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`ELDIN TECHNOLOGY
`EIOING TECHNOIOG
`HOADMAP
`ROAOMAP
`Final Draft
`Final Draft
`
`September 2000 September 2000
`
`
`
`Prepared for: Prepared for:
`
`The U.S. Department of Energy
`The U.S. Department of Energy
`
`
`
`Office of Industrial Technologies Office of Industrial Technologies
`
`Prepared hy:
`Prepared hy:
`
`Energetics, Inc.
`Energetics, Inc.
`
`Columbia, MD
`Columbia, MD
`
`
`
`in cooperation with in cooperation with
`
`
`
`The American Welding Society The American Welding Society
`
`
`
`The Edison Welding Institute The Edison Welding Institute
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`Page 1 of 39
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`
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`Table of Contents Table of Contents
`
`Introduction .................................................................. 1
`Introduction .................................................................. 1
`
`
`
`Heavy Industry ................................................................ 3 Heavy Industry ................................................................ 3
`
`Aerospace ....................................................... " ............ 9
`Aerospace ....................................................... " ............ 9
`
`Petrochemical/Energy .......................................................... 15
`Petrochemical/Energy .......................................................... 15
`
`
`
`Automotive ................................................................. 23 Automotive ................................................................. 23
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`
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`The Integrated Welding Industry Roadmap ......................................... 29 The Integrated Welding Industry Roadmap ......................................... 29
`
`Appendix ................................................................... 35
`Appendix ................................................................... 35
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`Page 2 of 39
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`1 Introduction
`1 Introduction
`
`The recently published Welding Industry Vision Workshop Results describes the issues and
`The recently published Welding Industry Vision Workshop Results describes the issues and
`opportunities facing the U.S. welding industry (users as well as suppliers of welding equipment,
`opportunities facing the U.S. welding industry (users as well as suppliers of welding equipment,
`materials, processes, and support services) through the next twenty years. The strategic goals
`materials, processes, and support services) through the next twenty years. The strategic goals
`outlined in the Vision (see box) are ambitious and will require hard work and commitment by the
`outlined in the Vision (see box) are ambitious and will require hard work and commitment by the
`industry, but expectations are high for maintaining a competitive worldwide position for welding
`industry, but expectations are high for maintaining a competitive worldwide position for welding
`well into the new century.
`well into the new century.
`
`
`Although end-user manufacturers would not typically consider themselves as part of the welding Although end-user manufacturers would not typically consider themselves as part of the welding
`
`industry, advanced joining technologies allow manufacturers to use the latest materials and industry, advanced joining technologies allow manufacturers to use the latest materials and
`designs to enhance their products' p~:rformance, reduce manufacturing costs, and decrease life(cid:173)
`designs to enhance their products' p~:rformance, reduce manufacturing costs, and decrease life(cid:173)
`cycle costs. Because the established distribution system sometimes places a barrier or "filter"
`cycle costs. Because the established distribution system sometimes places a barrier or "filter"
`
`between the manufacturers of welding products and the end users, it is sometimes difficult for between the manufacturers of welding products and the end users, it is sometimes difficult for
`
`these manufacturers to learn what the users think of their products, and what their long-term these manufacturers to learn what the users think of their products, and what their long-term
`
`needs (and opportunities) really are. The joining needs of each industry vary, depending on the needs (and opportunities) really are. The joining needs of each industry vary, depending on the
`
`demands placed upon its products, and the pressures for more cost-effective productivity. demands placed upon its products, and the pressures for more cost-effective productivity.
