throbber
C P -446»
`
`15-1
`
`LE CFM 56-5 SUR A320 A AIR FRANCE
`
`par
`P.Chétail
`AIR FRANCE
`DM-UW
`Direction du Matériel
`Air France Orly
`94396 Orly Aérogare, France
`
`HISTORIQUE
`
`Air France a été, des 1967, une des premieres Compagnies en Europe a mettre en
`oeuvre le suivi permanent au sol des parametres réacteur en croisiere.
`
`Ceux—ci, enregistrés a bord par les mécaniciens navigants sur des cahiers préfor
`mates (fig 1) sont ensuite transmis par télégramme,
`a la premiere escale touchéa
`A un ordinateur central situé pres de Paris, au centre Air France de Vilgénis,
`ofl elles sont traitées "en batch",
`la nuit, selon un programme fourni par
`les
`constructeurs moteur Pratt et Whitney, Rolls Royce ou General Electric. Les
`listings correspondants (fig 2, 3, 4) sont
`transmis le lendemain matin par na-
`vette automobile, aux centres de maintenance situés sur les aéroports de
`Charles de Gaulle et d'Orly.
`
`Au cours des 20 derniéres années, ce traitement journalier a fait la preuve de
`son efficacité et figure d'ailleurs nommément aux programmes de fiabilité
`déposés par la Compagnie Air France, aupres des Autorités de‘Tutelle Francaises.
`Des cahiers de signature dc panne existent qui regroupent
`la methods dc suivi
`des parametres et d'autres, telles que le SOAP, qui,
`toutes ensembles, partici-
`pent a la surveillance permanente des moteurs entretenus selon état (fig 5).
`
`LIMITATIONS RENCONTREES EN SERVICE
`
`Le recours aux mécaniciens navigants présente certains avantages. Ceux—ci exer-
`cent
`leur jugement fluent a la representativité des valeurs enregistrées, et
`d'ailleurs, depuis quelques années, ils suppléent, dans une certaine mesure, aux
`limitations inherentes A ce systems de surveillance a moyen et long terme. Ils
`precedent E bord, en temps réel, a certains calculs destinés a déceler les pan-
`nes brusques et notent un nombre réduit de valeurs au décollage, qui completent
`utilement ce traitement des données de croisiere, en permettant de surveiller au
`sol l'evolution de la marge résiduelle EGT a pleine puissance en ambiance
`"chaude".
`
`le 3.737, a entrainé
`En 1983, l'arrivee a Air France d'un avion piloté a deux,
`la remiss en question des conditions d'acquisition et de transmission des don-
`néea réacteurs. La solution de relevés manuels faits par l'officier pilote fut
`rejetée par principe, cette tache ne participant pas directement a la conduite
`du vol. L'acquisition des B.737 a Air France. en 1983, était alors supposée
`temporaire.
`I1 fut alors décidé de ne procéder qu'a des modifications mineures
`de l'avion de base (installations supplémentaires d'un capteur EGT par réacteurL
`et de profiter de l'insta1lation du QAR pour extraire en différé, au sol,
`les
`données réacteurs a partir des enregistrements magnétiques continua réalisés A
`bord sur cassette (fig 6).
`
`Tree rapidement, deux limitations apparurent
`
`-
`
`-
`
`le nombre de points extraits dut etre limits 3 un seul par jour et par avion
`(bien que le logiciel développé an sol ait eté capable d'en reconnaitre
`beaucoup plus),
`
`le retard A l'exp1oitation des résultats, fonction du délai de dépose et
`transmission des cassettes. était de l'ordre de 8 a 9 Jours, surtout dans le
`cas on ces cassettes devaient étre déposées dans des escales autres que
`celles de la région parisienne.
`
`Cependant, cette méthode permettait d'assurer un "traitement monitoring minimal"
`acceptable des réacteurs.
`
`BOEING
`EX. 1018
`
`BOEING
`Ex. 1018
`
`

`
`15-2
`
`3.
