Tim Berners-Lee, Robert Cailliau, Ari Luotonen, Henrik l<~rystyk Nielsen, and Arthur Secret
`
`The Wo•ld-Wide Web
`
`Th e World -Wide Web (W3) was
`developed to be a pool of human
`knowle dge, whic h wou ld a llow col(cid:173)
`laborators in re mote sites to sh are
`th eir ideas a n d all aspects of a com(cid:173)
`m on project. Physicis ts and engi(cid:173)
`neers at CERN, the E ur opean
`P art ic le Physics Laboratory in
`Geneva , Switzerla n d, co llabora te
`with many oth er institutes to build
`th e software and hardware for high(cid:173)
`e nergy physics research. The idea of
`the Web was prompted by positive
`experi ence of a small "h ome-brew"
`personal h ypertext system used for
`kee ping track of pe rsonal informa(cid:173)
`tion on a distributed project. The
`Web was designed so that if it was
`u sed independently for two proj(cid:173)
`ects , and later relationships were
`found betwee n t h e pr~jec ts, th en
`no major or cen tralized changes
`wou ld have to be made , b ut th e
`i nformation cou ld smoo thl y re(cid:173)
`sha pe to re p resen t the n ew state of
`kn owledge. This property o f scaling
`ha s a ll owed the Web to expand
`rapidly from its origins a t CERN
`across the Inte rnet irrespective of
`boundaries of natio ns o r disciplines.
`If you haven't yet e xp erienced the
`We b , the best way to find out about it
`is to try it. An Appe nd ix to this article
`gives some recipes fo r getting hold of
`W3 clie nts. Given one of these, you
`will quickly find out all you need to
`know, a nd much more . For h a rd
`copy to read on the plane, or if you
`don 't have Internet access from your
`desktop machine, refer to our paper
`in Elertronic NP/working (see "Glossary
`and Furthe r Reading" ) for an ove r (cid:173)
`view of th e project., material which we
`will not re peat but will summarize
`he re .
`A VV3 "clien t" program rnn s on
`your computer. When it starts, it d is(cid:173)
`plays an object, nonn a ll y a d ocume nt
`with text and possibly images. Some
`of the phrases and images a re high(cid:173)
`lighted: in b lue , or boxed, o r perhaps
`numbered, dependin g on what. sort
`of a display you ha ve and how your
`preferences ha ve been se t. Clicking
`the mouse on the highlighted a1·ea
`
`("a nchor") causes th e client prog1-a111
`to re trieve another object from some
`other co mputer, a "server." The re(cid:173)
`trieved object is normally also in a
`h ype rtext format , so th e process of
`navigation continues (see Figure I ).
`When viewing some documents,
`the reader can request a search, by
`typing in plai n text (or co mplex com(cid:173)
`mands) to send to the ser ver , rat.her
`than following a link. In e ither case,
`the client sends a request off 10 the
`ser ver , often a completel y diflere nt
`machine in some othe 1· part of the
`world, and within (typically) a sec(cid:173)
`ond, the related information, in ei(cid:173)
`ther h ypertext, plain text 01· multime(cid:173)
`clia format, is presented . This is done
`repeatedl y, and by a seque nce of se(cid:173)
`lections and searches one can find
`anything that is "out there. " Some
`importa nt. things 1.0 note are :
`
`• \l\lha tever type of ser ve r, the u'er
`interface is the same, so use rs do not
`need to und e rstand the difk:rences
`be tween the ma n y protocols in com (cid:173)
`mon use. Before W3, access to net(cid:173)
`worked
`information
`typically
`in (cid:173)
`volved knowledge of many diflerent
`access " recipes" for d iflerent systems,
`a n d a diffe re nt. command language:
`for each . T he model of h ypertext
`wit h te xt input has pro ved suflicie ntl y
`powe rful to e xpress all the user inter(cid:173)
`faces, wh ile being sufficientl y simple
`to rel(uire no training fo r a co mpu te r
`u ser.
`• Links can poim to a n ythin g tha1
`can be d isplayed, including sea rch
`result lists. (When a query is appl ied
`to an object, the resultin g object has
`a n address, defined to be the address
`of the queried object concatenated
`with the text of the query. As the re(cid:173)
`sult object has an address, one can
`make lin ks to it. Following th e link
`late r leads to a 1·eevaluati on of th e
`query.)
`• Whi le menus and directories are
`avai lable , the ext1·a option of h yper(cid:173)
`text provides a more powerful com(cid:173)
`mun ications tool. In simple cases, th e
`server progra m can gene rate a h y(cid:173)
`pertext view representing (frir exam -
`
`pie) the directory structure u f an ex(cid:173)
`isting file store . This allows existing
`data to be put "on the Web" withou t
`further human effort.
