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`PHILIPS EXHIBIT 2001
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`WAC V. PHILIPS
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`IPR2016-01455
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`PHILIPS EXHIBIT 2001
`WAC v. PHILIPS
`IPR2016-01455
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`
`Illuminating Engineering Society
`The Lighting Handbook
`Tenth Edition: Reference and Application
`
`David L. DiLaura
`Kevin W. Houser
`Richard G. Mistrick
`Gary R. Steffy
`
`Illuminatino
`
`ENGINEERING SOCIETY
`
`
`
`Page 2 of 24
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`

`
`The product development process brings together volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus on light
`ing recommendations. While the IES administers the process and establishes policies and procedures to promote fairness in the develop
`ment of consensus, it makes no guaranty or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein.
`
`The IES disclaims liability for any injury to persons or property or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect,
`consequential or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or reliance on this document.
`
`In issuing and making this document available, the JES is not undertaking to render professional or other services for or on behalf of any
`person or entity. Nor is the IES undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someone else. Anyone using this docu
`ment should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the advice of a competent professional in determining
`the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances.
`
`The IES has no power, nor does it undertake, to police or enforce compliance with the contents of this document. Nor does the IES list,
`certify, test or inspect products, designs, or installations for compliance with this document. Any certification or statement of compliance
`with the requirements of this document shall not be attributable to the TES and is solely the responsibility of the certifier or maker of the
`statement.
`
`It is acknowledged by the editors and publisher that all service marks, trademarks, and copyrighted images/graphics appear in this book
`for editorial purposes only and to the benefit of the service mark, trademark, or copyright owner, with no intention of infringing on that
`service mark, trademark, or copyright. Nothing in this handbook should be construed to imply that respective service mark, trademark,
`or copyright holder endorses or sponsors this handbook or any of its contents.
`
`This book was set in Adobe Garamond Pro by the editors. This book is printed in environment friendly ink containing soy and veg
`etable oil on paper that is acid free and elemental chlorine free and contains 10% post consumer waste recycled content exhibiting an
`86% reflectance.
`
`For general information about other IES publications, please visit the IES Bookstore at www.ies.org/store.
`
`Illuminating Engineering Society, The Lighting Handbook, Tenth Edition
`
`Copyright ©2011 by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.
`
`All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in any electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without
`prior written permission of the IES.
`
`Published by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 120 Wall Street, New York, New York 10005.
`
`IES Standards and Guides are developed through committee consensus and produced by the IES Office in New York. Careful attention
`is given to style and accuracy. If any errors are noted in this document, please forward them to Director of Technology, at the above ad
`dress for verification and correction. The JES welcomes and urges feedback and comments.
`
`ISBN 978-087995-241-9
`
`Library of Congress Control Number: 2011928648
`
`Printed in the United States of America.
`
`
`
`Page 3 of 24
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`