`
`
`
`Welding Industry Strategic Goals (2020) Welding Industry Strategic Goals (2020)
`
`
`Cost/Productivity/Market Growth Cost/Productivity/Market Growth
`
`• Reduce the average cost of welding by one-third • Reduce the average cost of welding by one-third
`
`• •
`
`Increase the use of welding by 25% Increase the use of welding by 25%
`
`
`Process Technology Process Technology
`• Enhance the use of welding in manufacturing and construction operations by integrating
`• Enhance the use of welding in manufacturing and construction operations by integrating
`welding at all levels with other manufaCturing and constmction disciplines
`welding at all levels with other manufaCturing and constmction disciplines
`
`Materials Technology
`Materials Technology
`
`• Develop new welding technology along with new materials so that practical fabrication • Develop new welding technology along with new materials so that practical fabrication
`
`methods are available for all engineering applications methods are available for all engineering applications
`
`
`Quality Technology Quality Technology
`• Assure that welding can be part of a six-sigma quality environment
`• Assure that welding can be part of a six-sigma quality environment
`
`
`Education and Training Education and Training
`
`
`• •
`Increase the knowledge base of people employed at all levels of the welding industry Increase the knowledge base of people employed at all levels of the welding industry
`
`
`Energy and Environment Energy and Environment
`
`• Reduce energy use by 50% through productivity improvements • Reduce energy use by 50% through productivity improvements
`
`
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`Welding Technology Roadmap - Final Draft Welding Technology Roadmap - Final Draft
`
`
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`September 2000 September 2000
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`Page 3 of 39
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`

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`Virtually every construction and manufacturing industry uses some type of welding, whether
`Virtually every construction and manufacturing industry uses some type of welding, whether
`during manufacturing or while in the repair and maintenance of products or process equipment.
`during manufacturing or while in the repair and maintenance of products or process equipment.
`Four industry segments (described in their relative sections of this report) that rely heavily on
`Four industry segments (described in their relative sections of this report) that rely heavily on
`welding and represent the overall needs ofindus1:ry are covered in this roadmap:
`.
`welding and represent the overall needs ofindus1:ry are covered in this roadmap:
`.
`
`heavy industry
`heavy industry
`aerospace
`aerospace
`petroleum/energy
`petroleum/energy
`automotive
`automotive
`
`The Vision identified the key challenges facing the welding industry as materials development,
`The Vision identified the key challenges facing the welding industry as materials development,
`
`manufacturing integration, workforce integrity, and product quality. This Welding Technology manufacturing integration, workforce integrity, and product quality. This Welding Technology
`Roadmap addresses these hurdles by articulating an industry-defined strategy for ensuring the
`Roadmap addresses these hurdles by articulating an industry-defined strategy for ensuring the
`weldability of new alloys and materials; integrating welding into the entire product design and
`weldability of new alloys and materials; integrating welding into the entire product design and
`manufacturing process; maintaining a skilled, educated workforce; and eliminating the image of
`manufacturing process; maintaining a skilled, educated workforce; and eliminating the image of
`the welded joint as the weakest link in any structure. The transition of welding over the coming
`the welded joint as the weakest link in any structure. The transition of welding over the coming
`
`decades to a rigorous science based on detailed physical data will contribute greatly to the decades to a rigorous science based on detailed physical data will contribute greatly to the
`
`industry'S success in achieving its vision. industry'S success in achieving its vision.
`
`
`The roadmap is based on input provided by representatives from the industry segments at The roadmap is based on input provided by representatives from the industry segments at
`
`workshops held in Chicago in October 1999 and Houston in March 2000 (see Appendix for a workshops held in Chicago in October 1999 and Houston in March 2000 (see Appendix for a
`listing of workshop participants). Input for the automotive section was extracted from previously
`listing of workshop participants). Input for the automotive section was extracted from previously
`developed roadmaps prepared in collaboration with the Edison Welding Institute.
`developed roadmaps prepared in collaboration with the Edison Welding Institute.
`
`The following chapters discuss research needs in the four industry segments listed above. A
`The following chapters discuss research needs in the four industry segments listed above. A
`
`synthesis of research needs applicable to the entire industry is contained in the summary section synthesis of research needs applicable to the entire industry is contained in the summary section
`of the roadmap.
`of the roadmap.
`
`Welding Technology Roadmap - Final Draft
`Welding Technology Roadmap - Final Draft
`
`2
`2
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`September 2000
`September 2000
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`Page 4 of 39
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`
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`2 Heavy Industry 2 Heavy Industry
`
`
`Welding has a long-standing tradition as the joining process of choice for the manufacture and Welding has a long-standing tradition as the joining process of choice for the manufacture and
`
`maintenance of transportation and fmming equipment (such as ships, trains, and construction maintenance of transportation and fmming equipment (such as ships, trains, and construction
`
`equipment and farm vehicles) and machinery and process equipment for manufacturing and equipment and farm vehicles) and machinery and process equipment for manufacturing and
`
`mining industries. Heavy industry also incorporates those who build large structures such as oil mining industries. Heavy industry also incorporates those who build large structures such as oil
`
`platforms, petrochemical plants, bridges, buildings, and similar structures. These may be more platforms, petrochemical plants, bridges, buildings, and similar structures. These may be more
`
`commonly called construction companies rather than manufacturers. Advances to welding commonly called construction companies rather than manufacturers. Advances to welding
`
`processes for these applications have not always kept pace with other technological processes for these applications have not always kept pace with other technological
`
`developments. Research to develop new welding processes, better measurement techniques, and developments. Research to develop new welding processes, better measurement techniques, and
`
`integrated manufacturing systems will go far to improve the cost effectiveness and cost of integrated manufacturing systems will go far to improve the cost effectiveness and cost of
`
`welding. Attracting top-quality personnel and maintaining its corporate core competency are welding. Attracting top-quality personnel and maintaining its corporate core competency are
`
`also equally important. also equally important.
