throbber
Paper 45
`Entered: July 30, 2015
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Trials@uspto.gov
`571-272-7822
`
`
`UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
`____________
`
`BEFORE THE PATENT TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD
`____________
`
`QUALTRICS, LLC,
`Petitioner,
`
`
`
`
`
`v.
`
`OPINIONLAB, INC.,
`Patent Owner.
`____________
`
`Case IPR2014-00366
`Patent 8,041,805 B2
`____________
`
`Before RAMA G. ELLURU, JEREMY M. PLENZLER,
`GEORGIANNA W. BRADEN, and CARL M. DEFRANCO,
`Administrative Patent Judges.
`
`DEFRANCO, Administrative Patent Judge.
`
`
`
`FINAL WRITTEN DECISION
`35 U.S.C. § 318(a) and 37 C.F.R. § 42.73
`
`
`
`

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`IPR2014-00366
`Patent 8,041,805 B2
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`
`I. INTRODUCTION
`
`Qualtrics, LLC, filed a Petition (“Pet.”) requesting inter partes review
`
`of claims 1, 2, 5, 8, 10, 11, 14, 17–19, 22, 25–27, 30, and 33 of U.S. Patent
`
`No. 8,041,805 B2 (“the ’805 patent”). After considering the Petition, we
`
`instituted an inter partes review of all the challenged claims on the ground
`
`of unpatentability under 35 U.S.C. § 103. After institution, OpinionLab,
`
`Inc., the owner of the ’805 patent, filed a Patent Owner Response (“PO
`
`Resp.”), to which Qualtrics filed a Reply (“Reply”). We entertained oral
`
`argument from both parties.1 We have jurisdiction under 35 U.S.C. § 6(c).
`
`For the reasons that follow, we determine that Qualtrics has not proven, by
`
`preponderant evidence, that any of the challenged claims are unpatentable.
`
`II. BACKGROUND
`
`A.
`
`The ’805 Patent2
`
`
`
`The ’805 patent is directed to a system and method for soliciting and
`
`reporting feedback from a user of a commercial website. Ex. 1001, 1:15–19.
`
`Typical websites measure a user’s reaction to the website as a whole. Id. at
`
`1:35–56. In contrast, the system of the ’805 patent solicits and reports user
`
`feedback on a page-specific basis by incorporating a “user reaction
`
`measurement tool” into each web page of the website. Id. at 5:25–36,
`
`11:59–66. The tool appears as a “viewable icon” on each web page and
`
`solicits the user’s subjective reaction to the particular web page being
`
`displayed. Id. at 5:37–50, 11:66–12:6, Fig. 2. When the user clicks on the
`
`icon, a rating scale and/or a comment box appears within the user’s browser
`
`1 A transcript (“Tr.”) has been entered into the record. Paper 44.
`2 The ’805 patent is the subject of concurrent district court actions,
`OpinionLab, Inc. v. Qualtrics Labs, Inc., No. 1:13-cv-01574 (N.D. Ill.), and
`OpinionLab, Inc. v. iPerceptions Inc., No. 1:12-cv-05662 (N.D. Ill.). Pet. 2.
`
`2
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`Patent 8,041,805 B2
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`window. Id. at 5:65–6:21, 12:40–14:10, Figs. 3–6. The rating scale and
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`comment box allow the user to provide subjective reactions to various
`
`aspects of the particular web page while remaining at the web page itself.
`
`Id. at 14:11–18; compare Fig. 2 with Figs. 3, 5 (depicting icon 50 on web
`
`page 28 as being replaced by rating scales 60, 70).
`
`
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`Software associated with the icon operates to collect and store the
`
`user’s reaction in a database for subsequent reporting to a website owner.
`
`Id. at 2:6–18. The website owner can generate a report for analyzing and
`
`identifying user reactions and feedback related to particular web pages. Id.
`
`at 15:27–21:54, Figs. 8A, 8B, 9. The report allows the website owner to
`
`assess the success of each web page in the eyes of the user community. Id.
`
`at 13:49–52.
`
`
`
`
`
`B.
`
`The Challenged Claims
`
`Of the challenged claims, claims 1, 10, 18, and 26 are independent.
`
`Claim 1 is representative and recites:
`
`One or more computer-readable non-transitory
`1.