`• There is a very extendable system
`for introducing new formats for mul(cid:173)
`timedia data.
`• There a re man y W3 client p ro(cid:173)
`grams. As h ypertext infonnation i,
`transmitted on the network in logical
`(mark-up ) form, each client can inte r(cid:173)
`pre t this in a way natural for th e
`given plat.form, rnaking optimal use
`o f !Ont.s, colors, and other human in(cid:173)
`terface resources a vailable on that
`platform.
`
`What Does W3 Define?
`W3 has co me to stand for a nu1nber
`of thi ngs, which shoul d be dist in(cid:173)
`guished. These include
`
`• The idea of a boundless informa(cid:173)
`t ion world in which a ll ite m s have
`a 1·efe1·ence by which they can be
`reu·ieved;
`• T he address system (U RI ) wh ich
`the project implemented to make this
`world possible, despite many differ(cid:173)
`e nt protocols;
`• A network protocol ( H"!TP) used
`by na ti ve W3 ser·vers giving per for(cid:173)
`mance and features not oth e rwise
`a vaila ble ;
`• A ma1·kup la n g uage (HTML) which
`ever y W3 clie nt is required to unde r(cid:173)
`stand , and is used fo r· the t ransmi' (cid:173)
`things such as
`text,
`sion of basic
`menus and sim ple on-line help infor(cid:173)
`mation across the net;
`• T he body of data available on the
`l nte rne t. u sing all or some of the p re(cid:173)
`ceding listed ite ms .
`
`The clie nt -se rve1· a rchitectu re of the
`Web is ill ustra ted in Figu re '.! .
`
`Universal Resource Identifiers
`I d e mifiers 1
`U ni versal
`Resource
`(U Rls) are the strings used as ad -
`
`'The ln1ernet Engineering Task Force (I ETF) i>
`t:urre:::ntly delining a similar and dcri\'ccl syntax
`kno\\'11 as a Lniform Re source Locator (U RI.)
`As this \\'Ork is not romplcte. and there is no
`guara111ee rhat L' Rl.s \\·ill have the same sy111ax
`0 1· properiit:s as L' Rls. we 11sc 1hc 1en11 U RI hen:
`10 a\'o id confusion.
`
`76 All!-{li~t 19~4/ Vul.:!7, Nu.8 COMMUIHCATIOll• O.:TM• ACM
`
`Google Exhibit 1016
`Page 1
`
`

`

`
`
`Google Exhibit 1016
`Page 2
`
`Google Exhibit 1016
`Page 2
`
`

`

`••
`
`dresses of objects (e.g., menus, docu(cid:173)
`ments, images) on the Web. For ex(cid:173)
`ample, the URI oflhe m ain page for
`the WWW project ha ppens lo be
`
`http: I /in fo.cern.ch/hypertext/
`WWW / TheProject.html
`
`URl s are "U niversal" in that they
`encode members of the universal sel
`of network addresses. For a new net(cid:173)
`work protocol that has some concept
`of object , o ne can form a n ad dress for
`an y object as the set of protocol pa(cid:173)
`rameters necessary to access the ob(cid:173)
`ject. If these parameters are e ncoded
`into a concise string, with a prefix to
`identify the protocol and encoding,
`o ne has a new URI sche me . There
`are UR!s for Inte rnet news articles
`and newsgroups (the NNTP proto(cid:173)
`col), and for FTP a rchi ves, for telnet
`d estinatio ns, e mail add resses, and so
`o n. The same can be done for names
`of obj ects in a given name space.
`T he prefix " http" in the preceding
`example indicates the add ress space,
`and d efin es the interpretation of the
`rest of the string. The HTTP protocol
`is to be used, so the string contains
`the address of the server to be con(cid:173)
`tacted, and a substring to be passed to
`the ser ver. Diffe rent p rotocols use
`different syntaxes, but there is a small
`amount of common syn tax. Fo r ex(cid:173)
`ample, the common URI syntax re(cid:173)
`serves the"/" as a way of representing
`a hierarchical space, a nd "?" as a sep(cid:173)
`arator between the add1·ess of an ob(cid:173)
`j ect a nd a query operation applied to
`it. As these forms recu1· in several in(cid:173)
`form ation systems, to allow expres(cid:173)
`sio n of them in the common syntax
`allows the features to be retai ned in
`the common model, where a p propri(cid:173)
`ate. Hie rarch ical forms a re useful for
`hypertext, where one "work" may be
`spli t up into many interli nked docu(cid:173)
`ments. Relative names exploit the
`hie rarchical structure and allow links
`to be made within the work indepe n(cid:173)
`d ent of the highe r parts of the URI
`such as the server name.
`URI syntax allows objects to be
`addressed not onl y using HTrP, but
`also using the o ther common net(cid:173)
`worked in formation protocols in use
`today (FTP, NNTP, Gopher, and
`WA IS), and will allow extensio n whe n
`new protocols are develo ped.
