IPR No.: IPR2016-00500
`
`IPR No.: IPR2016-00500
`Patent No. 7,864,163
`Patent No. 7,864,163
`
`EXHIBIT 1007
`
`EXHIBIT 1007
`
`

`

`540
`
`PART THREE Systems Design Methods
`
`Input Methods and
`Implementation
`
`But the emergence of the Web as a platform for Internee and intranet applications
`may make a Web browser the most important user interface in the future. Microsoft
`Internet Explorer and Netscape
`avigator are the dominant browser interfaces in
`today's marker. This chapter will address input design techniques for both the Win(cid:173)
`dows client/ server interface and the browser interface.
`
`Remote Batch Batch and on-line represent extremes on the processing spectrum.
`A combination solution also exists-
`the remote batch.
`
`In remote batch pro cessing, data is entered using on-line editing tech(cid:173)
`niques: however, the data is collected into a batch instead of being imme(cid:173)
`diately processed. Later, the batch is processed.
`
`Modern remote batch can take several forms. A simple example uses a PC(cid:173)
`based front-end application to capture and store the data. The data can later be
`transmitted across a network for batch processing. A more contemporary example
`of remote batch processing uses disconnected
`laptop or handheld computers (or
`devices) to collect data for later processing. If you 've recently received a package
`from UPS or Federal Express . you 've seen such devices used by the drivers to
`record pickups and deliveries.
`Now that we 've covered the basic data capture, data entry , and data process(cid:173)
`ing techniques, we can more closely examine the input methods shown as rows
`in Figure 14.1.
`
`Different input devices , such as keyboards and mice , are covered in most intro(cid:173)
`ductory information systems courses. In this section, we are more interested in the
`method and its implementation
`than in the technology. In panicular , we are inter(cid:173)
`ested in how the choice of a method affects dara caprure , entry, and processing
`as described in the previous section. You should continue to study Figure 14.1 as
`we introduce these methods.
`
`Keyboard Keyboard data entry remains the most common form of input. Unfor(cid:173)
`tunately, it requires the most data editing because people make mistakes keying
`data from source documents. Fortunately , graphical user
`interfaces such as
`Microsoft Windows and Web browsers now make it possible
`to design on-line
`screens that reduce errors by forcing correct choices on the user. We will explore
`several useful GUI controls for such interfaces in the next section.
`
`Mouse A mouse is a pointing device used in conjunction with graphical user inter(cid:173)
`faces . The mouse has made it easy to navigate on-line forms and click on com(cid:173)
`mands and input options. For example, the legitimate values for an attribute can
`be recorded on a screen as "clickable·· boxes or buttons that eliminate the need
`to key in that data. This results in fewer data-ent1y errors. We will explore mouse(cid:173)
`based controls in our input designs for this chapter.
`
`Touch Screen An emerging technology that will greatly impact input design in the
`near future is the touch screen display. Such displays are common
`in handheld
`and palm-top computers that are finding their way into countless information sys(cid:173)
`tem applications. A Symbol Technologies handheld computer based on the Palm
`Operating System is shown in the margin. Such devices simplify many data col(cid:173)
`lection activities in a warehouse and on a manufacturing shop floor. Touch screen
`buttons can be programmed
`to collect the data. Most such devices support hand(cid:173)
`writing recognition as well. The Symbol Technologies unit depicted also can scan
`and read bar codes (discussed shortly) .
`
`A Hcmdbe/d Computer
`
`Point-of-Sale Point -of-sale (POS) terminals have been with us for some time. They
`have all but replaced old-fashioned cash registers. These terminals capture data at
`
`Exhibit 1007 - Page 1 of 5
`
`

