History of the AT&T Network - Milestones in AT&T Network Historyl History| AT&T
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`- History of AT&T
`° A Brief History
`0 International Activity
`0 The Bell Svstem
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`0 Post Divestiture
`° The New AT&T
`
`' Milestones in AT&T History
`
`- Inventing the Telephone
`
`- History of the AT&T Network
`° Milestones in AT&T Network History
`
`0 Network Management
`0 Network Switching
`° Network Transmis_s_i_o_n
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`0 First Transcontinental Line
`
`* History of AT&T and Television
`0 AT&T's first Television Researcher
`0 First Woman on US. Television
`
`0 How Electro-Mechanical TV Worked
`
`° Souvenir Program
`
`0 Milestones in AT&T TV History
`- AT&T History Links
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`History of the AT&T Network - Milestones in AT&T Network Historyl Historyl AT&T (cid:9)
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`1885: The American Telephone and Telegraph Company is formed as a subsidiary of then-
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`Bell Telephone Company with a charter to build and operate the original long distance network. By the e
`AT&T completes its first line, between New York and Philadelphia. The initial capacity of the line was c
`
`1892: AT&T reaches its initial goal, opening a long distance line connecting New York an
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`circuit could handle only one call at a time. The price was $9 for the first five minutes.
`
`(cid:149) . ..... -.. 1911: AT&T inaugurates service between New York and Denver, the longest line possible
`Developed around 1899 by Michael Pupin of Columbia University and George Campbell of AT&T, load
`the rate at which a traveling telephone signal weakens making it possible to build longer telephone lin
`
`a ,elk,
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`iw!J 1914 The headquarters and operations center of the AT&T Long Lines division opens at 2
`New York City, the oldest section of what later became AT&T’s corporate headquarters at 32 Avenue of
`Long Lines, a unit of AT&T and the Bell System, builds and operates the interstate long distance networ]
`
`1915: Using the first practical electrical amplifiers, developed by AT&T’s Harold Arnold,,
`first transcontinental telephone line. The new line connects the network that AT&T had been building ou
`from New York since 1885 with a separate network that had been constructed by AT&T’s Pacific TelepF
`the West Coast. In effect, it connects telephones throughout the continental United States. The ceremoni
`25 has four locations: New York City, San Francisco, the White House in Washington, D.C., and Jekyll I
`AT&T President Theodore Vail is at the time. Service is available to all telephone customers, but at an in
`for the first three minutes between New York and San Francisco, volume is low.
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`History of the AT&T Network - Milestones in AT&T Network Historyj Historyl AT&T (cid:9)
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`kZ–J 1921: The AT&T network reaches its first overseas destination when service begins to Cub
`cable between Key West, Fla., and Havana. U.S. President Warren Harding inaugurates service on April
`Cuban President Menocal. The capacity of the line is one call. A call between Havana and New York cos
`first three minutes; a call between Havana and San Francisco costs $22.35.
`
`1924: AT&T demonstrates long distance telephotography, now known as fax, with the tran
`over telephone wires between Cleveland and New York. Commercial service begins in a handful of citie
`year. For many decades, telephotography had one major use - sending photos of distant events for use
`
`1927: AT&T begins trans-Atlantic telephone service, initially between the United States an
`conversations cross the Atlantic via radio. The initial capacity is one call at a time at a cost of $75 for the
`
`all 1927: AT&T presents the first demonstration of television transmission in the United State
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`Commerce Herbert Hoover’s live moving images are transmitted over wire from Washington, D.C., to N
`was seen by AT&T President Walter Gifford and a large audience.
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`1934: AT&T inaugurates trans-Pacific telephone service, initially between the United State
`travel across the Pacific via radio. The initial capacity is one call at a time at a cost of $39 for the first thr
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`History of the AT&T Network - Milestones in AT&T Network History( Historyj AT&T
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`cannot build additional circuits during the war, we run ads asking consumers not to make long distance c
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`ir .1. 1941: The first non-experimental installation of coaxial cable in the network is placed in se
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`Minneapolis, Minn., and Stevens Point, Wis. Compared to such earlier transmission technologies as oper
`coaxial cable, coaxial cable has higher capacity and lower cost on high-volume routes. It also has suffici
`carry television signals.