`
`DEFINITION ET MISE EN OEUVRE D'UNE NOUVELLE ETAPE
`
`Specification ETMT n° 2 et experience ATLAS A310.
`
`Des 1975, en étroite cooperation avec les autres membres du groupe ATLAS (1), et
`notamment avec la participation de Lufthansa, une spécification ATLAS était mise
`au point et adressée a Airbus Industrie, pour la mise en oeuvre de l'acquisition
`automatique des données sur avion A310,
`a 1'aide d'un calculateur de bord et
`d'une imprimsnte.
`
`Tandis qu's LH, ce systéme était generalisé sur tous leurs A310 et donnait lieu
`aux développements trés intéressants qui ont été présentés par ailleurs,
`la
`présence d'un troisiéme membre d‘équipage dans les avions A310 d'Air France
`permettait de continuer la méthode antérieure de relevés manuels. Toutefois,
`systems AIDS/imprimante était expérimenté a Air France de facon extensive sur
`le premier avion livré (F—GEMA).
`
`le
`
`Grace a la participation active des équipages Air France d'une part. et de SFIM
`(constructeur de l'AIDS) d'autre part, au bout d'un an d'exploitation. deux
`Conclusions essentielles purent étre dégagées :
`
`-
`
`-
`
`la logique de reconnaissance de l'état "moteur stabilise", basée sur la
`constance de la TAT une fois 1e mode "cruise" engage, devait étre changée
`an profit de la reconnaissance d'un N1 stabilise,
`
`l'acquisition pratique des données (A l‘aide d‘une imprimante de bord),
`lecture ultérieure au sol,
`leur transmission par telex au calculateur
`central de Vilgénis, meme
`limits A un seul avion se révéla trop lourde a
`mettre en oeuvre efficacement et rapidement par les services au sol, dont
`les moyens n'avaient pas été augmentés.
`
`leur
`
`En consequence, il apparut a 1‘évidence qu‘i1 était nécessaire d‘automatiser
`cette transmission en prenant avantage de 1‘expérience des compagnies améri-
`caines, DAL,AAL et PAA en particulier, qui transmettaient directement ces
`données au sol, par VHF selon un systeme dit ACARS.
`
`La Direction Générale d'Air France décidait alors d'équiper lee A320 (pilotés a
`deux des leur mise en service) (fig 7), d'un systems AIDS/ACARS destiné dans
`un premier temps, a acquérir et
`transmettre automatiquement
`les données reac-
`teurs au décollage et en croisiére,
`l'extension de ce mode de traitement a
`d'autres types de données (informations opérationnelles, météo, etc.) étant
`prévue dans une étape ultérieure (fig 8 et 9).
`
`H.
`
`DEFINITION DU SYSTEME A320
`
`3.1.
`
`Acquisition.
`
`facon simplifiée, on peut considérer le systéme A320 comme la superposition
`De
`au systems réglementaire traditionnel d'acquisition et de stockage de données
`sur un DFDR, d'un systems d'acquisition en paralléle de ces memes données et de
`transmission au sol par un systems du type ACARS (AIRCOM). Ce systems repose
`sur 1'existence d'un réseau sol de transmission par telex,
`le SITA. Ce réseau
`recouvre déja suffisamment bien, en 1988,
`l'ensemb1e des lignes exploitées par
`les A320 d'Air France pour devenir complet en 1990 (fig 10).
`
`3.2.
`
`Transmission.
`
`Les données transmises par AIRCOM sont recues automatiquement par la station
`sol SITA la plus proche,
`la reconnaissance et mise en transmission du message
`étant complétement eutomatique et pouvant étre effectuée des 1'émission du
`message qui. s‘il n'est pas transmis immédiatement, est stocké en mémoire abord.
`
`La station sol retransmet
`Hong—Kong.