`
`PREFACE
`
`The Illuminating Engineering Society produces The Lighting Handbook to guide and
`give authoritative recommendations to those who design, specify, install, and maintain
`lighting systems, and as an impartial source of information for the public. Like previous
`editions, the Lighting Handbook contains a mix of science, technology, and design; mir
`roring the nature of lighting itself.
`
`Three sections make up this edition: Framework, Design, and Applications. Framework
`chapters describe the science and technology related to lighting, including vision, optics,
`non-visual effects of optical radiaton, photometry, and light sources. Design chapters
`include not only fundamental considerations and special issues of daylighting and electric
`lighting design, but also energy management, controls, and economics. Applications
`chapters establish the design context for many lighting applications, provide illuminance
`recommendations for specific tasks and areas, and identify some of the analytic goals of
`lighting design using science and technology.
`
`In the decade since the last edition, the science, technology, and design practice related
`to lighting have advanced significantly. Vision and biological sciences have deepened
`knowledge of the complex relationship between light and health, adding both opportu
`nity and responsibility to the work of those who design lighting systems, and heightened
`the awareness of the public of how lighting affects our lives. Technology has transformed
`lighting with the light emitting diode, now a practical source for general illumination.
`New equipment, new testing procedures, and new application considerations have
`all arisen in response to this development. And the philosophy, goals, and practice of
`architectural design have been deeply affected by concerns for the natural environment
`and desires for more sustainable buildings. New developments in daylighting, sustainable
`practices, and lighting control technology provide ways to respond to these concerns and
`expectations. This edition of The Lighting Handbook describes all of these important
`advances and changes, providing overviews, descriptions, data and guidance.
`
`New and extensive coverage of lighting design is provided in the Design chapters. Day-
`lighting arid lighting controls are treated in particular detail. This reveals daylighting’s po
`tential and subsequent effects on building design, so that daylighting and electric lighting
`may act in concert to produce better luminous environments. The consequences of this
`for building energy can be very large if controls are an integral part of lighting systems,
`and the chapter on lighting controls shows how this can be done. Related to this and to
`augment the technical information provided in a Framework chapter, the Design section of
`The Lighting Handbook includes a chapter on the application issues involved in electric
`light sources.
`
`The public hope and expectation of diminishing the energy allotted to buildings have in
`creased the challenge of providing the lighting required for comfort, performance, safety,
`and the appropriate lighting of architecture. In response to these constraints, the IES
`has established a new illuminance determination system to generate new recommended
`illuminance targets cited in the Applications chapters of this edition of The Lighting
`Handbook. The new system uses a series of closely spaced increments of illuminance that
`are assigned to tasks. This finer granularity, in comparison to that used in earlier editions,
`gives the designer and client the ability to more carefully match illuminance targets with
`visual tasks. Additionally, most recommendations now account for the age of the occu
`pants: lower values for young occupants, higher values for older occupants. The effects of
`
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`Page 4 of 24
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`
`mesopic adaptation on the spectral sensitivity of the visual system are now accommodated
`with multipliers based on adaptation luminance that can be used to adjust recommended
`illuminance targets. Finally, recommended illuminance targets for outdoor applications
`now account for activity level and environmental conditions. All of these features of the
`new illuminance determination system give extensive flexibility that enable the designer
`to address lighting needs and promote the control of light in time. The recommended
`illuminance targets given in each of the application chapters are based on this new system.
`
`One of the many significant changes in The Lighting Handbook has been in the intent
`and form of the application chapters: they no longer contain a full description of lighting
`practice. Rather, they give only a brief context for the principal aspects of the application
`and a detailed table of analytic recommendations for the tasks involved. The complete
`description of all aspects of a particular application is now contained only in the Society’s
`respective Recommended Practice, Design Guide, or Technical Memorandum publica
`tion. This separation of intended coverage permits handbook chapters to make stable
`analytic recommendations, while allowing more flexibility for timely revisions to the more
`practice-based Recommended Practices, Design Guides, and Technical Memoranda.
`
`Among the many effects of the new technology and understanding of light and well
`being, has been the emergence of wide interest in new lighting technologies and large
`questions of public policy regarding lighting, energy, sustainability, and health. For these
`reasons this edition of The Lighting Handbook has been designed and written for a very
`wide audience, changing the form, content, and style from past editions. Unlike those,
`this has been written, literally, by its four editors, permitting a certain uniformity of ap
`proach, scope, level of detail, and target audience. This has also helped reduce redundancy
`and assure the accessibility required to reach a wide audience. Every effort for concision
`has been made, and wherever possible, important data, material, check lists, or key factors
`have been summarized in tables. Though written by a small group, the recommendations
`and content of each chapter has been widely reviewed by experts in each topic, the ap
`propriate application committee, and the Society’s Technical Review Council and Board
`of Directors.
`
`This edition of The Lighting Handbook provides information and recommendations
`that can guide designers and users of lighting systems in a world of both reduced light
`ing energy expectations and undiminished needs for attractive, comfortable, productive
`luminous environments.
`
`David L. DiLaura
`
`Kevin W. Houser
`
`Richard G. Mistrick
`
`Gary R. Steffy
`
`
`
`Page 5 of 24
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`

`
`FOREWORD
`
`In the early years, the Illuminating Engineering Society, founded in 1906, waited 41 years
`before issuing the first edition of the Handbook. Technical information was not lacking
`but the preferred method of publication were Transactions of the Society, not as widely
`disseminated or conveniently available to as broad an interested audience as a Handbook.
`Berween the 1st edition in 1947 and this 10th Edition there have been revisions in 1952,
`1959, 1966, 1972, 1981, 1984 (partial), 1987 (partial), 1993, and 2000.
`
`In each book an ever-broadening range of technologies, procedures, and design issues has
`been addressed to ensure that the Handbook is the principal source for lighting knowl
`edge. The emphasis in each edition has changed to reflect current application trends and
`needs of the many and varied readership. Some editions placed more importance on
`quantitative issues; in more recent years, quality earned important recognition.
`
`The Tenth Edition Handbook has taken cognizance of several issues that impact designs
`of today: energy limits, the spectral effects of light on perception and visual performance,
`and the need for flexibility in an illumination determination procedure that takes into
`account factors such as observer age, task reflectance, and task importance in its illumina
`tion determination procedure. This book will return to a more “analytical” approach to
`recommendations and allow the individual committees’ publications, such as Recom
`mended Practices, Design Guides, and Technical Memoranda to fully address appropriate
`and specific design details for a given application.
`
`The professional editorial team brought talent and discipline to the project. This was
`not a simple revision to an existing book but an entirely new approach. David DiLaura,
`Kevin Houser, Richard Mistrick, and Gary Stern’ have earned our appreciation for their
`contributions in developing new material, editing, and designing the overall appearance
`of the book.
`
`The Lighting Handbook represents the most important reference document in the light
`ing profession. It is one by which the Society accomplishes its mission: To improve the
`lighted environment by bringing together those with lighting knowledge and by translat
`ing that knowledge into actions that benefit the public. We hope that you, the reader, will
`find the Tenth Edition your principal reference source for lighting information.
`
`William H. Hanley
`Executive Vice President
`
`Rita M. Harrold
`Director of Technology
`
`
`
`Page 6 of 24
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`