`
`
`The R&D challenges (or needs) identified for the heavy industry market are organized into nine The R&D challenges (or needs) identified for the heavy industry market are organized into nine
`
`areas, as shown in Exhibit 2-1. The exhibit also outlines the strategic goals that each area of areas, as shown in Exhibit 2-1. The exhibit also outlines the strategic goals that each area of
`
`R&D wiII impact. R&D wiII impact.
`
`
`The "R&D challenge" shown for each area summarizes the desired objectives and The "R&D challenge" shown for each area summarizes the desired objectives and
`
`accomplishments in that area. In the materials area, for example, the challenge is to integrate accomplishments in that area. In the materials area, for example, the challenge is to integrate
`
`weldability with materials development (including development of new alloys, filler metals, and weldability with materials development (including development of new alloys, filler metals, and
`
`consumables) and product design. consumables) and product design.
`
`
`Exhibit 2-2 presents the detailed list of R&D activities needed to improve welding in heavy Exhibit 2-2 presents the detailed list of R&D activities needed to improve welding in heavy
`
`industry applications. Within each category, the R&D activities are listed according to the time industry applications. Within each category, the R&D activities are listed according to the time
`
`frame in which useable results would be available if work on the activity began immediately. frame in which useable results would be available if work on the activity began immediately.
`
`
`A subset of the R&D activities in Exhibit 2-2 are considered key to the industry'S strategic goals. A subset of the R&D activities in Exhibit 2-2 are considered key to the industry'S strategic goals.
`
`These high-priority R&D needs and an indication of their expected impact on key goals are These high-priority R&D needs and an indication of their expected impact on key goals are
`
`discussed in more detail below. discussed in more detail below.
`
`
`
`Welding Technology Roadmap - Final Draft Welding Technology Roadmap - Final Draft
`
`
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`3 3
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`September 2000 September 2000
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`Page 5 of 39
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`3?;
`
`
`
`.
`.
`
`
`w"xv-Ix
`
`
`
`
`
`‘ai
`
`
`
`R&D Cate or
`
`Strategic Goals
`
`Challenge’
`
`Materials
`
`Materials, Cost, Environment
`
`Promote alloy/filler metals development and
`integrate structural design, materials development,
`and fabricability
`
`Environment
`
`Environment
`
`Minimize the impact of welding on natural
`resources through reduced materials and energy
`consumption; make the workplace more attractive
`by eliminating fumes, noise, and radiation
`
`
`
`
`
` Tec/molagy Roadmap - Final Draft
`
`4
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`September 2000
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`Page 6 of 39
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`Exhibit 2-2. Heavy Industry Welding R&D Needs Exhibit 2-2. Heavy Industry Welding R&D Needs
`by Time Frame of Expected Results
`by Time Frame of Expected Results
`
`Strengthening and repairing, along
`Strengthening and repairing, along
`with validation of ultrasound impact
`with validation of ultrasound impact
`treatments
`treatments
`
`o Real-time quality systems
`o Real-time quality systems
`
`Standards based on fitness for service
`Standards based on fitness for service
`
`Simplified weld qualifying procedure
`
`o Evaluation oflaser technologies for
`o Evaluation oflaser technologies for
`process monitoring (e.g. heat input,
`process monitoring (e.g. heat input,
`metal melted) for constructionlheavy
`metal melted) for constructionlheavy
`industry
`industry
`
`o Increase in solid state welding for o Increase in solid state welding for
`
`heavy industries heavy industries
`
`.,; " :..~, .,; " :..~,
`
`
`till Compllter integnition of till Compllter integnition of
`