`
`storage media embodying software operable when executed to:
`
`provide a user-selectable element viewable on each of a
`plurality of particular web pages of a website upon initial
`display of a particular web page and soliciting page-specific
`user feedback concerning the particular web page upon initial
`display of the particular web page, the user-selectable element
`appearing identically and behaving consistently on each of the
`plurality of particular web pages; and
`
`receive the page-specific user feedback concerning the
`particular web page for reporting to an interested party, the
`page-specific user feedback concerning the particular
`webpages having been provided by a user while the user
`remained at the particular web page, and the page-specific
`user feedback comprising one or more page-specific subjective
`ratings of the particular web page and one or more associated
`
`3
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`

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`IPR2014-00366
`Patent 8,041,805 B2
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`
`page-specific open-ended comments concerning the particular
`web page,
`
`the page specific user feedback allowing the interested
`party to access page-specific subjective ratings and associated
`page-specific open-ended comments across the plurality of
`particular web pages to identify one or more particular web
`pages for which the page-specific user feedback is notable
`relative to page-specific user feedback for other particular web
`pages;
`
`wherein the user-selectable element is viewable within a
`browser window upon initial display of the particular web page
`and remains viewable within the browser window, at least prior
`to the user selection, regardless of user scrolling.
`
`Ex. 1001, 25:40–26:3 (emphasis added).
`
`
`
`
`
`C.
`
`The Instituted Grounds of Unpatentability
`
`In the Preliminary Proceeding,3 we instituted trial on only one of the
`
`three grounds proposed by Qualtrics, in particular, determining Qualtrics had
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`a “reasonable likelihood” of proving the challenged claims unpatentable as
`
`obvious over the combined teachings of CustomerSat,4 Medinets,5 and
`
`HTML Spec.6 Dec. to Inst. 12. Having instituted trial under the “reasonable
`
`likelihood” standard of 35 U.S.C. § 314(a), we decide now whether
`
`
`3 A “Preliminary Proceeding,” as defined by our rules, “begins with the
`filing of a petition for instituting a trial and ends with a written decision as to
`whether a trial will be instituted.” 37 C.F.R. § 42.2.
`4 Customer Satisfaction Measurement, Surveys and Market Research by
`CustomerSat.com, The Internet Survey Experts, https://web.archive.org/web/
`19980526190826/http:/www. Customersat.com/ (retrieved Nov. 21, 2013
`from Internet Archive, Wayback Machine), 1–76 (May 26, 1998) (Ex.
`1003).
`5 DAVID MEDINETS, PERL5 BY EXAMPLE: THE EASIEST WAY TO LEARN HOW
`TO PROGRAM, Que Corp., 1–66 (1996) (Ex. 1004).
`6 World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), HTML 4.0 Specification, Dave
`Raggett et al. (eds.), 1–366 (Apr. 24, 1998) (Ex. 1014).
`
`4
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`Qualtrics has proven unpatentability of the challenged claims by a
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`“preponderance of the evidence,” as required by 35 U.S.C. § 316(e).
`
`
`
`A.
`
`Claim Construction
`
`III. ANALYSIS
`
`In an inter partes review, claim terms in an unexpired patent are given
`
`their broadest reasonable construction in light of the specification of the
`
`patent in which they appear. 37 C.F.R. § 42.100(b). Under this standard,
`
`claim terms generally are given their ordinary and customary meaning, as
`
`understood by one of ordinary skill in the art in the context of the patent’s
`
`entire written disclosure. In re Translogic Tech., Inc., 504 F.3d 1249, 1257
`
`(Fed. Cir. 2007). However, a “claim term will not receive its ordinary
`
`meaning if the patentee acted as his own lexicographer and clearly set forth a
`
`definition of the disputed claim term in either the specification or
`
`prosecution history.” CCS Fitness, Inc. v. Brunswick Corp., 288 F.3d 1359,
`
`1366 (Fed. Cir. 2002). Here, although Qualtrics advances a construction of
`
`several claim terms of the ’805 patent (Pet. 6–14), OpinionLab does not
`
`believe that any specific definition is necessary (PO Resp. 4–5 n. 4). We
`
`conclude that the claim terms do not require an express construction in order
`
`to analyze the challenged claims relative to the asserted prior art.
`
`
`
`
`
`B.