`
`le message a l'ordinateur central AF de Vilgénis via
`
`NOTA
`
`: Au moment de l'établissement de ce rapport (février 1988) quelques diffi-
`cultés do realisation étaient apparues chez les équipementiers choisis
`
`
`
`:
`(1) ATLAS est un consortium formé par les cinq Compagnies
`Air France
`/ Lufthansa
`/
`Iberia
`/ Alitalia / Sabena
`
`BOHNG
`EX.1018
`————————————_——________________________________________________________________________________L___
`
`BOEING
`Ex. 1018
`
`

`
`15-3
`
`par Airbus Industrie, BENDIX pour les ACARS et NORD MICRO pour les AIDS.
`Air France a prévu de pallier a ces difficultés temporaires en recourant
`a une méthode du type B.737 décrite ci-dessus.
`
`fl.3.
`
`Traitement GEM (Ground based Engine Monitoring).
`
`les données sont traitees en temps reel suivant 1e programme GEM
`A Vilgenis,
`(version 10.0), et une surveillance automatique est programmes qui vise a recon-
`naitre, dés qu'e1les apparaissent,
`les anomalies de tendance.
`
`le systems de surveillance auto-
`Afin de limiter le nombre de fausses alertes,
`matique a été limité volontairement a Air France aux seuls paramétres EGT et VIE
`au moins dans un premier temps.
`
`Le listing habituel ADEPT émis journellement pour les autres types de réacteurs
`est remplacé par un listing GEM, etabli d'une facon systématique seulement une
`fois par semaine, mais celui-ci peut étre "appelé" automatiquement a partir des
`terminaux du service utilisateur, par une transaction particuliére, pour un
`matricule, un avion ou un réacteur donné (fig 11).
`
`4.4.
`
`Alerte automatique.
`
`L'algorithme de reconnaissance est le suivant
`
`Ixn
`
`=
`
`Ixn-1
`
`+
`
`()(_1
`
`er
`
`(Xn
`
`—
`
`IXn-1}
`
`Si
`
`Xn
`
`est 1'écart d'un parametre avec sa valeur de reference pour le relevé
`de rang n
`
`Ixn
`
`la valeur lissée de cet écart pour le rang n
`
`(X; 1
`
`un coefficient de lissage dit exponentiel compris entre 0 et
`
`1
`
`est supérieure ou égale a un seuil pré-de-
`Ixni
`—
`Ixn
`Lorsque la difference
`termine, un message est émis automatiquement par le calculateur central de
`Vilgénis et apparait sur les écrans du service contréle de la base principale
`de maintenance DM.QN de l'aéroport Charles de Gaulle (fig 12).
`
`Le service peut alors demander des informations supplémentaires a l'ordinateur
`et
`le listing GEM, en particulier.
`
`a la date d'émission de ce rapport.
`Les réacteurs CFM 56-5 n'avaient pas encore,
`donné d'alerte réelle, c'est pourquoi
`le programme a été applique retrospecti-
`vement aux données brutes réelles CF6—5OC et E correspondent a des incidents
`réels, enregistrés a Air France au cours de l'année 1987 (fig 13 et 14).
`
`I1 convient de noter que ce systéme de reconnaissance de tendance, base sur les
`deviations brusques du réacteur par rapport a lui-meme,
`recoupe en general celui
`qui est installé sur le calculateur de bord et qui, pour 1'EGT seulement, décele
`ses variations brusques d'un réacteur par rapport 9 son (ou ses) homologues,
`fonctionnant sur le meme avion et dans lc meme environnement. Mais,
`tandis que
`la surveillance installée ne s'adresse qu'au parametre principal d'état qu'est
`l'EGT,
`la surveillance au sol peut plus facilement étre programmée pour surveil-
`ler également d'autres paramétres, avec des algorithmes analogues ou meme dif-
`férents. Ces méthodes sont complémentaires et ne se superposent que pour l'EGT.
`
`4.5.
`
`Surveillance de l'état des modules.
`
`Depuis plus de 10 ans, Air France évalue les performances modulaires de ses
`réacteurs CF6—50 et -80, an banc d'essai, ou une instrumentation spéciale est
`installée a cet effet. Sur CFM 56-5, cette installation existe (fig 15) en
`permanence, et ses informations sont recueillies sur AIDS et
`transmises par
`AIRCOM en meme temps que les informations relatives aux paramétres usuels.