`UR!s are central to the W3 archi-
`
`teClure . The fact that it is easy to ad (cid:173)
`dress a n object anyw here on the
`Internet is essential for the system to
`scale, and fo1· the information space
`to be independent of the network
`and server topo logy.
`
`Hypertext Transfer Protocol
`r.han
`Perhaps misnamed,
`rather
`being a prntocol for transferring hy(cid:173)
`pertext, HTTP is a protocol for tra ns(cid:173)
`ferring
`informatio n with
`the effi(cid:173)
`ciency
`necessary
`for makin g
`h ype rtext jum ps. The d ata trans(cid:173)
`fe rred may be plain text, h ypertext,
`images, or anything else.
`When a use1· browses the Web, ob(cid:173)
`jects are 1·etrieved in rap id s uccession
`from often widely dispersed ser vers.
`For sm all documents, the limitations
`to the 1·esponse tim e stem mainl y
`from the number of ro und trip delays
`ao·oss the network necessary before
`the rendition of the object can be
`started. HTT P is therefore a simple
`request/response protocol.
`transfe r
`HTTP does not only
`HTML documents. Although HTM L
`compre hension is requi red of W3 cli(cid:173)
`e nts, HT f P is used for retrieving
`d ocume nts in an un bounded and ex(cid:173)
`tensible set of formats. T o achieve
`th is, the client sends a (weig hted ) list
`of the formats it can handle, a nd the
`se1·ver re plies with d ata in any of
`those formals that it can produce.
`This allows proprietary formats to be
`used between consenting progra ms
`in pri vate, witho ut the need for stan(cid:173)
`dard ization of those formats. This is
`important both for hig h-end users
`who share data
`sophisticated
`111
`forms, and also as a hook for formats
`that have yet LO be invented. The
`same negotiation system is used for
`natural language (English, French,
`for example) where available, as well
`as for comp ressio n fo nns.
`HTTP is an Internet protocol. It is
`similar in its readable, text-based style
`to the File T ransfer (FTP) and Net(cid:173)
`work News (NNTP) Protocols that
`have been used to transfer files and
`news on the Internet for man y years.
`Unlike
`these protocols, however,
`HTrP, is stateless. (That is, it runs
`over a T C P connection that is held
`o nly for the du ration of one ope rn(cid:173)
`tio n. ) The stateless model is efficie nt
`when a lin k from one object may lead
`equally well to an object stored on the
`
`78 Au gust 1994/ Vol.37, No.8 COMMUIHCATIONS 0 .. TN• ACM
`
`same server , or to another distan t
`server. T he purpose of a reference
`such as a URI is that it should always
`refer to the "same" (in some sense)
`object. This a lso makes a stateless
`protocol appropriate, as il returns
`results based on the URI but irrele(cid:173)
`vant of any previo us ope rations per(cid:173)
`formed by the client.
`The HT .. TP request from the client
`starts with an operation code (known
`as the method, in conforma nce with
`object-oriented terminology) and the
`URI of
`the object. The "GET"
`method used by all browsers is d e(cid:173)
`fin ed
`to be idempotent in that it
`should preserve the stale of the Web
`(apart from bi lling for the informa(cid:173)
`tion transfe1-, and statistics). A " PUT"
`method is defined for front-end up(cid:173)
`date, and a " POST" method for the
`attachme nt of a new docu me nt to the
`Web, or submissio n of a filled-in form
`or other object to some processor.
`Use of PUT ~ind POST is currently
`limited, partly due to scarcity of hy(cid:173)
`pertext editors. T he extension
`lo
`other methods is a subj ect of study.
`Whe n objects a re transfened over
`the networ k, informatio n abo ut them
`(" metainform atio n") is transferred in
`HTTP headers. The set of headers is
`an extensio n of the Multi purpose
`1 nternet Mail Extensio ns (M IME) sel.
`This design decision was taken to
`open the door to integration of hy(cid:173)
`permedia m ail, news, and informa(cid:173)
`tion access. Unlike in email, transfer
`in binary, and transfer in no nstan(cid:173)
`dard but mutua lly agreed docume nt
`formats is possible. T his allows, for
`exam ple , ser vers to
`indicate links
`from , and titles of, documents (such
`as bit-map images) whose data for mat
`does no t othe rwise include such in(cid:173)
`formation .
`T he convention thal unrecognized
`HTTP headers and parame ters a re
`ig nored has made il easy to try new
`ideas on worki ng prod uction servers.
`This has allowed the protocol defini(cid:173)
`tion to evolve in a controlled way by
`the incor poration of tested ideas.