`
`The Ground of Obviousness
`
`Our analysis centers on a single limitation of independent claims 1,
`
`10, 18 and 26, one that is common to all of the claims, namely, “page-
`
`specific user feedback . . . having been provided by a user while the user
`
`remained at the particular web page.” Qualtrics relies primarily on
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`CustomerSat’s disclosure of “Pop!Up questionnaires” for teaching this
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`5
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`limitation.7 Pet. 22–23; Reply 1–3. According to Qualtrics, the pop-up
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`questionnaire, or survey, can be displayed “immediately” upon the user
`
`clicking on a survey button, and can be viewed “on the particular web page
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`from which it was launched, without requiring the user to navigate to a
`
`different page.” Id. at 23 (citing Ex. 1003, 7); see also Reply 1–3 (arguing
`
`that CustomerSat “says that a user can be taken . . . to the ‘Pop!Up’
`
`questionnaire immediately”).
`
`
`
`In response, OpinionLab counters that, although CustomerSat’s pop-
`
`up questionnaire, or survey, may be displayed immediately after the user
`
`clicks on the survey button, it nevertheless “is provided on an entirely
`
`separate web page.” PO Resp. 19. That CustomerSat discloses the survey
`
`button and resulting survey as pop-ups, OpinionLab argues, does not mean
`
`that they both pop-up on the same web page. Id. at 18. In other words,
`
`according to OpinionLab, CustomerSat’s survey button “is only an invitation
`
`—there is no teaching or suggestion that this ‘pop-up’ invitation contains the
`
`survey itself.” Id. (citing Ex. 2002 ¶¶ 41–49).
`
`
`
`At the outset, we note that nowhere does CustomerSat describe or
`
`depict a pop-up questionnaire on the same web page as the pop-up survey
`
`invitation. See, e.g., Ex. 1003, 4, 7, 23. According to CustomerSat, if a user
`
`wishes to provide feedback, the user can click on a survey button “at any
`
`time to go to the survey, or can be taken to the survey immediately.” Id. at 7
`
`(emphases added). That description suggests that the survey itself is in a
`
`
`7 In the Petition, Qualtrics also references CustomerSat’s disclosure of a
`“Feedback” icon as satisfying certain claim limitations. Pet. 16–22. At oral
`argument, Qualtrics clarified that the “Feedback” icon is “just a link to
`another page” or “a link to a separate page . . . [t]hat is not the Pop!Up
`questionnaire.” Tr. 9–10.
`
`6
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`location different from the survey button. Indeed, the “Feedback and
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`Membership” form depicted in CustomerSat stands alone, by itself, without
`
`any display of the web page from which the feedback form was launched,
`
`i.e., when the user clicked on the survey button so as to provide feedback.
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`See, e.g, Ex. 1003, 4 (depicting the “Feedback and Membership” form).
`
`Thus, we are not persuaded that CustomerSat’s simple disclosure of the
`
`questionnaire as a “Pop!Up” amounts to sufficient evidence that it is
`
`provided on the same web page as the survey button.
`
`
`
`Moreover, the testimony of the parties’ declarants buttresses a finding
`
`that the user, in CustomerSat, provides feedback after being directed to a
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`different web page, rather than while remaining on the same web page. For
`
`instance, we credit the testimony of OpinionLab’s declarant, Dr. Michael
`
`Shamos, that the underlying source code for CustomerSat’s feedback form
`
`refers to a web page located at “www.customersat.com/cssurvey.htm,” while
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`the source code for the survey button, or invitation, indicates a web page
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`located at “www.customersat.com/cgi-bin/popupadmin.” Ex. 2002 ¶ 47
`
`(citing Ex. 1003, 67). Qualtrics’s declarant, Mr. John Chisholm, likewise
`
`only describes the “popupadmin” code as controlling the survey button,
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`without ever ascribing that code to the survey itself. Ex. 2004, 105:10–
`
`107:19. Thus, although CustomerSat’s feedback questionnaire may be the
`
`target of the survey button, or invitation, it nonetheless “appears on a
`
`completely separate webpage from the web page [] which contains [the]
`
`pop-up invitation.” Ex. 2002 ¶ 47 (declaration of Dr. Shamos).8
`
`
`8 As further support, Qualtrics points to a depiction of a feedback form
`appearing within the same screen, and overlying, a particular web page. Pet.