`
`Ainsi que 1'ont démontré sur le CF6—80A3, LH et KL, Air France a 1'intention
`d'uti1iser cette information pour optimiser la definition des travaux a effec-
`tuer sur un réacteur descendu, soit pour une cause mécanique, soit pour limite
`
`BOEING
`EX. 1018
`
`BOEING
`Ex. 1018
`
`

`
`15-4
`
`thermique potentiellement atteinte (methods OATL). Apres entrée en atelier,
`1'état physique des composants du réacteur est rapproché des éléments de rende-
`ment et/ou de capacité de debit determines par le traitement GEM/TEMPER, et
`le
`worskcope est affine en consequence.
`
`Ainsi est bouclé le traitement des données réacteurs.
`
`En conclusion, il convient de souligner que le traitement des parametres reac-
`teurs sur A320, n'est qu'une des méthodes de surveillance de l'état des CFM 565.
`Elle est complétée par deux types de surveillance permanente,
`l'un de l'état
`des pieces mécaniques par observation visuelle. borescopique ou gammagraphique,
`et l'autre de l'état d'usure/fatigue des pieces lubrifiées par 1'huile par bou-
`chon magnetique et spectrographie d'échanti11on d'hui1e. C'est de 1'harmonisation
`de ces méthodes et de la mise en oeuvre de leur complémentarité que depend
`l'amé1ioration de la Fiabilité du propulseur.
`
`la philosophic d'entretien des reacteurs n'est pas dif-
`A Air France,
`Sur A320,
`férente de celle de tous les autres propulseurs, du DART A 1'01ympus en incluant
`tous les réacteurs PWA et GE, mais l'insta11ation AIDS + AIRCOM contribue E
`rendre beaucoup plus efficace que par le passe,
`la surveillance de 1'intégrité
`du passage des gaz.
`
`Le but recherche par 1'emp1oi de ces techniques d'entretien peut d'ail1eurs se
`résumer d'une fagon lapidaire
`
`"MONITORER POUR MIEUX ANTICIPER"
`
`BOEING
`EX. 1018
`————————————————————————————————————————_______________________________________________________L___
`
`BOEING
`Ex. 1018
`
`

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`EX.1018
`____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________J______
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`BOEING
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`

`
`- CERTIFICATE OF ACCURACY
`
`1, Marc de Piolenc, am competent to translate from French to English. I
`
`do hereby declare that the following are to the best of my knowledge and
`
`belief, a true and accurate translation of the document Chetail, Le CFM
`
`45-5 sur A320 a Air France translated from French into English.
`
`A copy of the final translation is attached.
`
`I so declare under penalty of perjury under the laws of the United States
`
`on this 4*“ day of May, 2015.
`
`W 1
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` .v‘_
`
`Marc de Piolenc
`
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`Ex. 1018
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`

`
`[handwritten:] CP-448
`
`LE CFM 56-5 ON A320 A AIR FRANCE
`
`by
`P. Chetail
`AIR FRANCE
`DM-UW
`Equipment Department
`Air France Orly
`94396 Orly Aerogare, France
`
`15-1
`
`CHRONOLOGY
`
`Air France has, since 1967, been one of Europe’s premier companies in the field of permanent ground-based
`monitoring of jet-engine cruising data.
`
`Data is recorded on board by flight engineers into preformatted notebooks (figure 1), which are then transmitted by
`telegram from the first stopover, to a centralized computer located at Air France’s Vilgenis Centre, near Paris, where
`data is processed “in batches,” at night, by software provided by engine manufacturers Pratt and Whitney, Rolls Royce
`or General Electric. The following listings (figures 2, 3, 4) are sent the following morning by motor vehicle shuttle to
`maintenance facilities located near the Charles de Gaulle and Orly airports.