`manufacturing (CIM)/automation manufacturing (CIM)/automation
`
`and automated testing and automated testing
`
`
`Design guidelines for details; Design guidelines for details;
`
`constructabillty, economical constructabillty, economical
`fabrication (details) emphasis for
`fabrication (details) emphasis for
`both designer and fabricator
`both designer and fabricator
`
`
`IS Concurrent product/process IS Concurrent product/process
`
`simulation and development simulation and development
`
`
`IS Integration of precision IS Integration of precision
`
`measurement techniques and measurement techniques and
`sensors with automatic cutting and
`sensors with automatic cutting and
`welding systems
`welding systems
`
`o Robots that are easy to program, o Robots that are easy to program,
`
`
`flexible, agile, autonomous, and flexible, agile, autonomous, and
`designed for welding
`designed for welding
`
`o Improved dimension measurement o Improved dimension measurement
`
`
`and evaluation of existing and evaluation of existing
`measuring technologies
`measuring technologies
`
`Feedback controls that include
`Feedback controls that include
`artificial intelligence for welding
`artificial intelligence for welding
`large/thick/irregular weld joints
`large/thick/irregular weld joints
`
`o Full exploration of alternative energy
`o Full exploration of alternative energy
`sources, including but not limited to
`sources, including but not limited to
`laser and electron beam
`laser and electron beam
`o Elimination of distortion and residual
`o Elimination of distortion and residual
`stresses in weldments
`stresses in weldments
`
`Ripple-free (smooth) welds for better
`Ripple-free (smooth) welds for better
`properties and appearance
`properties and appearance
`
`Non-thermal (metallurgical) method
`Non-thermal (metallurgical) method
`
`of post-weld heat treating of post-weld heat treating
`
`
`
`Solar-powered welding systems Solar-powered welding systems
`
`o Real-time defect sensing techniques
`o Real-time defect sensing techniques
`
`Material-based (embedded
`Material-based (embedded
`sensors/intelligent weldments), non(cid:173)
`sensors/intelligent weldments), non(cid:173)
`destructive evaluation
`deSTructive evaluation
`validates original processing
`-
`validates original processing
`-
`- determines fitness-for-service
`- determines fitness-for-service
`
`o Hand-held equipment for residual stress and stress concentration measurements around the weld area o Hand-held equipment for residual stress and stress concentration measurements around the weld area
`
`In-situ recording of welding
`In-situ recording of welding
`conditions in real time
`conditions in real time
`
`More user-friendly, laser-based seam
`More user-friendly, laser-based seam
`tracking systems
`tracking systems
`
`
`
`Welding Technology Roadmap - Final Draft Welding Technology Roadmap - Final Draft
`
`
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`5 5
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`September 2000 September 2000
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`Page 7 of 39
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`

`
`
`Exhibit 2-2. Heavy Industry Welding R&D Needs Exhibit 2-2. Heavy Industry Welding R&D Needs
`by Time Frame of Expected Results
`by Time Frame of Expected Results
`
`o Process control and filler metals
`o Process control and filler metals
`for new materials, new alloys
`for new materials, new alloys
`
`More alloy development in
`More alloy development in
`general
`general
`
`o Longer term, more focused
`o Longer term, more focused
`understanding of post-weld heat
`understanding of post-weld heat
`treatment requirements (e.g.
`treatment requirements (e.g.
`microstructure)
`microstructure)
`o Research on extended weld life
`o Research on extended weld life
`assessment, including non(cid:173)
`assessment, including non(cid:173)
`destructive evaluation
`destructive evaluation
`
`o Welding processes and filler metals
`o Welding processes and filler metals
`
`to improve productivity while to improve productivity while
`reducing heat, sound, smoke, etc.
`reducing heat, sound, smoke, etc.
