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`PUBLISHED BY
`' Microsoft Press
`' A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`‘
`'_ VRed_ nd, Washington 98052-639
`" Copyright ©"1991 by Microsoft Press, a division ofMicrosoft Corporation.
`All 1g’hts reserved. No part of the contents of this book may
`,' be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without
`' the written permission of the publisher.
`ary of ‘Congress Cataloging-in-Pub]ication Data
`osoft Press computer dictionary : the comprehensive standard for
`.:b'usiness‘V, school, library, and home.
`"
`.
`_. p.-V cm._
`ISBN 1—55615—231-0
`1.‘ Computers—-Dictionaries.
`_ 1. ‘Microsoft Press.
`QA76.15.M54
`1991
`
`2. Microcomputers--Dictionaries.
`
`J
`
`.0O4.16'03——dc2Q
`_
`
`_
`
`.
`
`91-9904
`. CIP
`
`"Printed and bound in the United States of America.
`l123456789 MLML 654321
`Distributed to the book trade in Canada by Macmillan of Canada, a division
`of Canada Publishing Corporation.
`in _Distributed to the book trade outside the United States and Canada by
`' Penguin Books Ltd.
`
`2
`
`Penguin'Books Ltd., Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England
`, _1jenguin Books Australia Ltd., Ringwood, Victoria, Australia
`~' "Penguin Books N.Z. Ltd., 182-190 Wairau Road, Auckland 10, New Zealand
`3 ‘British Cataloging-in—Publication Data available.
`
`‘__Acquisitions Editor: Marjorie Schlaikjer
`Project Editor: Mary AnnJones
`T_eclinica1’Editors: David Rygrnyr, Jeff Hinsch, Mary DeJong, Dail Magee, Jr.
`V nuscfipt Editor: Pamela Beason
`Copy Editor: Alice Copp Smith
`
`Page ii
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`Page ii
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`

`
`iite disp1aY
`
`composite key
`
`
`
` computer art
`
`
`
`
`
`Composite color monitors are less readable than
`either monochrome monitors or the RGB color
`monitors that use separate signals (and wires) for
`the red, green, and blue components of the image.
`See also NTSC.
`
`composite key A key whose definition consists of
`two or more fields in a file, columns in a table, or
`attributes in a relation.
`
`{composite video display ‘A display that receives
`all encoded video information (including color,
`horizontal synchronization, and vertical synchroni-
`zation) in one signal. A composite video signal
`nder NTSC (National Television System Commit-
`ee) standards is generally required for television
`ets and video tape recorders. Compare RGB
`'onitor.
`~
`
`
`pression See data compression.
`pressor A device that limits some aspect, such
`volume, of a transmitted signal in order to in-
`
`less than the
`minus 1.
`the decimal
`
`nary as two’s
`1 to represent
`True comple-
`)ed for radix-
`added to the
`ubtracting the
`r of the base.
`
`1ine’s comp1€~
`>lement, tWO’S
`
`miconductor
`
`)lean logic, an
`ite result from
`d on the same
`A (its cornple—'
`ébra.
`determine that
`sent. Compare
`
`computers are volatile: The high-end microcom-
`puters of today, for example, are as powerful as the
`minicomputers of only a few years ago.
`Generation: First-generation computers of his-
`toric significance, such as UNIVAC, introduced in
`the early 1950s, were based on vacuum tubes. Sec-
`ond-generation computers, appearing in the early
`1960s, were those in which transistors replaced
`vacuum tubes. Third-generation computers, dating
`from the 1960s, were those in which integrated cir-
`cuits replaced transistors. Fourth-generation com-
`puters, appearing in the mid-19705, are those such
`as microcomputers, in which large-scale integra-
`tion (LSI) enabled thousands of circuits to be incor-
`
`porated on one chip. Fifth-generation computers
`are expected to combine very—large-scale integra-
`tion (VLSI) with sophisticated approaches to com-
`puting,
`including artificial
`intelligence and true
`distributed processing.
`Mode of processing: Computers are either
`analog or digital. Analog computers, generally used
`in scientific pursuits, represent values by con-
`tinuously variable signals that can have any of an
`infinite number of values within a limited range at
`any particular time. Digital computers,
`the type
`most people think of as computers, represent
`values by discrete signals——the bits representing
`the binary digits 0 and 1. See also analog, digital,
`integrated circuit,
`large-scale integration, very-
`large-scale integration.
`computer-aided design See CAD.
`computer-aided design/computer-aided manu-
`facturing See CAD/CAM.
`computer-aided engineering See CAE.
`computer-aided instruction See CAI.
`computer-aided manufacturing‘ See CAM.
`computer-aided testing See CAT.
`Computer and Business Equipment Manufac-
`turers Association See CBEMA.
`
`computer art A broad term that can refer either to
`art created on a computer or to art generated by a
`computer, the difference being whether the artist is
`human or electronic. When created by human
`beings, computer art is done with painting pro-
`grams that offer a range of line-drawing tools,
`brushes, shapes, patterns, and colors. Some pro-
`
`
`
`uting Abbrevi-
`phrase describ—.