`
`For the past twenty years, the effectiveness of this daily process has been proven over and over again and moreover
`features as a dependability program submitted by Air France to the French Supervisory Authorities. Failure Signature
`Registers exist which regroup tracking methodology, parameters and others data, such as SOAP, which, together
`contribute to the permanent monitoring of engine maintenance in accordance with operating conditions (figure 5).
`
`LIMITATIONS ENCOUNTERED IN OPERATION
`
`Recourse to flight engineers has certain advantages. They exercise judgment as to the representativeness of recorded
`values, and moreover, for several years now, they have compensated, in a certain manner, for inherent limitations in
`this monitoring system in the medium and long term. On board, they process certain calculations in real time to detect
`any sudden failures and record a reduced number of take-off values which complements the processing of cruising data
`in a useful manner, by allowing for ground-monitoring of developments to the EGT residual margin at full power at
`“high temperatures.”
`
`Upon the arrival of the dual-piloted B.737 to the Air France fleet in 1983, purchasing conditions and transmission of
`jet-engine data were once again reexamined. The solution of manual recordings carried out by the Captain was rejected,
`in principle; as such a task did not directly contribute to the conduct of the flight. Furthermore, the purchase of B.737s
`by Air France in 1983 was considered to be only temporary. It was thus decided to proceed with only minor
`modifications to the basic aircraft (additional installation of an EGT sensor per jet-engine), and to take advantage of the
`installation of a QAR for delayed ground-based retrieval of jet-engine data from ongoing magnetic recordings carried
`out on board to a cassette recorder (figure 6).
`
`Quite quickly two limitations became apparent:
`
`-
`
`-
`
`The number of retrieved points was to be limited to one per day and per aircraft (even though the software
`developed on the ground had been capable of receiving many more);
`
`The delay in using the results, resulting from the delay in handing over and transmitting cassettes was on the order
`of 8 or 9 days, especially where cassettes had to be handed over at stopovers outside of the Parisian area.
`
`However, this method was enough to satisfy acceptable “minimal monitoring processing” requirements for jet-engines.
`
`
`
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`
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`BOEING
`Ex. 1018
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`As a result, it appeared from the evidence that it was necessary to automate this transmission by taking advantage of the
`experience of American companies, DAL, AAL, and PAA in particular, which directly transmitted this data to the
`ground by VHF pursuant to an “ACARS” system.
`
`Air France’s executive management thus decided to fit out A320s (dual-piloted from the time they were introduced into
`service) (figure 7), with a AIDS/ACARS system intended, at first, to automatically acquire and transmit jet-engine
`take-off and cruising data, the enhancement of this processing capability to include other types of data (operating
`information, weather, etc.) was intended to take place at a later stage (figures 8 and 9).
`
`DEFINITION OF THE A320 SYSTEM
`
`Acquisition (of data)
`
`In a simplified fashion, we may consider the A320 system as the juxtaposition of a traditional regulatory system of data
`acquisition and storage onto a DFDR, with a parallel system acquiring the same data and transmitting them to the
`ground by an ACARS (AIRCOM) system. This system relies on the existence of a ground-based telex transmission
`network, SITA. By 1988, this network already sufficiently covered all routes used by Air France’s A320s, becoming
`complete in 1990 (figure 10).
`
`Transmission
`
`Data transmitted by AIRCOM are automatically received by the closest SITA ground-station, recognition and message
`transmission being completely automatic and may be carried out at the time the message is sent, which message, if not
`sent immediately, is stored in the onboard memory.
`
`The ground-station resends the message to the central computer at AF’s Vilgenis Centre via Hong Kong.
`
`NOTE: At the time this report was drafted (February 1988) some operating difficulties had been experienced by the
`selected equipment suppliers
`
`
`
`1 ATLAS is a consortium made up of five companies: Air France / Lufthansa / Iberia / Alitalia / Sabena
`
`DEFINITION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A NEW PHASE
`
`ETMT No. 2 Specifications and ATLAS A310 experiment.
`
`In close collaboration with other ATLAS1 group members, including the cooperation of Lufthansa, ATLAS
`specifications were developed for Airbus Industries in 1975, for the implementation of automatic acquisition of the
`A310 aircraft data, with the assistance of an onboard calculator and printer.