`o Improvements in dissimilar materials
`o Improvements in dissimilar materials
`joining
`joining
`o Basic research on materials to replace
`o Basic research on materials to replace
`Cr and Ni
`Cr and Ni
`
`Materials andlor process
`Materials andlor process
`developments to enable aluminum
`developments to enable aluminum
`alloys to be welded with minimal
`alloys to be welded with minimal
`material property degradation
`material property degradation
`
`o Inclusion of weld ability and manufal;turability in new material development o Inclusion of weld ability and manufal;turability in new material development
`~~~~~~~~~77~~
`
`Hands-on learning tools for users
`
`o Government/industry cost-shared
`apprenticeship program
`
`Development and implementation of a virtual curriculum to integrate welding with other engineering areas
`~~~
`
`• Better forum to identify research • Better forum to identify research
`
`
`needs needs
`
`
`Promotion of high-level Promotion of high-level
`
`awareness of welding techniques awareness of welding techniques
`used worldwide
`used worldwide
`
`Measurement of performance
`Measurement of performance
`
`targets for particular applications targets for particular applications
`
`
`Knowledge management system for Knowledge management system for
`
`welding techniques and welding techniques and
`manufacturing system techniques for
`manufacturing system techniques for
`heavy industry
`heavy industry
`
`Partnership with firms outside the
`Partnership with firms outside the
`
`welding industry to develop other welding industry to develop other
`
`joining methods joining methods
`
`
`New Welding Processes and Filler Metals must improve New Welding Processes and Filler Metals must improve
`
`productivity while at the same time reducing emissions of toxic productivity while at the same time reducing emissions of toxic
`fumes and other pollutants. Such developments will yield the
`fumes and other pollutants. Such developments will yield the
`combined benefits of reduced production costs and improved
`combined benefits of reduced production costs and improved
`environment (including a safer working environment for welders).
`environment (including a safer working environment for welders).
`Improving the cost effectiveness of welding will lead to
`Improving the cost effectiveness of welding will lead to
`significant market growth.
`significant market growth.
`
`Welding Technology Roadmap - Final Draft
`Welding Technology Roadmap - Final Draft
`
`6
`6
`
`September 2000
`September 2000
`
`
`
`Low Impact High Impact Low Impact High Impact
`
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`Page 8 of 39
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`

`
`
`Weldability and Mallufacturability is a major issue in the Weldability and Mallufacturability is a major issue in the
`
`development of new materials. New products made from design(cid:173)development of new materials. New products made from design(cid:173)
`
`to-be-welded materials should cost less, have higher quality, and to-be-welded materials should cost less, have higher quality, and
`
`create opportunities for application in new markets. create opportunities for application in new markets.
`
`
`Computer-Integrated Manufacturing/Automation and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing/Automation and
`
`Concurrent Product/Process Development will further integrate Concurrent Product/Process Development will further integrate
`
`the design/manufacturing/welding process. Engineers will the design/manufacturing/welding process. Engineers will
`
`possess the ability to design a product and its manufacturing possess the ability to design a product and its manufacturing
`
`process on the computer before production even begins. process on the computer before production even begins.
`
`Optimization of this process should lower the production costs Optimization of this process should lower the production costs
`
`and lead times associated with the development of new products. and lead times associated with the development of new products.
`
`Because these two R&D activities involve advanced computer and Because these two R&D activities involve advanced computer and
`
`software technology, they should also help attract more computer(cid:173)software technology, they should also help attract more computer(cid:173)
`
`knowledgeable workers to the industry. knowledgeable workers to the industry.
`
`
`Integration of Precision Measurement Techniques/Sensors with Integration of Precision Measurement Techniques/Sensors with
`
`Automatic Cuttillg/Welding will improve weld quality and reduce Automatic Cuttillg/Welding will improve weld quality and reduce
`
`the amount of product that must be reworked, leading to higher the amount of product that must be reworked, leading to higher
`
`output and lower costs. This technology will also enhance the output and lower costs. This technology will also enhance the
`
`agility of welding in manufacturing processes. agility of welding in manufacturing processes.
`
`
`A Better Forum to Ide11tify Research Needs and Benchmark A Better Forum to Ide11tify Research Needs and Benchmark
`
`Today's Heavy Industry Technologies will help establish a Today's Heavy Industry Technologies will help establish a
`
`baseline of knowledge for welding in heavy industry and set clear baseline of knowledge for welding in heavy industry and set clear
`
`directions for future research. There should be wide availability directions for future research. There should be wide availability
`
`of established procedures and quick dissemination of new of established procedures and quick dissemination of new
`
`findings. Future developments in information technology could findings. Future developments in information technology could
`
`help attract higher-quality students to the welding industry. help attract higher-quality students to the welding industry.
`
`
`Dissimilar Materials Joining, which has been widely used in Dissimilar Materials Joining, which has been widely used in
`
`aerospace and automotive industries, can provide opportunities in aerospace and automotive industries, can provide opportunities in
`
`construction and other heavy industries. Breakthroughs in the construction and other heavy industries. Breakthroughs in the
`
`technology for joining dissimilar materials could lead to new technology for joining dissimilar materials could lead to new
`
`manufacturing strategies that could reduce costs, improve manufacturing strategies that could reduce costs, improve
`
`productivity, and open up new markets for welded structures and productivity, and open up new markets for welded structures and
`
`components. components.