`
`Hypertext Markup Language (HTMU
`Despite the ability of HTTP to negoti(cid:173)
`ate formats, W3 needed a common
`basic language of interchange for
`h ype rtexc. HTML is that language,
`and much of the fabric of the Web is
`constructed oul of it. ll was designed
`
`Google Exhibit 1016
`Page 3
`
`

`

`MdidM1•'.'i
`
`A _______ Tlm_'s_ttonw __ Paee-=-----------~=''"1
`~I Matt. all
`Lb home page
`,..
`1 Mall:. selection
`1 Lkik to marled L
`lkik IO New
`I
`I Unlink
`lkik to ftle ...
`t
`I Help
`p
`
`z
`
`Info
`Na\llgall
`Ooc11111ent
`Find
`Edit
`links
`Slyt•
`P11nt ..
`p
`layolL
`Windows
`5efVlces
`Hide
`Qurt
`
`:I
`
`Experiments
`
`www Sypggn ror Exoe11men1s
`
`LEP e><ptr•tnl
`
`l'iolhropoloqy
`
`Archaeo10gy
`
`Allan S!uc!iu
`
`About the Laboratory:
`
`•
`"' ·-r-:---~========;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;i;;;;;;;
`
`to be sufliciently simple so as LO be
`easily produced by both people a nd
`programs, but also to adhere to the
`SGML standard
`in
`that a valid
`HT ML document,
`if atlached
`to
`SGM L declarations
`including
`the
`HTML "DTD," may be parsed by an
`SGM I. parser. HTML is a ma1·kup
`lan g uage that does not have to be
`used with HTrP. It can be used in
`hypertext em ail (it is proposed as a
`format for MIME), news, and any(cid:173)
`where basic h ypert ext is needed. It
`includes si mple structure elements,
`such as several levels of headings, bul(cid:173)
`leted lists, menus and compact lists,
`all of which are usefi.tl when presem(cid:173)
`ing choices, and in on-lin e docu(cid:173)
`ment s.
`Under developmen t is a much en(cid:173)
`r iched version of HTML known has
`HTML + . This includes features for
`more sophisticated o n-line documen(cid:173)
`tation , form templa tes for the entry of
`data by users, tables and mathemati(cid:173)
`cal formulae. Currently many brows-
`
`Figure 1. Using the world-Wide Web. Shown here is the authors' pro(cid:173)
`totype world-Wide Web application for Nextstep machines. The appli(cid:173)
`cation initially displays the user's " home" page (topl of personal
`notes and links <top>. Clicking on underlined text takes the reader to
`new documents. In this case. the user visited the Virtual Library, and.
`in the high energy physics department. found a link to CERN. Linked
`to CERN was the " Atlas" collaboration's web including an engineer(cid:173)
`ing drawing <backgroundl. To save having to follow the sanie path
`again, the link menu <shown> allows a new link to be made. for exam pie
`from text typed into the hom e page, directly to the Atlas inform a ti on .
`
`ers support a subset of the HTM L +
`fealU1·es
`in add ition
`the core
`to
`HTML set.
`HTML is d e fined to be a lang uage
`of communication , which actuall y
`flows m·c r th e net woi·k. There is no
`require ment th at files are storecl in
`HTMi.. Servers may store files in
`oth er fo rmats, or in variations on
`HTM I. that include extra infonna(cid:173)
`tion of local interest on ly, and th en
`gene rate HTJ'vlL on the fl y with each
`request.
`
`W3 and Other Systems
`(from
`Two other systems, v\IA IS
`Thinking Machines Corporation and
`now \VAIS, Inc. ) and Gopher (from
`the C niversity of Minnesota ), share
`W3's clie nt-server architecture and a
`certain amount o f i1s functionality.
`Table I indica1es some o f the d ifle r(cid:173)
`ences.
`The WAIS protocol is influenced
`largely by the z'.3 9.50 protocol de(cid:173)
`signed for networkin g lib ra1·y cata(cid:173)
`logs. It allows a text-based search,
`
`COMMUNICATIONS OP: TH• ACM Au~usl i991l /V(>I.:~ i . ,\Ju.H 79
`
`Google Exhibit 1016
`Page 4
`
`

`

`Table 1. A comparison of three popular network information projects.
`Reg istered server figures taken April 27, 1993 and April 15, 1994. WAIS: from Thinking Machines Corporation
`directory, number of distinct hosts. Gopher: from "All the Gophers in the world" register at the University
`of Minnesota. W3: from Geographical registry at CERN. In all cases many more servers exist which are not
`directly registered, so these are a very rough guide with no indication of quantity or quality of
`information at each host.