`
`Whereas with LH (Lufthansa), this system was generalized on all their A310s and gave rise to very interesting
`developments that were presented elsewhere, the presence of a third crew member in Air France’s A310 aircraft
`allowed the previous method of manual recording to continue. However, at Air France the AIDS/printer system was
`tested extensively on the first delivered aircraft (F-GEMA).
`
`As a result of active contributions from the Air France crew on the one hand, and from SFIM (AIDS manufacturer) on
`the other, at the end of one year of operations, two fundamental findings were reached:
`
`The reasoning behind recognition of the “stabilized jet-engine” operating condition, based upon the TAT
`constancy once the aircraft was in “cruise” mode, had to be changed in favor of recognition of a stabilized N1;
`
`The practical acquisition of data (using the onboard printer), their later reading on the ground, their transmission
`by telex to the central calculator at the Vilgenis Centre, even when limited to a single aircraft, was revealed to be
`too onerous to implement effectively and quickly by the on-ground departments whose capabilities had not been
`increased.
`
` -
`
`
`
`-
`
`BOEING
`Ex. 1018
`
`

`
`
`4.3
`
`4.4
`
`
`4.5
`
`
`
`
`15-3
`…by Airbus Industry, BENDIX for ACARS and NORD MICRO for AIDS. Air France has anticipated dealing with
`these temporary difficulties by resorting to a B.737 type procedure, set out here below.
`
`GEM Processing (Ground based Engine Monitoring).
`
`At Vilgenis, data is processed in real time using the GEM program (version 10.0), and automatic monitoring is
`programmed which seeks to recognize commonplace errors as soon as they appear.
`
`In order to limit the number of false alarms, Air France has voluntarily limited the automatic monitoring system to only
`EGT and VIB parameters, at least for the time being.
`
`The ordinary ADEPT listing issued daily for other types of jet-engine is replaced by a GEM listing, set up in a
`systematic way only once per week, but which may be automatically “called” from user departments’ terminals, for a
`particular transaction, for an aircraft registration, an aircraft or a given jet-engine (figure 11).
`
`Automatic alarm
`
`The recognition algorithm is as follows:
`
`IXn = IXn-1 +
`
`Where, Xn is the deviation of a parameter from its reference value for the reading of row ‘n’;
`
`IXn is the smoothed value of this deviation for the row ‘n’;
`
`
`1 * (Xn – Ixn-1)
`
`1 is an exponential smoothing coefficient being between 0 and 1
`
`
`Where the difference [Xn – Ixn] is greater than or equal to a predetermined threshold, a message is automatically sent
`by the central calculator at Vilgenis and appears on screens in the Control Department at DM.QN, the main
`maintenance base at the Charles de Gaulle airport (figure 12).
`
`The department may then request additional information from the computer and the GEM listing, in particular.
`
`As, at the date this report was issued, CFM 56-5 jet-engines had not yet given off a real alarm, the program has been
`retroactively applied to raw, real CF6-50C and E data corresponding to real incidents, recorded by Air France during
`the year of 1987 (figures 13 and 14).
`
`It ought to be noted that this recognition system, based on sharp deviations of the jet-engines from its own readings ,
`generally duplicates that which was installed on the onboard calculator and which, only for the EGT, detects its sharp
`variations from the jet-engine with respect to its (or their) counterpart, operating on the same aircraft and in the same
`environment. But, whereas the installed monitoring only responds to key operating condition parameters of the EGT,
`the ground based monitoring may be more easily programmed to also monitor other parameters, with similar
`algorithms or even different algorithms. These processes are supplementary and only juxtapose with respect to the
`EGT.
`
`Monitoring the state of the modules.
`
`For more than 10 years, Air France has evaluated modular performances of its CF6-50 and CF6-80 jet-engines, at the
`test-bench, where a particular instrumention is installed for this purpose. On the CFM 56-5, this is permanently
`installed (figure 15), and its information

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