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`1943: AT&T installs the first automatic long distance telephone switch, the No. 4 crossbar,
`Operators at a switchboard attached to the switch dial long distance numbers, including area codes, whici
`internally for this purpose. Previously, all long distance calls were completed by operators plugging into
`to other operators in distant cities. The new switch cuts the time needed to complete a call from about 60
`20.
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`1947: The first commercial microwave(cid:151)relay system goes into operation, providing telephc
`circuits between New York and Boston. Network traffic for the next 35 years is carried primarily by a mi
`relay and coaxial cable.
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`1948: AT&T begins offering networking services for television on facilities connecting ma
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`Northeast and Midwest. The service reaches the West Coast in 1951. Television networks use this servic
`programming to their affiliated stations around the country.
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`rollout takes place over the second half of the 195 0s. Until this innovation, all long distance calls require
`assistance.
`
`1956: AT&T opens for service TAT-I, the first trans-Atlantic telephone cable. The initial c
`at a time at a price per call of $12 for the first three minutes. Since trans-Atlantic service opened in 1927,
`across the ocean via radio waves. But cables provide much higher signal quality, avoid atmospheric inter
`greater capacity and security.
`
`1962: AT&T opens the Network Control Center in New York, its first facility designed to i
`long distance network.
`
`1964 AT&T opens TPC-1, the first submarine telephone cable across the Pacific It went f
`Hawaii, where it connected to two cables linking Hawaii with the mainland. This brought the same impri
`Pacific service that TAT-1 had brought to trans-Atlantic service in 1956.
`
`1970: AT&T introduces customer dialing of international long distance calls, initially betw
`London. Up to this time, all overseas telephone calls required an operator.
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`https://web.archive.org/web/20 131104121 526/http://www.corp.att.com/history/nethistory/m..
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`switch, the 4ESS fi , in Chicago. This switch could handle a much higher volume of calls (initially 350,00
`greater flexibility and speed than the electromechanical switch it replaced.
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`New York.
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`1976-1977: AT&T Long Lines headquarters and Network Operations Center moves to Bed
`
`PIJ 1983: AT&T installs the first fiber-optic cable in its long distance network, between New
`Washington, D.C. Whereas earlier systems transmitted electrical signals over copper wire or radio waves
`transmit information as rapid light pulses down ultra-pure glass fibers. Fiber optics have much greater ca
`lower costs than the technologies they replaced. Today, 98 percent of all AT&T domestic traffic travels c
`networks.
`
`1987: AT&T replaces its 10-year-old Network Operations Center with a new center at the
`Bedminster, N.J. The new center features a two-story-high status wall containing 75 video screens that al
`view of the entire network in a glance and "dynamic routing" capabilities to maneuver calls.
`
`1988: AT&T lays and opens TAT-8, the first fiber-optic submarine telephone cable across
`a capacity equivalent to 40,000 calls, 10 times that of the last copper cable. (Today’s cables have capaciti
`over 1 million calls.)
`
`1992: AT&T installs its first FASTAR fi (fast automatic restoration) system in its network in Florida. FA
`restoration of service after a fiber-optic cable cut from hours to minutes.
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`https ://web.archive.org/web/20 131104121 526/http://www.corp.att.cornfhistory/nethistory/m.. . 3/6/2014
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`History of the AT&T Network - Milestones in AT&T Network Historyl Historyl AT&T (cid:9)
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`T.TJ 1999: AT&T’s new Global Network Operations Center opens in Bedminster, N.J., on Dece
`around the clock, the center manages all aspects of AT&T’s network, including domestic and global long
`data, and eventually broadband and Internet services. It is three times the size of its predecessor, and feat -
`video wall to provide real-time information to network managers.
`
`2000: The Global Network Operations Center holds its official grand-opening ceremony on Feb. 10.
`
`2002: AT&T deploys a new nationwide intelligent optical network which restores service faster in the ev
`disaster. This new network also provides the capability to dramatically shorten provisioning time for ne
`for business customers who have direct access to the network.