`23. As depicted, however, the feedback form is on a different web page than
`
`7
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`
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`Qualtrics faults OpinionLab for reading too much into CustomerSat’s
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`disclosure, arguing that “the cited disclosure says nothing about how the
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`resulting survey is displayed.” Reply 3 (citing Ex. 1003, 7, and Ex. 1027
`
`¶¶ 14–17). Qualtrics misses the mark, however, because the very crux of the
`
`claimed invention is directed at how the user feedback is provided, i.e.,
`
`while the user remains at the particular web page. As such, Qualtrics’s
`
`admission that CustomerSat does not teach how the survey is displayed—
`
`i.e., whether it is on the same page or a different page—hurts, rather than
`
`helps, their case.
`
`
`
`Qualtrics also argues that “the unrefuted testimony of Mr.
`
`Chisholm is that Pop!Up questionnaires could be—and, in fact, were—
`
`displayed in a pop-up window.” Reply 3 (citing Ex. 1027 ¶¶ 18–22). We
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`disagree. OpinionLab’s declarant, Dr. Shamos, refutes expressly, and
`
`credibly, the testimony of Mr. Chisholm, explaining multiple times that,
`
`although the survey questionnaire “could be” displayed in a pop-up window,
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`“there’s no suggestion [in CustomerSat] that the questionnaire is showing up
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`in this—popup window.” Ex. 1028, 160:24–161:20; see also id. at 162:9–11
`
`(“there’s no hint . . .”). And, more succinctly, in response to questions about
`
`whether clicking on CustomerSat’s survey button would turn “the survey
`
`invitation into a survey question,” and “could it work that way?,” Dr.
`
`Shamos responded: “You mean is it physically possible that you could
`
`mangle the website in that manner? Yes, you certainly could, if you wanted
`
`to. There’s no—certainly no hint or suggestion here that it’s done that
`
`
`the underlying web page, as evidenced by the different URLs associated
`with each. See Ex. 1005 ¶ 183.
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`way.” Id. at 164:23–165:20 (emphasis added). That testimony persuades us
`
`that CustomerSat neither teaches providing the survey questionnaire, i.e.,
`
`feedback form, on the same web page as the survey button, nor would it
`
`have suggested as much to a skilled artisan.
`
`
`
`Alternatively, Qualtrics relies on Medinets as teaching a “user
`
`feedback form” (Ex. 1004, Fig. 21.3) that can be filled out while the user
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`remains at the particular web page from which a “submit button” (id., Fig.
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`21.4) was clicked to summon the feedback form. Pet. 38–39. According to
`
`Qualtrics, Medinets teaches that the submit button and feedback form “are
`
`both generated using HTML forms,” and, from that simple teaching,
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`surmises that they “could be on the same particular web page.” Id. at 38. In
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`support, Qualtrics proffers the testimony of its declarant, Mr. Chisholm, who
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`likewise speculates that Medinets’s submit button and feedback form “could
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`be” on the same particular web page, or the button “could be” set to open the
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`feedback form in a new browser window that would allow the user to remain
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`at the web page. Id. at 38–39 (citing Ex. 1005, ¶¶ 184–187).
`
`
`
`That the feedback form of Medinets “could be” modified to remain on
`
`the same web page as the submit button does not mean that a skilled artisan
`
`would have understood Medinets as, in fact, teaching or suggesting such a
`
`capability. In fact, when Medinets speaks of the “user feedback form” and
`
`the “submit button,” we do not discern any teaching or suggestion of them
`
`appearing on the same page. See, e.g., Ex. 1004, 60, 62. Indeed, Medinets
`
`seems to indicate the opposite, stating that “a user feedback form appears
`
`that automatically knows which page the user was on when the button was
`
`pressed.” Id. at 60 (emphasis added). That the feedback form stores the
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`location of the page on which the button was pressed suggests that users are
`
`taken to a different page, not that they remain on the same page.
`
`
`
`Moreover, Qualtrics’s own declarant conceded that the “HTTP
`
`addresses,” or “URLs,” for Medinets’s feedback form (Ex. 1004, Fig. 21.3)
`
`and submit button (id., Fig. 21.4) “are different,” and “I don’t think there’s
`
`anything that discloses the two pages are the same.” Ex. 2004, 41:17–43:23.
