Hawley's
`Condensed Chemical
`Dictionary
`Fourteenth Edition
`
`Revised by
`Richard J. Lewis, Sr.
`
`JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.
`
`FINCHIMICA EXHIBIT 2023
`ADAMA MAKHTESHIM v. FINCH/MICA
`CASE IPR2016-00577
`
`

`

`This book is printed on acid-free paper. 9
`Copyright ©2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. All rights reserved.
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`Library of Co,zgress Catalogi,zg-ill-Publicatio,z Data:
`
`Condensed chemical dictionary.
`Hawley's condensed chemical dictionary.-14tfi ed./ rev. by Richard J. Lewis, Sr. p. cm.
`Includes index.
`ISBN 0-471-38735-5 (cloth: acid-free paper)
`1. Chemistry-Dictionaries. I. Title: Condensed chemical dictionary. II Hawley, Gessner Goodrich,
`1905- III. Lewis, Richard J., Sr. IV. Title.
`
`QD5 CS 2002
`540".3- -dc2 l
`
`Printed in the United States of America.
`
`10987654
`
`2001045614
`
`

`

`SOLVENT
`
`1032
`
`solvent. A substance capable of dissolving anoth-
`er substance (solute) to form a uniformly dispersed
`mixture (solution) at the molecular or ionic size
`level. Solvents are either polar (high dielectric con(cid:173)
`stant) or nonpolar (low dielectric constant). Water,
`the most common of all solvents, is strongly polar
`(dielectric constant 81), but hydrocarbon solvents
`are nonpolar. Aromatic hydrocarbons have higher
`solvent power than aliphatics (alcohols). Other or(cid:173)
`ganic solvent groups are esters, ethers, ketones,
`amines, and nitrated and chlorinated hydrocarbons.
`The chief uses of organic solvents are in the coatings
`field (paints, varnishes and lacquers), industrial
`cleaners, printing inks, extractive processes, and
`phannaceuticals. Since many solvents are flamma(cid:173)
`ble and toxic to varying degrees, they contribute to
`air pollution and fire hazards. For this reason their
`use in coatings and cleaners has declined in recent
`years. See individual compounds.
`
`solvent, aprotic.
`A solvent that cannot act as a
`proton acceptor or donor, i.e., as an acid or base.
`
`solvent drying.
`Removal of water from metal
`surfaces by means of a solvent that displaces it
`preferentially, as on precision equipment, electronic
`components, etc. Examples of solvents used are
`acetone, l, l ,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluorethane, l, 1, I -
`trichloroethane.
`
`solvent dye.
`
`See dye, solvent.
`
`solvent extraction.
`A separation operation that
`may involve three types of mixture: (1) a mixture
`composed of two or more solids, such as a metallic
`ore; (2) a mixture composed of a solid and a liquid;
`(3) a mixture of two or more liquids. One or more
`components of such mixture are removed (extract(cid:173)
`ed) by exposing the mixture to the action of a solvent
`in which the component to be removed is soluble. If
`the mixture consists of two or more solids, extrac(cid:173)
`tion is performed by percolation of an appropriate
`solvent through it. This procedure is also called
`leaching, especially if the solvent is water; coffee
`making is an example. Synthetic fuels can be made
`from coal by extraction with a coal-derived solvent
`followed by hydrogenation.
`In liquid-liquid extraction one or more components
`are removed from a liquid mixture by intimate con(cid:173)
`tact with a second liquid that is itself nearly insolu(cid:173)
`ble in the first liquid and dissolves the impurities and
`not the substance that is to be purified. In other cases
`the second liquid may dissolve, i.e., extract from the
`first liquid, the component that is to be purified, and
`leave associated impurities in the first liquid. Liq(cid:173)
`uid-liquid extraction may be carried out by simply
`mixing the two liquids with agitation and then al(cid:173)
`lowing them to separate by standing. It is often
`economical to use counter-current extraction, in
`which the two immiscible liquids are caused to flow
`past or through one another in opposite directions.
`Thus fine droplets of heavier liquid can be caused to
`
`pass downward through the lighter liquid in a verli(cid:173)
`cal tube or tower.
`The solvents used vary with the nature of the prod(cid:173)
`ucts involved. Widely used are water, hexane, ace(cid:173)
`tone, isopropyl alcohol, furfural, xylene, liquid sul(cid:173)
`fur dioxide, and
`tributyl phosphate. Solvent
`extraction is an important method of both producing
`and purifying such products as lubricating and vege(cid:173)
`table oils, pharmaceuticals, and nonferrous melals.
`
`solvent, latent,
`(cosolvent). An organic liquid
`that will dissolve nitrocellulose in combination with
`an active solvent. Latent solvents are usually alco(cid:173)
`hols and are used widely in nitrocellulose lacquers in
`a ratio of 1 part alcohol to 2 parts active solvent.
`
`solvent naphtha.
`
`See naphtha (2b).
`
`Solvent Red 73.
`
`See 4',5'-diiodofluorescein.
`
`solvent refining.
`
`See solvent extraction.
`
`Solvent Yellow 3.
`
`See o-aminoazotoluene.
`
`solvolysis.
`A reaction involving substances in
`solvent, in which the solvent reacts with the dis(cid:173)
`solved substance (solute) to form a new substance.
`Intermediate compounds are usually formed in this
`process.
`See hydrolysis.
`
`soman.
`(methylphosphonofluoridic acid-1,2,2-
`trimethylpropylester).
`CAS: 96-64-0. (CH,),CCH(CH,)OPF(O)CH,. A
`nerve gas.
`Properties: Colorless liquid. Evolves odorless gas.
`Bp !67C, fp -70C, d 1.026 (20C).
`Hazard: Highly toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and
`skin absorption; may be fatal on short exposure;
`cholinesterase inhibitor; military nerve gas; fatal
`dose (man) O.QJ mg/kg.
`
`(STH; somatotro-
`
`somatotropic hormone.
`pin).
`CAS: 9002-72-6. Honnone secreted by the anterior
`lobe of the pituitary. It causes an increase in general
`body growth and also affects carbohydrate and lipid
`metabolism.
`
`Sommelet-Hanser rearrangement.
`Rear-
`rangement ofbenzyl quaternary ammonium salts to
`ortho-substituted benzyldialkylamines on treatment
`with alkali metal amides.
`
`Sommelet reaction.
`Preparation of aldehydes
`from aralkyl or alkyl halides by reaction with hexa(cid:173)
`methylenetetramine followed by mild hydrolysis of
`the formed quaternary salt.
`
`Sonn-Mnller method.
`Preparation of aromatic
`aldehydes from anilides by conversion of an acid
`anilide with phosphorus pentachloride to an imido
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