`: instructions at
`nstructions can
`
`omplicated an
`:h elements a"
`exity usually re
`rte each instru
`>4 U)(DF!‘ noB'0C*3no
`
`ay, characteris I
`computer rnonf
`an image from
`NTSC signal)-
`on one wire-—
`ed to form arlvi
`aulses needed
`11 scanning as
`. forth" acros
`
`fed on the scr
`
`‘putation-bound Also called CPU-bound. An
`ective describing a situation in which the per-
`ance of a computer is limited by the number of
`metic operations the microprocessor must
`orm. When a system is computation-bound,
`croprocessor is overloaded with calculations.
`ute Strictly,
`to perform calculations; more
`y,'in terms of microcomputers, to use a com-
`or cause it to do work.
`
`uter Any machine that does three things: ac-
`structured input, processes it according to
`d rules, and produces the results as out-
`mputers exist in a remarkable range of sizes,
`bilities, and applications. They can be
`J
`zed in different ways—among them class
`n, and mode of processing.
`Computers can be classified as supercom-
`ainframes,
`superminicomputers, mini-
`ers, workstations, or microcomputers. All
`gs (such as the age of the machine) being
`,
`'a categorization provides some indica-
`he co1nputer’s speed, size, cost, and-
`important to keep in mind that all
`garding the performance and abilities of
`
`
`
`Page 75
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`

`
`
`
`knowledge of such topics as electronics and assem-
`bly language.
`computer-managed instruction See CM1.
`computer network See network.
`computer-output microfilm See COM.
`computer power The ability of a computer to per-
`form work. If defined as the number of instructions
`the machine can carry out in a given time, com-
`puter power is measured in millions of instructions
`per second (MIPS) or millions of floating-point
`operations per second (MFLOPS). Power is mea-
`sured in other ways too, depending on the needs or
`objectives of the person evaluating the machine.
`By users or purchasers of computers, power is
`often considered in terms of the machine’s amount
`of random access memory,-the speed at which the
`processor works, or the number of bits (8, 16, 52,
`and so on) handled by the computer at one time.
`Other factors enter into such an evaluation, how-
`ever; two of the most important are how well the
`components of the computer work together and
`how well they are matched to the tasks required of
`them. Because a computer is, effectively, the sum of
`its parts, it is in some ways only as “powerful” as
`the slowest or least effective of its components-—
`including the user. For example, no matter how fast
`or powerful the computer, its speed will be ham-
`pered during operations involving the hard disk if
`the hard disk is slow (for example, with an access
`time of 65 milliseconds or higher). See also access
`time, benchmark, MFLOPS, MIPS.
`er literacy Knowledge and an understand-
`computer program A set of instructions in some
`computers combined with the ability to use
`computer language, intended to be executed on a
`ffectively. Computers
`are
`sometimes
`computer to perform a useful task. The term usu-
`unjustifiably—to demand deep techni-
`ally implies a self-contained entity, as opposed to a
`ledge or proficiency in mathematics and
`routine or a library. Compare library, routine; see
`nics. In actuality, computers, like any other
`also computer language.
`__e, inspire different levels of expertise. On
`computer-readable A term describing informa-
`specialized level, computer literacy in-
`tion that can be interpreted and acted upon by a
`knowing how to turn on a computer, start
`computer. Two types of information are referred to
`mple application programs, and save
`as computer-readable. One type, comprising bar
`information. At higher levels, computer
`codes, magnetic tape, magnetic-ink characters, and
`ecomes more detailed,
`involving the
`so on, is information that can be scanned in some
`he “power users” to manipulate complex
`way and_ read as data by a computer. The other
`and, possibly, to program in languages
`type, machine code, is the form in which instruc-
`BA$IC._or C. At the highest levels, computer
`tions and data reach the computer’s microproces-
`nners with a
`
`
`er. The term covers a wide spectrum, from bi-
`oded machine
`language
`to
`high-level
`ages. See also assembly language, high-level
`giiage, machine code.
`
`and thus relie
`the design or.‘
`ardware. See.
`
`firesags:s=§',ZassBaa
`
`
`
`ics Metafile
`
`
`computer-readable
`
`computer-independent language
`
`
` .?'vif§l§::‘
`
`5‘-r
`
`are the same
`/1 models and
`nanufacturers
`
`grouping, the
`y, members of
`are not par-
`same operat-
`.).
`interactive en-
`
`ie gamut from
`.ers
`to chess,
`simulations of
`are controlled
`Di‘ other device
`zartridges, or as
`
`lisplay of “pic-
`zic and numeric
`The term C0171“
`ent methods of
`
`1g information.
`hics can refer to:
`1 diagrams (869
`-,
`it can refer to
`characters, and
`graphics mode).
`
`dard means of describing a graphic as a set of in-
`structions for re-creating it. A graphics metafile can
`be stored on disk or sent to an output device; CGM
`provides a common language for describing such
`files in relation to the GKS standard. See also
`
`Graphical Kernel System.
`computer-independent language A computer
`language designed to be independent of any given
`hardware platform. Most high-level languages’ are
`- intended to be computer-independent; actual im-
`plementations of the languages (in the form of
`«compilers and interpreters) tend to have some
`hardware-specific features and aspects. See also
`computer language.
`Qmputer-input microfilm See CIM.
`omputer instruction An instruction that a com-
`puter can recognize and act upon (see machine in-
`truction); also, the use of a computer in teaching
`“ea CAI).
`‘
`‘puter-integrated manufacturing See CIM.
`puter interface unit See interface.
`in uterized axial tomography See CAT.
`mputerized mail See electronic mail.
`puter language A_n artificial
`language that
`es instructions to be executed on a com-
`
`Page 77