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`As such, we are not persuaded that Medinets’s feedback form is a pop-up
`
`that appears on the same page as the submit button, but rather is a different
`
`web page. OpinionLab’s declarant, Dr. Shamos, likewise corroborates that
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`Medinets’s feedback form is a “separate email form which replaces the web
`
`page” having the submit button. Ex. 2002 ¶ 68. Thus, the record reflects
`
`that both parties’ declarants agree that Medinets fails to teach or suggest a
`
`feedback form that appears on the same web page as the submit button that
`
`launches the feedback form.
`
`
`
`Turning now to the third reference of the combination on which we
`
`instituted trial, the HTML Spec, Qualtrics argues that it teaches the use of
`
`“HTML frames,” which purportedly allow a user to provide feedback while
`
`remaining at the particular web page. Pet. 44 (citing Ex. 1014, 193–205).
`
`In making this argument, however, Qualtrics does not rely solely on the
`
`HTML Spec, but points back to the feedback form in Medinets as being
`
`“predicated on the use of HTML.” Id. at 44–45. As discussed above, we are
`
`not persuaded by Qualtrics’s argument with respect to Medinets, nor are we
`
`persuaded that the HTML Spec itself suffices to cure the deficiencies with
`
`Medinets. Although the HTML Spec may describe, generally, the
`
`advantages of “HTML frames,” nowhere does that description, as relied
`
`upon by Qualtrics, teach the use of HTML frames for creating a feedback
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`form for a website. See Ex. 1014, 193–205. Even Qualtrics’s own declarant
`
`conceded that it does not mention using HTML frames “to create a survey to
`
`get feedback about a website.” See Ex. 2004, 59:9–21. As such, Qualtrics’s
`
`argument with respect to the HTML Spec is no better, more likely less
`
`availing, than its arguments with respect to CustomerSat and Medinets.
`
`
`
`And, to the extent that Qualtrics may rely on the knowledge of a
`
`skilled artisan to fill in the gaps found to exist in the teaching of the HTML
`
`Spec, we are not persuaded. See Pet. 44–45; Reply 4. In particular,
`
`Qualtrics points to the testimony of OpinionLab’s declarant, Dr. Shamos,
`
`that, “If your question is could one have implemented the invention of the
`
`OpinionLab patent using HTML 4, the answer is yes.” Reply 4 (citing Ex.
`
`1028, 434:20–22) (emphasis added). But that response speaks to the use of
`
`HTML, in general, as a possible tool for implementing the claimed
`
`invention; it was not about a skilled artisan’s understanding of the HTML
`
`Spec itself. As shown by testimony that followed immediately from that
`
`statement, Dr. Shamos explained, quite aptly, that, “If your question is
`
`would one be motivated by reading the HTML 4 manuals to make the
`
`inventions of the OpinionLab patents, no.” Id. at 434:22–24 (emphasis
`
`added). And, in reasoning that a skilled artisan would not have looked to the
`
`HTML Spec for purposes of placing the feedback form in a popup window,
`
`he stated, “there’s nothing whatsoever to do with collecting feedback or
`
`survey information here.” Id. at 435:1–25. Qualtrics does not offer any
`
`rebuttal to that testimony, nor could it, because its own declarant testified
`
`similarly, as discussed above. See Ex. 2004, 59:9–21.
`
`
`
`Thus, after considering the totality of the evidence presented by
`
`Qualtrics and OpinionLab, we determine that the preponderance weighs in
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`favor of showing that neither CustomerSat, Medinets, nor HTML Spec,
`
`individually or collectively, would have taught or suggested to a skilled
`
`artisan the capability of providing feedback while the user remained at the
`
`particular web page from which the feedback was solicited, as required by
`
`each of the independent claims. The remaining claims challenged in the
`
`Petition, claims 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 19, 22, 25, 27, 30, and 33, depend,
`
`directly or indirectly, from claims 1, 10, 18, and 26, and thus, include the
`
`limitation that we determined was lacking from CustomerSat, Medinets, and
`
`HTML Spec, as discussed above. Accordingly, we determine that Qualtrics
`
`has not demonstrated by preponderant evidence that dependent claims 2, 5,
`
`8, 11, 14, 17, 19, 22, 25, 27, 30, and 33 are unpatentable over the
`
`combination of CustomerSat, Medinets, and HTML Spec.