`
`Original target
`application
`
`Typical objects
`Text
`Menus. Graphics
`H ypertext
`
`Search functions
`Texc search
`Relevance feedback
`Refere nce co other
`serve rs
`
`Registered servers
`April 1993
`April 1994
`
`WAIS
`
`Gopher
`
`Texc -bascd
`informacion
`r ecrieval
`
`Campus-wide
`informacion
`(C\V IS)
`
`World-Wide
`Web
`
`Collaborat ive
`work
`
`YES
`NO
`NO
`
`YES
`YES
`'.\10
`
`11 3
`137
`
`YES
`YES
`NO
`
`YES
`'.\10
`YES
`
`455
`1410
`
`YES
`YES
`YES
`
`YES
`NO
`YES
`
`62
`829
`
`and retri eval foll owing a search. In(cid:173)
`d exes to be searched are fo und by
`sean:hin g in a maste r index. This
`two-stage search has bee n de mo n(cid:173)
`strated to be sufficiently power fu l to
`co ver
`the cu r rent worl d of WA LS
`d ata. There arc no navigatio nal tools
`to allow the reader to be shown th e
`availab le
`resou rces, howeve1-,
`or
`guided th rough the data: th e read er
`is " parachuted in " to a hopefully rele(cid:173)
`vant. spot in the in formation world,
`bnt lcfi. without context.
`Gophe r p rovides a free text search
`mech anism , but principall y uses
`menus. A men u is a list o f titles, from
`wh ich th e use1· ma y pick o ne. While
`gopher space is in fact a web com ain(cid:173)
`ing man y loops, the me nu syste m
`gives the user the imp ressio n of a
`tree. The Vero ni ca serve r provides a
`maste r index for gophc1· space.
`The W3 data mod el is similar to
`the go p he r model, except that me nus
`are ge ne1·alized to h ypen ext docu(cid:173)
`ments. In both cases, simple file sen ·(cid:173)
`e rs ge nerate the menus or hypertext
`d irectly from th e file structure of a
`server. The W3 h ype rtext model
`gives th e p rogram more power to
`commu n icate the options available to
`the reader, as it can incl ud e headings
`and various fo rms of list structure, for
`example, within th e hypert ext.
`
`All th ree sys1ems a llow for the pro(cid:173)
`visio n o f g raphi cs, SOllnd and l'ideo,
`alt hough beca use the WA IS system
`only has access by text sea rch, text has
`to be associated with grap hics files to
`a lloll' the m to be fou nd .
`W3 clients provide access to sen'e1·s
`of all types, as a single simple inter(cid:173)
`face to th e who le Web is conside red
`very
`importan t. Cnknow n
`the
`to
`user, several p rotocols are in use be(cid:173)
`hind the scenes. A corn111o n code li(cid:173)
`b rary "libwww"' put into the public
`d o main b y C t::R >J has promoted this
`uni fo nni1 y. Whereas o ne wo uld not
`wish to see g reate r prolife rati on of
`protocols, th e ex iste nce o f more I han
`o ne protocol p robably allows for th e
`most
`rap id progr ess du ring
`this
`p hase in the d evelopment of th e field.
`It also allows a certain limited confi(cid:173)
`den ce that , if a n a rchitecture can en(cid:173)
`compass old er syste ms and allow
`u·ansition to cune n t syste ms, it wi ll,
`by induction , be able to provide a
`tra nsition to newer a nd bette r ideas
`as they are in vented.
`
`Recent W3 Developments
`This ar1icle, like others in this issue,
`was d e rived from material written in
`April 1993 for the IN t::T'93 confe r·
`e nce. Crowth o r the Web since that
`time has bee n so g reat 1 hat th is sec-
`
`tion has been completel y rewri tten.
`T he re a rc now 829 (Ma y: 1,248)
`rather than 62 registered HTIP serv(cid:173)
`ers, a nd man y more clien t p1·ogra rns
`avai la ble as the n.
`The initia l p rototype W3 client was
`a "wysiwyg'" h ypertext browser/ed ito r
`using NeXTStep. \Ve d evelo ped a
`line mod e b rowser, and were encou r(cid:173)
`aging the developm ents of a good
`browser fo r X workstal io ns. One yea r
`ago, '.\ICSA's Mosaic W3 browser was
`in wide use on X workstations. I ts
`easy installatio n and use was a major
`reason fo1· th e sp read of th e Web.
`T od ay th ere arc many browse1·s avail(cid:173)
`able for workstations, Macin tosh and
`I BM/ PC compatible machines, and
`fo1· users \\'ith characte r-based tcnni(cid:173)
`na ls. Of 1he latter catego r y, " Lynx"
`fro m the University o f Ka nsas pro(cid:173)
`vides full-screen access to th e Web for
`users with character terminals or
`emulators runni ng o n personal com (cid:173)
`puters. Since new soft.ware is ap pear (cid:173)
`ing frequentl y, reade rs are ad vised to
`check the lists o n the Web for 1 hose
`most su ited to the ir need s.