`
`
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`
`Welding Technology Roadmap - Final Draft Welding Technology Roadmap - Final Draft
`
`
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`7 7
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`September 2000 September 2000
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`Page 9 of 39
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`Improved Knowledge of Process Control and Fmer Metals as Improved Knowledge of Process Control and Fmer Metals as
`Applied to New Materials and Alloys are companions to the
`Applied to New Materials and Alloys are companions to the
`
`development of new materials for use in welded applications. development of new materials for use in welded applications.
`
`Welding and materials engineers must work in cooperation to Welding and materials engineers must work in cooperation to
`
`develop techniques that ensure the weldability of new materials. develop techniques that ensure the weldability of new materials.
`Anticipated benefits include higher quality welds, improved
`Anticipated benefits include higher quality welds, improved
`productivity (a result of fewer rejects) and lower costs, and
`productivity (a result of fewer rejects) and lower costs, and
`potential expansion into new markets for welded products. potential expansion into new markets for welded products.
`
`
`
`
`Market Market
`
`Quality
`Quality
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`Low Impact High Impact Low Impact High Impact
`
`Reduction/Elimination of Distortion and Residual Stresses in
`Reduction/Elimination of Distortion and Residual Stresses in
`Weld Zones will have a major impact on the quality and
`Weld Zones will have a major impact on the quality and
`
`performance of welds, leading to corresponding savings in performance of welds, leading to corresponding savings in
`
`productivity and production costs. Worker safety will be productivity and production costs. Worker safety will be
`enhanced by the elimination of finishing equipment containing
`enhanced by the elimination of finishing equipment containing
`moving parts.
`moving parts.
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`Low Impact High Impact
`Low Impact High Impact
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`
`Standard Architecture for Robotic Systems (including control Standard Architecture for Robotic Systems (including control
`procedures) commonly used in welding is another component of
`procedures) commonly used in welding is another component of
`
`an agile manufacturing process. Reduction of the lead time an agile manufacturing process. Reduction of the lead time
`associated with setting up robotic systems will improve
`associated with setting up robotic systems will improve
`
`throughput and reduce costs. throughput and reduce costs.
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`Low Impact High Impact
`Low Impact High Impact
`
`The Vision states that welding operations must be more completely integrated into agile
`The Vision states that welding operations must be more completely integrated into agile
`manufacturing processes. Many of the R&D activities identified here emphasize the need to
`manufacturing processes. Many of the R&D activities identified here emphasize the need to
`integrate the different components of the design/development/production cycle and to further
`integrate the different components of the design/development/production cycle and to further
`automate the manufacturing/welding process. Welding and weld filler metals must be
`automate the manufacturing/welding process. Welding and weld filler metals must be
`considerations early in the development of new materials, new products, and new manufacturing
`considerations early in the development of new materials, new products, and new manufacturing
`strategies.
`strategies.
`
`
`The drive for integration will pave the way for increased automation and computerization of The drive for integration will pave the way for increased automation and computerization of
`welding processes in the form of concurrent product/process development, computer-integrated
`welding processes in the form of concurrent product/process development, computer-integrated
`manufacturing and automated testing, in-situ recording of weld conditions, feedback controls
`manufacturing and automated testing, in-situ recording of weld conditions, feedback controls
`employing artificial intelligence technology, real-time defect sensing, and other real-time quality
`employing artificial intelligence technology, real-time defect sensing, and other real-time quality
`systems. Knowledge management systems will merge welding requirements and welding
`systems. Knowledge management systems will merge welding requirements and welding
`knowledge in industry-accessible databases to support integrated welding across the entire
`knowledge in industry-accessible databases to support integrated welding across the entire
`manufacturing cycle.
`manufacturing cycle.
`
`
`
`Welding Technology Roadmap - Final Draft Welding Technology Roadmap - Final Draft
`
`
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`8 8
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`
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`September 2000 September 2000
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`Page 10 of 39
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`3 Aerospace 3 Aerospace
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`The aerospace industry is a technologically sophisticated designer, producer, and end-user of The aerospace industry is a technologically sophisticated designer, producer, and end-user