`

`CHAPTER 14
`
`Input Design and Prototyping
`
`541
`
`the point of sale and provide time-saving ways to enter data, perform transaction al
`calculations , and produce some output. Like the handhelds
`just described, most
`can scan and read bar codes to eliminate keying errors. Automatic teller machines
`(ATMs), another form of POS terminal, are operated directly by the consumer.
`
`Sound and Speech Sound represents another form of input. You might have used
`a Touch-Tone telephone-based
`system to register for this course. Such tone-based
`systems require special input/output
`technology that drives the design. Those sys(cid:173)
`tems are beyond the scope of this book.
`tech(cid:173)
`A more sophisticated
`form of this input method uses voice recognition
`nology to make it possible to input data. Currently this technology
`is relatively
`immature and unreliable. It is best utilized to input commands, not data. But the
`time may come when voice recognition technology replaces the keyboard as the
`principle means by which we enter data.
`The remaining input methods are broadly classified as automatic data capture
`(ADC). With advancements
`in today's input technology, we can eliminate much
`(and sometimes all) human
`intervention associated with the input methods dis(cid:173)
`cussed in the previous section. By eliminating human intervention we can decrease
`the time delay and errors associated with human interaction.
`
`Optical Mark Optical mark recognition
`(OMR) technology for input has existed
`for several decades. It is primarily batch processing-oriented. The classic example
`is the optical mark forms used for objective-based questions (e.g., multiple choice)
`on examinations. The technology
`is also useful in surveys and questionnaires or
`any other application where the number of possible data values is relatively lim(cid:173)
`ited and highly structured. Most applications
`that could benefit from this input
`method have probably already exploited
`it.
`Optical charac ter reco gnition
`(OCR) is less prevalent despite its maturity. It
`requires the user or customer to carefully handwrite input data on a business form.
`If the letters and numbers are properly scribed, an OCR reader can process the
`forms without human intervention. Obviously, this depends on the handwriting of
`the user or customer. But it does work. Columbia House Record Club used to use
`an OCR form for customer responses
`to orders. Like most OCR applications,
`the
`number of fields to be input was very small (reducing the possibility of errors).
`Processing methods must be implemented
`for any inputs rejected due to illegi(cid:173)
`bility.
`involves bar coding. Bar
`Today the most prevalent form of optical technology
`code s are on almost eve1y product we buy, but bar-coding technology is not lim(cid:173)
`ited to retail sales. You can create bar codes for almost any business application .
`You can even integrate bar codes into Windou•s-based applications as shown in
`Figure 14.2.
`
`Magnetic Ink Magnetic ink ADC technology
`is one you will likely recognize.
`It
`usually involves using magnetic stripe cards, but it also may include the use of
`magnetic ink character recognition (MICR). Over 1 billion magnetic stripe cards
`are in use today! They have found their way into a number of business applica(cid:173)
`tions , such as credit card
`transactions, building security access control, and
`employee attendance
`tracking. MICR is most widely used in the banking indust1y.
`
`Electromagnetic Transmission Electromagnetic ADC technology is based on the use
`of radio frequency to identify physical objects. This technology involves attaching
`a tag and antenna
`to the physical object that is to be tracked. The tag contains
`memory that is used to identify the object being tracked. The tag can be read by
`a reader whenever
`the object resides within the electromagnetic field generated
`by the reader. This identification
`technology
`is becoming very popular
`in appli(cid:173)
`cations that involve tracking physical objects that are out of sight and on the move.
`
`Exhibit 1007 - Page 2 of 5
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`

`

`542
`
`PART THREE Systems Design Methods
`
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`Figure 14.2
`Bar Codes in a Windows
`Application
`
`A Smart Card
`
`Print Test
`
`Save
`
`Copy
`
`Code 93 bar code attached to a database field
`
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`For example , electromagnetic ADC is being used for public transportation tracking
`and control. tracking manufactured products. and tracking anima ls, to name a few.
`
`Smart Cards Smart card technology has the ability to store a massive amount of
`information. Smart cards are similar to, but slightly thicker than, credit cards. They
`also differ in that they contain a microprocessor, memory circuits, and a battery.
`Think of it as a credit card ,vi.th a computer on board. They represent a portable
`storage medium from which input data can be obtained. While this technology is
`only beginning to make inroads in the United States, smart cards are used on a daily
`basis by over 60 percent of the French population. Smart card applications are par(cid:173)
`ticularly promising in the area of health records where a person 's blood type , vac(cid:173)
`cinations, and other past medical history can be made readily available . Other uses
`may include such applications as passports , financial information for point -of-sale
`transactions , and pay television, to name a few. Another future application could be
`a combination debit card that automatically maintains and displays your account bal(cid:173)
`ance. A smart card used in a security application is shown in the margin.
`
`Biometric Biometric ADC technology is based on unique huma n characteristics or
`trait,. For example , individuals can be identified by their own unique fingerprint ,
`voice pattern, or pattern of certain veins (retina or wrist). Biometric ADC systems
`consist of sensors that capture an individual's characteristic or trait, digitize the image
`pattern , and then compare the image to stored patterns for identification. Biometric
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`Exhibit 1007 - Page 3 of 5
`
`