`The availabi lity of browse rs and
`the availability of qu ality informatio n
`have provoked each othe r. One avail(cid:173)
`able indicator of g rowth has bee n
`Meri t lnc. 's cou n t of the traffic of va r(cid:173)
`io us difkTe nt p rotocols across the
`
`80 / \U\{USt 1994- / \'o l 'iJ, '.\!11.8 COMMUNICATIONSO•TM•ACM
`
`Google Exhibit 1016
`Page 5
`
`

`

`NS F T:; backbo ne in th e U.S. (see
`Fig ure :1).
`An indi ca tor or the up ta ke ra te of
`clie nts is th e load o n th e i11ji1.1rm .d1.
`w :; se n ·er at C ER N , ,,·hid1 p ro,·ides
`information abo ut
`th e Web
`itself,
`which m o re than d o ubled e\-cry 4
`mon ths on'.r th e three years betwee n
`April 199 1 a nd Ap ril 1994.
`In for mat ion prm·ide rs ha,·e a lso
`blosso m ed . Som e of these p1·ovide
`simple on·n ·ie,,·s of what is a\·a ilable
`at particular insti tu tes 01· in particular
`licld s. Ot her, llS l' th e power o f the
`\V'.I m odel to pro,·ide a \' irtual world
`or g rea t richn ess. Examples of se r \'e rs
`that u~e hype rtext in inte restin g- \\"it)'S
`a re th e RAL-Durham Particle Data(cid:173)
`base. and the Legal In format io n ln (cid:173)
`stitute's h ype rt ex ts o r Se\·eraJ g reat
`tomes o r Anwrica n
`law.
`Fi·a n1
`Hoese(\ h nwrtext ,·e rsio n of the Va t(cid:173)
`ica n·s Re naissance C ulture ex h ib it at
`the Library of Co ng ress set an exa m (cid:173)
`ple th a t was lcillowed by ma n) co llec(cid:173)
`tio ns or art. hi~t ory and o th e r fields.
`The l'alo :\Ito town ha ll n1n s a se r\'er
`,,·ith e\·e r~·th ing fro m building regn (cid:173)
`lati ons to restaurants. As a n e xa mple
`of th e increasin g 11se o f the Web !cir
`co m111e 1Te. a use r-frie ndl y
`\'inua l
`clo thin g store prompts fo r o ne's size.
`a nd poin ts to a \' irtua l store con tai n(cid:173)
`ing o nl y those clothes that a re rhe
`ri g ht size a nd a lso in stoc k.
`
`The Future
`The \\'::I initia ti \'e occ upies th e m eet(cid:173)
`ing point of m a n y lield s of te drno l(cid:173)
`ogy. Users put pressure a nd clfort
`into bringing about the adoption o f
`\'\I;) in nn,· a reas . Apart from be in g a
`place of comm unicatio n a nd lea rn(cid:173)
`ing , a nd a new m a rke t pla<.:e, th e We b
`is a show g round fur ne\\' d evelop(cid:173)
`in
`in for ma tio n
`techn ology.
`me nts
`Som e o f the dt:\'clop m e n ts th at we
`look IOnn trd to in the ne xt few years
`include
`
`• T ht: i Ill plt·111e 111;11 ion o f a na me ser(cid:173)
`vice that will a llow docume nts to bt:
`referenced by na m e, independen t of
`th eir local ion :
`• H ypc rt t:xt t:d itors a llowing nonex(cid:173)
`pert users to m a ke h ype rtex t links to
`01·gan i1.e p ublished in forma tio n. This
`the goal o r comp n ter(cid:173)
`will bring
`suppon e d co llaboration close r , with
`fro n t-e nd update, a nd a nno tatio n ;
`• More sop histicated doc um e nt type
`c.lefi n iLio ns p rm ·id ing lc>r the need s o f
`
`Terminal
`emulator
`
`PC or
`Macintosh
`
`Unix
`X11
`
`NextStep
`
`Figure 2. The World-Wide Web client-server architecture. For pub(cid:173)
`lished information to be universally available. W3 relies on a common
`addressing syntax . a set of common protocols. and negotiation of
`data formats.
`
`10 Terabytes
`
`1 Terabyte
`
`100 Gigabytes
`
`1 O Gigabytes
`
`1 Gigabyte
`
`100 Megabytes
`
`1 O Megabytes ..._...__.___._...._....___.____...__.....__.____._...__._ ....... __._...__.