`
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`History of the AT&T Network - History of Network Managementl Historyl AT&T (cid:9)
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`(cid:149) History of AT&T
`(cid:149) A Brief History
`(cid:149) International Activity
`(cid:149) The Bell System
`(cid:149) Post Divestiture
`o The New AT&T
`(cid:149) Milestones in AT&T His tory
`(cid:149) Inventing the Telephone
`(cid:149) History of the AT&T Network
`(cid:149) Milestones in AT&T Network History
`(cid:149) Network Management
`(cid:149) Network Switching
`(cid:149) Network Transmission
`(cid:149) First Transcontinental Line
`(cid:149) History of AT&T and Television
`(cid:149) AT&T’s First Television Researcher
`(cid:149) First Woman on U.S. Television
`(cid:149) How Electro-Mechanical TV Worked
`(cid:149) Souvenir Program
`(cid:149) Milestones in AT&T TV History
`AT&T History Links
`
`History of Network Management.
`
`For more than a century, AT&T people have managed the AT&T network to provide superior reliable se
`years, as AT&T extended its network, "management" meant deciding which new routes to build and whit
`needed additional circuits.
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`History of the AT&T Network - History of Network Managementl Historyl AT&T
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`There was little active day-to-day traffic management, nor was any really needed in an era when subscril
`called back by an operator when their distant party was on the line. To an extent, these operators themsel
`network, one call at a time, as they sought routings through other switchboards that would get the custom
`
`1920s: Network management begins
`
`By the 1920s, AT&T had designed its network to meet the demands for quick, efficient service at the pea
`normal business day. But unusual events, such as holidays and natural disasters, could cause delays. Han
`required active, coordinated management of the network as a whole.
`
`
`
`Long Distance operators, Kansas City, Missouri, 1920. The supervisor is on roller skates so she can get a
`room more quickly to assist the operators.
`
`Active network management began in the mid-1920s with the establishment of regional Traffic Control I
`Cleveland and New York. These bureaus served as clearinghouses for all information affecting traffic ov
`the network. The bureaus stayed in contact with each other and with important switching centers in their
`dedicated teletype (printing telegraph) systems. Their staffs implemented plans for coping with unusual c
`weather, damaged lines or other emergency situations. Switching centers might be instructed to reroute c
`be temporarily reassigned. Large, manually operated wall displays provided a visual depiction of the con
`network routes. The bureaus closed in the late 1950s.
`
`,
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`1960s: Network Control Center
`
`AT&T opened a Network Control Center in New York in 1962. By now, most customers dialed their ow
`calls. Switch and route information flowed in real time from the most important toll switches to status bo
`Similar data from the rest of the switches flowed into three new regional centers in Chicago, Rockdale, C
`Plains, N.Y. Network managers could respond more quickly to unusual situations, and instruct the releva
`to take steps, such as heading off calls with little chance of completion, or sending calls over indirect alte
`available circuits.
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`History of the AT&T Network - History of Network Managementi Historyl AT&T (cid:9)
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`1970s: Network Operations Center
`
`AT&T Network Operations Center, Bedminster, N.J., 1987.
`
`In 1977, AT&T replaced the Control Center with a Network Operations Center (NOC) in Bedminster, N.
`included domestic and international status boards, which automatically updated every 12 seconds, and co
`to instantly provide managers with the information needed to reroute calls.
`
`Many changes followed over the next decade. Dramatically increased computer intelligence became avai
`network itself and in auxiliary functions. Common channel signaling put call-set-up on a digital network
`circuits that carried the calls. The network moved from analog toward digital technologies. One effect of
`an increased ability to actively manage the network - both automatically and by management interventi
`
`1980s: Updating the NOC
`
`AT&T revamped and modernized the NOC in 1987, adding a 75-screen video wall where computer-driv
`provided information on multiple layers and categories of network activity. Managers used computer sys
`to find detailed information on any switch or route in the network. They then used those same systems to
`to any place in the network.
`
`Global Network Operations Center
`
`AT&T’s system had become a Worldwide Intelligent Network. Two regional control centers, in Denver,
`opened in 1991, and assumed the task of monitoring and managing the flow of traffic onto and off of the
`
`In 1999, AT&T replaced the NOC with a new Global Network Operations Center, to better to meet the n
`century.
`
`About AT&T I Sqppo
`
`j Careers I Toll Free Directory Assistance j Terms & Conditions I Privacy Policy
`
`' 2014 AT&T Intellectual Property. All rights reserved. AT&T, the AT&T logo and all other AT&T
`marks contained herein are trademarks of AT&T Intellectual Property and/or AT&T affiliated companies
`36 USC 220506
`
`https://web.archive.org/web/20 13110211163 7/http ://www.corp.att.comlhistory/nethistory/m... 3/6/2014
`
`(cid:9)
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