`
`
`
`
`
`C. Qualtrics’s Motion to Exclude Evidence
`
`Qualtrics moves to exclude the opinions of OpinionLab’s declarant,
`
`Dr. Shamos, for two reasons. Mot. 1 (Paper 36). First, Qualtrics seeks to
`
`exclude Dr. Shamos’s opinions because he “applied the wrong legal standard
`
`in determining the level of ordinary skill.” Id. at 2. According to Qualtrics,
`
`Dr. Shamos “considered only the ’805 Patent and failed to assess the prior
`
`art in the field” in opining on non-obviousness. Id. But the only support
`
`offered by Qualtrics is its mischaracterization of Dr. Shamos’s deposition
`
`testimony that he “deemed the prior art ‘irrelevant.’” Id. at 3. We are not
`
`persuaded.
`
`
`
`Our review of Dr. Shamos’s testimony reveals that he considered the
`
`patent specification of the ’805 patent in terms of the “field of the
`
`invention,” the “level of education and background [] needed to understand
`
`the specification,” and “what one would need to know” in order to
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`understand not only the claimed invention but also “the prior art that was
`
`referenced in the petitions.” Ex. 1028, 70:1–19. That he reviewed more
`
`than simply the ’805 patent, in opining on the level of skill in the art, is
`
`likewise confirmed by his declaration, which attests that he “considered the
`
`three references” relied on in the Petition, “along with all of its Exhibits”
`
`and the “prosecution histories” of patents related to the ’805 patent. Ex.
`
`2002 ¶¶ 18, 20.
`
`
`
`Moreover, as he further attests, Dr. Shamos opined on the level of
`
`skill in the art based on his “education, experience, and training in academia
`
`and industry.” Id. ¶ 31. Because, as a matter of necessity, the knowledge
`
`that Dr. Shamos gained in the course of his career, which includes
`
`significant experience in the field of “eCommerce” and “public opinion
`
`polling” (Ex. 2002 ¶¶ 4–11, 13), would have weighed in his assessment of
`
`the level of skill in the art, we are not persuaded by Qualtrics’s contention
`
`that his opinion was based solely on the ’805 patent. As such, we deny
`
`Qualtrics’s motion to exclude the declaration and deposition testimony of
`
`Dr. Shamos with respect to his opinions regarding non-obviousness of the
`
`claimed invention.
`
`
`
`Qualtrics also seeks to exclude Dr. Shamos’s opinions on secondary
`
`considerations because they “go beyond his qualifications” and “fail to show
`
`the required nexus.” Mot. 1. As there was no need for us to reach evidence
`
`of secondary considerations, Qualtrics’ motion to exclude on that issue is
`
`denied as moot.
`
`IV. CONCLUSION
`
`
`
`Qualtrics has not proven by preponderant evidence that claims 1, 2, 5,
`
`8, 10, 11, 14, 17–19, 22, 25–27, 30, and 33 are unpatentable under 35 U.S.C.
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`13
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`§ 103 as obvious over CustomerSat, Medinets, and HTML Spec. This is a
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`Final Written Decision of the Board under 35 U.S.C. § 318(a).
`
`Accordingly, it is hereby:
`
`V. ORDER
`
`ORDERED that claims 1, 2, 5, 8, 10, 11, 14, 17–19, 22, 25–27, 30,
`
`
`
`
`
`and 33 of the ’805 patent have not been proven to be unpatentable by a
`
`preponderance of the evidence;
`
`
`
`FURTHER ORDERED that Qualtrics’s Motion to Exclude is denied;
`
`and
`
`
`
`FURTHER ORDERED that any party seeking judicial review of this
`
`Final Written Decision must comply with the notice and service
`
`requirements of 37 C.F.R. § 90.2.
`
`
`
`14
`
`

`
`15
`
`IPR2014-00366
`Patent 8,041,805 B2
`
`PETITIONERS:
`
`Robert Steinberg
`Neil A. Rubin
`Jonathan M. Jackson
`Philip Wang
`LATHAM & WATKINS LLP
`bob.steinberg@lw.com
`neil.rubin@lw.com
`jonathan.jackson@lw.com
`philip.wang@lw.com
`
`
`
`For PATENT OWNER:
`
`Christopher W. Kennerly
`Timothy P. Cremen
`Naveen Modi
`PAUL HASTINGS LLP
`chriskennerly@paulhastings.com
`timothycremen@paulhastings.com
`naveenmodi@paulhastings.com

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