`9211
`9301 9303 9305 9307 9309 9311 9401 9403
`
`Figure J . Traffic in bytes per month across the NSF T3 backbone in
`the U.S. File Transfer Protocol <FTPl was traditionally used to access
`archives of software. FTP uses separate connections for control and
`data flow. WAIS arose as an interface to text retrieval systems, Gopher
`protocol with menu-style interfaces. and W3' s HTIP with hypertext
`and multimedia. W3 clients handle many protocols to access all these
`worlds of data as a seamless continuum . but new W3 servers use HTIP
`by pref erence. Each vertical division represents a tenfold increase in
`traffic. The horizontal divisions are months. Data: Merit < ftp: // ftp.
`merit.edu/ stat istics/ n sfnet >
`
`Google Exhibit 1016
`Page 6
`
`

`

`Glosso17 ond Furn.er Reading
`FTP: Fiie Transfer Protocol. Postel, J. and Reynolds, J. Fiie Transfer Protocol.
`lntemet RFC 959, October 1985. < fl.p://ds.lntemlc.net/ rfc/ rfc969 .txt>
`COpher: The lntemet Copher. Anklesarla, F. et. al. The Internet Copher Protocol.
`Internet RFC 1456, March 1993. < fl.p://ds.lntemlc.net/ rfo/ rfcl436.txt>
`HTML: Hypertext Markup Language. Bemers· Lee. T., and Connolly, o . Hypertext
`Markup Language Protocol. <fl.p ://lnfo.oern.ch/ pub/ www/ doc/ html-spec.ps,
`.txt>
`HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol. eemers-Lee. T. Hypertext Transfer Protocol.
`< fl.p: / /lnfo.oern.ch/ pub /www I doc/ http-spec. ps, . txt>
`MIME: Multlpurpose Internet Mall Extensions. Borenstein , N .. and Freed, N.
`MIME CMultlpurpose lntemet Mall Extensions!: Mechanisms tor Specifying and
`Describing the Format Of lntemet Message Bodies. Internet RFC 1341, June
`1992.
`NNTP: Network News Transfer Protocol. Kantor. e_ and Lapsley, P. A proposed
`standard fOr the transm ission Of news. Internet RFC 977, 1986.
`URI: Universal Resource Identifier. Berners·Lee. T. universal Resource Identifiers
`tor the world-Wide web. Submitted as an lntemet RFC as yet unnumbered. see
`< http://lnfo.cern.ch/hypertext/ WWW I Addressing/ Addressing.html> fOr point·
`ers to lnfOrmatlon on t h is area.
`WAIS: Wide Area lnfOrmatlon Servers. see Addyman, T. WAIS: Strengths. weak·
`nesses and Opportunities. In Proceedings Of lnfOrmatlon Networking 93 «Lon(cid:173)
`don. May 19931, Meckler. London.
`W3: Berners-Lee. TJ., Callllau. R., Croff. J· F. Pollermann. e. world-Wide web: The
`lnfOrmatlon universe. Electronic Networking: Research. Appl/cations and Polley,
`«Spring 19921, 52-58. See also documents In < fl.p://lnfo.cern.oh/ pub/ www/doc>
`and lnfOrmatlon referenced by < h tt p://lnfo.oern.ch/ hypertext/ WWW /
`ThePrQJect.html>
`
`comme rc ial pu blish e rs of' o n -line
`m a te ria l;
`• T h e d evelo pm e m of a comm o n for(cid:173)
`m at fo r h yµe n ex t links fro m t\1·0- a nd
`1hree-dim e n sio na l
`images
`g1v111g
`m o re exciting int e r face p ossib ilities;
`• lnt egra1io n
`\\'ith concu nen t ed i(cid:173)
`tors a n d o the r 1·ea l-tim e
`fea wres
`s u ch as telecon lC::re ncin g a n d virt u a l
`rea li 1r;
`lo\1·-en d
`fo1·
`· e r vers
`• Easy-Lo- u se
`to ease pu b licatio n of
`m achi ne
`in fo rm atio n b y
`·mal l gro ups and
`indi viduals;
`• Evolutio n o f objects from b eing
`prin cipa lly huma n - re adable docu(cid:173)
`m e nts
`to contain m o re mac hine(cid:173)
`o ri e nted seman t ic infonn a tion , a ll o w(cid:173)
`in g m o re ·o phisticated processing;
`th e I nte rn e t fo r
`• Con ve n tio n s 0 11
`c harg ing a nd co mme rcial u se to allow
`d irect access to fo r-p ro!it se n ·ices.
`
`Conclusion
`It is inte nde d that a lle 1· 1·eading t his
`art icle rou will h ave a n idea o f wh a t
`\\'3 is , wh e re it lits in with oth e r sys(cid:173)
`it is
`te m s in t he field . a nd wh e re
`going. T h e re
`is much m o re to be
`esp ec iall )'
`sa id,
`a bo ut
`p rovidi n g
`informatio n , but 1hi s
`is desc ribed
`
`o n th e We b itself. Also in the " We b
`abo ut the 'Neb" a re lists o f co ntrib (cid:173)
`ut ed research a n d d evelop menL work
`a nd ideas, a nd point ers to work in
`progress. so th a t t h o e int e rested ca n
`wm·k togeth er.
