmit signals thereto at a time, therefore there being no problem. Although
`ascending channels from the mobiles stations to the base station need to be synchronous between the respective
`mobile stations, the carriers allocated to the respective mobile stations are sent all at once and can be synchronous,
`therefore there being no problem. Further, in order compensate for an individual transmission delay among the respec-
`
`4
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`Page 4
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`EP 0 786 890 A2
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`tive mobiles stations with respect to the ascending channels, each of the mobile stations conducts time alignment for
`adjusting transmission time. This enables synchronization of modulation timing among the respective mobiles stations,
`therefore there being no problem.
`The multi-carrier modulation section 11 may divide the carrier modulation user signals as shown in FIGs. 9, 11.
`For example, FIG. 9 shows a case of allocation of a relatively wide frequency band. FIG. 10 shows a case of
`allocation of a relatively narrow frequency band. However, if the frequency band to be allocated is narrow, it can be
`also operated suitably for that limitation. For example, in a case shown in FIG. 11, the transmission rate to be allocated
`to a single user can be made especially wide so that there is no limitation with respect to maximum transmission speed
`for service.
`Because the communication resource allocation method and apparatus according to the present invention is ca-
`pable of separating the carriers between the respective users through a filter, it can suppress an interference from the
`other users sufficiently, thereby making it possible to prevent deterioration of S/N characteristics. The number of users
`which can be multiplexed is not limited by an interference from the other users, and can be freely determined depending
`on the band width to be allocated, obtaining to its maximum extent. By changing the number of the carriers to be
`allocated to users, it is possible to change transmission rate or achieve a variable rate. Further, it is possible to arbitrarily
`set the guard band by placing a carrier having 0 power. If the OFDM is used in multi-carrier modulation, the guard band
`is not needed between the carriers of different users, thereby making it possible to raise frequency availability. Because
`rapid Fourier transformation can be utilized, the necessary processing can be small with a rapid processing. Further,
`system bands allocated to, for example, SM Hz, 1OM Hz, 20M Hz or the like can be operated individually with flexibility
`Further, there is no limitation in maximum bit rate which can serve for users and how the maximum bit rate which can
`serve for users can be changed is determined depending on the band to be allocated. Whatever the system band is,
`it is possible to realize communication with a narrower band. That is, even if the system band is allocated to SM Hz or
`1OM Hz, communication with a narrower band is possible, so that upper compatibility can be realized.
`Further, the present invention can be applied to machines and equipment in various fields.
`FIG. 12 is a diagram showing a case in which the present invention is applied to broadcasting equipment. The
`operation thereof is substantially the same as the above embodiments. FIG. 13 is a diagram showing a broadcasting
`receiver. This can be applied to TV broadcasting, radio broadcasting or the like and further to ground wave broadcasting
`and satellite broadcasting. FIG. 14 is a diagram showing a communication terminal apparatus. The present invention
`can be applied to cellular phones which will be substituted for conventional GSM, PCS, PHS or the like. FIG. 15 is a
`diagram showing an example of base station equipment corresponding to a mobile station such as a cellular phone or
`the like. Here, waves transmitted from a plurality of the mobile stations are connected to circuit network. FIG. 16 is a
`diagram showing an example of a computer apparatus for accessing an internet or the like through optical fiber or
`telephone line or the like. The present invention can be applied to communications other than radio transmission. FIG.
`17 is a diagram showing an example of a network server to be connected to internet or the like. FIG. 18 shows a case
`of application of the present invention to internet shown in FIGs. 16, 17. As the case of so-called asymmetric digital
`subscriber line (ADSL), ascending and descending bands can be provided on a conventional telephone band by the
`BDMA system.
`
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`Claims
`
`1. A communication resource allocation method comprising:
`
`45
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`50
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`ss
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`allocating plural carriers continuously in a predetermined band; and
`allocating some numbers of said carriers continuously as a carrier group in accordance with information to be
`transferred.
`
`2. A communication resource allocation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said plural carriers are orthogonal
`each other.
`
`3. A communication resource allocation method as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein said plural carriers contain at
`least one power reduced carrier located between some carrier group and another carrier group.
`
`4. A communication resource allocation method as claimed in any one of the preceeding claims, wherein said num-
`bers of allocating said carriers is varied in time according to an information to be transferred.
`
`5. A communication resource allocation apparatus comprising allocating means for allocating some numbers of car(cid:173)
`riers continuously as a carrier group in a plural carriers allocated continuously in a predetermined band in accord-
`
`5
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`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1023
`Page 5
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`