`

`CHAPTER 14 Input Design and Prototyping
`
`543
`
`System User Issues for
`Input Design
`
`ADC is popular because it offers the most accurate and reliable means for identifi(cid:173)
`cation. This technology is particularly popular for systems that require security access.
`
`inputs originate with system users. human factors play a significant
`Because
`to
`role in input design. Inputs should be as simple as possible and designed
`reduce
`the possibility of incorrect data being entered. The needs of system
`users must be considered. With this in mind . several human factors should be
`evaluated.
`The volume of data to be input should be minimized. The more data that
`is input, the greater the potential number of input errors and the longer it takes
`to input that data. Thus, numerous considerations
`should be given to the data
`that is captured for input. These general principles should be followed for input
`design:
`
`- Capture only variable data . Do not enter constant data. For instance.
`when deciding what elements
`to include
`in a SALES ORDER input. we need
`PART NUMBERS for all parts ordered. However. do we need to input PART
`
`DESCRIPTIO'.'JS for those parts? PART DESCRIPTIO); is probably stored
`in a
`table. If we input PART :\T:\1BER. we can look up PART
`database
`in the
`DESCRIPTIO'.'J. Permanent
`(or semipermanent)
`data should be stored
`database. Of course , inputs must be designed
`for maintaining
`those
`database
`tables.
`- Do not capture data that can be calculated or stored in computer programs.
`For example, if you input Qc_.._...._-rrn· ORDERED and PRICE. you don·t need to
`input EXTENDED PRICE, which is equal to QCA;-..TITY ORDERED x PRICE. Another
`example is incorporating FEDERAL T&'< \\'.1THHOLDI:\'G data in tables (arrays)
`instead of keying in that data eve1y time.
`- Use codes for appropriate attributes. Codes were introduced earlier. Codes can
`be translated in computer programs by using tables .
`
`Second, if source documents are used to capture data they should be easy for sys(cid:173)
`tem users to complete and subsequently enter into the system. The following sug(cid:173)
`gestions may help:
`
`-
`
`Include instructions for completing the Jann. Remember that people don 't like
`to have to read instructions printed on the back side of a form.
`- Minimize the amount of handu·riting. Many people suffer from poor
`penmanship. The data-entry clerk or CRT operator may misread the data and
`input incorrect data. Use check boxes wherever possible so the system user
`only needs to check the appropriate nlues.
`- Data to be entered (ke_ved) should be sequenced so it can be read like this
`book. top to bottom and left to right. Figure 14.3(a) demonstrates
`a good
`flow. The system user should not have to move from right-to-left on a
`line or jump around on the form . as shown
`in Figure 1~.3(b) , to enter
`data.
`- When possible. use designs based on known metaphors. The classic example of
`this is the personal finance application Quicken. The program's ease of use is
`greatly enhanced by its on-screen re-creation of the checkbook metaphor.
`The user writes checks by filling in a graphical representation of the check.
`And the check register looks exactly like its paper equivalent. Not all inputs
`lend themselves to metaphors, but some are greatly enhanced by the
`imitation (see Figure 14.4).
`- There are several other guidelines and issues specific to data input for GUI
`screen designs. We'll introduce these guidelines as appropriate when we
`discuss GUI controls for input design later in this chapter, as well as in the
`chapters on output design and user interface design.
`
`Exhibit 1007 - Page 4 of 5
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`

`

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`lw
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`Exhibit 1007 - Page 5 of 5
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`Exhibit 1007 - Page 5 of 5
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