`T h e Web does n o t yet m eet its d e (cid:173)
`sig n goa l as be ing a p ool o f knO\d (cid:173)
`edge rha t is as eas)' to upda te as to
`1·ead. Th a t
`le\'cl of' immed iac\' of
`kn owledge s h a ring wa its for eas;·-to(cid:173)
`u se h ypertext ed itors to b e ge n e ra ll y
`a n 1ilable o n m ost pl atfo rms . Most in(cid:173)
`forma tion h as in fact p assed through
`publ ish e rs o r syste m manage rs of o ne
`sorr o r a no r h e r. H o weve r, th e incred(cid:173)
`ible d ive rsit y o f' in fo rmat io n avai lable
`g ives g rea t credi t to the o·eati vity a nd
`in ge nuit y of in fo rm at io n p rovide 1·s,
`a nd p o in ts to a ve r y excitin g future.
`13
`
`Appendix.
`Getting Started
`If you have a vt 100 terminal, you can try
`out a full·screen Interface by t elnet to
`ukanalx.cc.ukans.edu and logging in as
`w ww. With any terminal, you can telnet to
`info.tern.ch for the simplest Interface.
`These browsers are also available In source
`and In some cases binary form. Details of
`status and coordinates of about 20 differ-
`
`82 A11~11~1 19C) l / V11l. 'Ji . N11.8 COMMUNlCATlONS o• TN• ACM
`
`ent brow sers are available on the Web(cid:173)
`j ust follow a link to world·Wlde Web, and
`select " software available."
`The kernel W3 code <a common cod e Ii·
`brarv. and basic server and clients! from
`CERN is In the public domain. !All protocols
`and specificat ions are public domain .I It is
`from in(cid:173)
`available by anonymous FTP
`fo.tern.ch
`NCSA's " Mosaic" browser for W3 Is avail·
`able for X, Mac or PC/Windows by anony·
`mous FTP f rom ftp.ncsa.uluc.edu. cur(cid:173)
`r ently wit hout charge for academic users.
`
`About the Authors:
`the
`T IM BERNERS-LEE o rig inaterl
`Worlcl-\\'ide \Veb in 1990 to enable the
`sha1·ing of knowledi.:e by complex d is1rib(cid:173)
`uted 1eams. A1 CERN he coordinates \\'3
`developmenl b)' collahora1ing wit h inst i(cid:173)
`lutes around the world. Current 1·esearch
`interests include 1ext processing. graphics.
`co mmu n ications sofiware. and S)'Stem de(cid:173)
`sign. email: timbl@ info.cern.ch
`ROBERT CAILLIAU coordiuates 1he use
`of \\'3 b )' CE RC\ experiments and 01her
`p hysics institutes. He is a long-time user of
`H r perCa rd . and has been wor kiug o n \\':1
`since 1991 , contributing man)' ideas. and
`some software fo r the Macintosh. email:
`caill iau<f!, www .cern .rh
`ARI LUOTONEN is a member ofC ER:\ 's
`tech nical s1 uden1 p rogram in con junctio n
`with h is studies at Ta mpere U11iversi1y of
`Technology, Finland. Current research
`imerests
`include developi ng C ER N's
`"h11 pd'' H l~fP server for Un ix and VMS
`sptems. email: lu ot o 11en ~1 ww\\'.Cern.ch
`HENRIK FRYSTYK NI ELSEN, of Aal(cid:173)
`borg L1nivnsil)', Denma1·k. is also a CE K1
`technical studenJ. He is working on the
`kernel code. wit h re ·ea1·ch
`interesh in
`en hanced networking protocols. email:
`frystrk@info.cern.ch
`ART H U R SECRET wrote the first gate(cid:173)
`way g i\'ing W3 access to a relatio nal data(cid:173)
`base in 1992. \\•hile stud )'ing Compu ter
`Science at Ecole ln1ernationale des Sci(cid:173)
`ences d11 Trai1ement de l'ln fonna 1ion in
`Paris, France, as a CERN technical stu (cid:173)
`dent. Among oilier 1asks in 1he C ER N W3
`team, he c111-ren1 ly organizes the catalog(cid:173)
`ing o f new W3 111a1erial in 1he "virtual Ii (cid:173)
`brat°)'. .. email: secret@ info .cern.ch
`
`Au thors' Present Address: CE Ri , 1211
`Geneva 2:3, Switzerland.
`
`Pcrmi s~ion 10 copr "it lm111 fee.: a ll or pan of d1i~
`material i"i gra111t·d pro\'icled 1ha1 1hc u> pic.:·~ an~
`1101 made o r d i,1rihu1t