`

`ance with information to be transferred.
`
`EP 0 786 890 A2
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`6. A communication resource allocation apparatus as claimed in claim 5, wherein said plural carriers are orthogonal
`each other.
`
`5
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`7. A communication resource allocation apparatus as claimed in claim 5 or 6, wherein said plural carriers contain at
`least one power reduced carrier located between some carrier group and another carrier group.
`
`8. A communication resource allocation apparatus as claimed in any one of claims 5 to 7, wherein said numbers of
`allocating said carriers is varied in time according to an information to be transferred.
`
`10
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`9. A transmitting method comprising:
`
`performing a communication resource allocation method according to any one of claims 1 to 4; and
`transmitting said allocated carriers.
`
`10. A transmitting apparatus comprising:
`
`a communication allocation resource apparatus according to any one of claims 5 to 8; and
`transmitting means for transmitting said allocated carriers.
`
`15
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`20
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`11. A receiving method including demodulating continuous plural carriers in a predetermined band in a received signal
`as a carrier group.
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`12. A receiving method comprising demodulating continuous plural orthogonal carriers in a predetermined band in a
`received signal as a carrier group.
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`13. A receiving apparatus including demodulating means for demodulating continuous plural carriers in a predeter(cid:173)
`mined band in a received signal as a carrier group.
`
`14. A receiving apparatus comprising demodulating means for demodulating continuous plural orthogonal carriers in
`a predetermined band in a received signal as a carrier group.
`
`15. A transmitting and receiving method comprising:
`
`a transmitting method according to claim 9; and
`a receiving method according to claim 11 or 12.
`
`16. A transmitting and receiving method as claimed in claim 15, wherein said predetermined band is a part of a max-
`imum capacity of the communication line, and the other signal is transferred on a band of the other part of said
`communication line.
`
`17. A communication subscriber apparatus comprising:
`
`a transmitting apparatus according to claim 1 0; and
`a receiving apparatus according to claim 13 or 14.
`
`18. A communication subscriber apparatus as claimed in claim 17, wherein said predetermined band is a part of a
`maximum capacity of the communication line, and the other signal is transferred on a band of the other part of
`said communication line.
`
`19. A communication base station apparatus comprising:
`
`a transmitting apparatus according to claim 1 0; and
`a receiving apparatus according to claim 13 or 14.
`
`20. A communication base station apparatus as claimed in claim 19, wherein said predetermined band is a part of a
`maximum capacity of the communication line, and the other signal is transferred on a band of the other part of
`
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`Page 6
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`said communication line.
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`EP 0 786 890 A2
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`EP 0 786 890 A2
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`Uo
`U1 r-------------------------~
`U2
`FIG.1 A ~: r - - - - - - - - - - - -1
`Us
`Usr-------------------------~
`U7r-------------------------~
`
`FIXED SPREAD BAND WIDTH
`
`THERMAL
`NOISE
`
`~DE-SPREAD
`
`FIG.1 8
`
`Uo
`
`Uo
`U1
`U2
`U3
`U4
`Us
`Us
`U7
`~
`
`INTERFERE
`AND NOISE
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`8
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`EP 0 786 890 A2
`
`11
`
`~
`
`10 BASE STATION
`TRANSMISSION
`-
`SECTION
`
`13
`
`USER
`SIGNAL
`U'o
`
`USER
`SIGNAL
`U'1
`
`USER
`SIGNAL
`U'm
`
`12
`
`FIG.2
`
`20
`
`21t
`
`CARRIER
`MODULATION
`
`TOAN
`ADDER12
`
`USER
`SIGNAL
`U'o
`
`ALLOCATION
`OF CARRIER
`
`CARRIER
`MODULATION
`
`21n
`
`CARRIER
`MODULATION
`
`FIG.3
`
`9
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`EP 0 786 890 A2
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`32
`~
`
`30 MOBILE STATION
`-
`RECEIVING SECTION
`
`31
`
`33
`
`CARRIER
`DEMODULATION
`
`32z
`
`CARRIER
`DEMODULATION
`
`SIGNAL
`SYNTHESIS
`
`32n
`
`CARRIER
`DEMODULATION
`
`FIG.4
`
`10
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`EP 0 786 890 A2
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`FIG.SA
`
`THERMAL NOISE
`
`D FILTERING
`
`FIG.SB
`
`Uo
`
`VL///L t NOISE
`
`11
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`EP 0 786 890 A2
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`FIG.6A
`
`I
`THERMAL NOISE
`
`~=-C v
`
`FIG.6B
`
`• • • •
`
`,-
`
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`
`U2
`
`1--
`
`~1\14
`
`U1
`
`~1\14
`
`Uo
`
`~I
`
`G
`C: CARRIER
`G : GUARD BAND(CARRIER)
`
`G
`
`12
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`EP 0 786 890 A2
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`FIG.7A
`
`Ug Us U7 Us Us
`
`U4
`
`FIG.78
`
`• • • •
`
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
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`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1023
`Page 13
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`EP 0 786 890 A2
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`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1023
`Page 14
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`EP 0 786 890 A2
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`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1023
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`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1023
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`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1023
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`EP 0 786 890 A2
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`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1023
`Page 17
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`EP 0 786 890 A2
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`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1023
`Page 18
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`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1023
`Page 19
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`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1023
`Page 20
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`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1023
`Page 21
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`

`

`EP 0 786 890 A2
`
`BDMA SIGNAL
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`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1023
`Page 22
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