`
`Table of Contents
`Framework
`
`
`
`Page 7 of 24
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`

`
`PHYSICS AND OPTICS OF RADIANT POWER
`
`VISION: EYE AND BRAIN
`
`PHOTOBIOLOGY AND NONVISUAL EFFECTS OF OPTICAL RADIATION
`
`PERCEPTIONS AND PERFORMANCE
`
`CONCEPTS AND LANGUAGE OF LIGHTING
`
`COLOR
`
`LIGHT SOURCES: TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS
`
`LUMINAIRES:
`
`FORMS AND OPTICS
`
`MEASUREMENT OF LIGHT:
`
`PHOTOMETRY
`
`I
`
`CALCULATION OF LIGHT AND ITS EFFECTS
`
`
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`Page 8 of 24
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`
`-
`
`I
`
`7
`
`I LIGHT SOURCES
`TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS
`
`IfIfind 10,000 u’ays something won’t work, I haven’tfailed. I am not discouraged, because evey
`wrong attempt discarded is another step forward.
`Thomas Aba Edison, 18th and 19th century invento; scientist, and businessman
`
`T his chapter is organized around the major families of light sources: daylight,
`
`filament, fluorescent, high intensity discharge (HID), and solid state lighting
`(SSL). It provides technical characteristics including the principles of operation,
`construction, identification, and operating characteristics for the most common
`sources and auxiliary gear now available. 13 I LIGHT SOURCES: APPLI
`CATION CONSIDERATIONS emphasizes common design criteria related to source
`selection. Chapters 7 and 13 are together intended to facilitate the choice and specification
`of light sources. Fundamental information concerning the generation of optical radia
`tion is given in I PHYSICS AND OPTICS OF RADLkNT POWER. Techniques for
`the measurement of optical radiation are provided in 9 MEASUREMENT OF LIGHT:
`PHOTOMETRY.
`
`-
`
`- ---c
`
`7.1 Daylight
`Daylight is the most sustainable source of light for building interiors. ‘The application of
`daylight as a primary source of illumination for buildings has expanded in recent years,
`with the increased focus on high performance and green building design. Implementation
`of daylighting in architectural spaces, however, is a challenging task due to its variability
`in both quantity and direction across time of day, season and weather conditions [I]. This
`section addresses the general nature of daylight as a light source, while Chapters 14 I DE
`SIGNING DAYLIGHTING and 16 I LIGHTING CONTROLS address the architec
`tural design and control integration aspects involved in daylighting a building,
`
`Contents
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`7.1 Daylight
`7.2 Filament Lamps
`7.3 Fluorescent
`7.4 High Intensity Discharge.
`7.5 Solid State Lighting
`7.6 Disfavored Light Sources
`7.7 Other Light Sources
`7.8 References
`7.9 Formulary: Daylight Availability
`. 7.77
`from IES Standard Skies
`
`7.1
`7.12
`7.26
`. 7.43
`. 7.58
`. 7.72
`. 7.72
`7.73
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`Daylight is distinguished as a light source by its unique changing spectra and distribu
`tion. The daily and seasonal movements of the sun with respect to a particular geographic
`location produces a predictable pattern in both the amount and direction of the available
`daylight. Superimposed on this predictable pattern is variation caused by changes in the
`weather, temperature, and particulate matter in the air. The source of all daylight origi
`nates with the sun, however in daylighting design, the sun and sky are generally consid
`ered as distinct sources because they have very different characteristics, as described below.
`
`7.1.1 The Sun
`The solar disk is roughly one-half degree in diameter, with a luminance prior to
`atmospheric attenuation of approximately 1.6 x 109 cd/m2 [2]. This extreme luminance
`and the sun’s output in the non-visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum are
`capable of causing permanent physical damage to the eye if viewed directly. If allowed to
`enter a building, the primary concern is glare caused either by a direct view of the sun, or
`by the high luminance patterns it creates.
`
`The sun traverses an arc across the sky throughout the course of a day, with the position of this
`arc varying with time of year and site latitude [3]. The apparent motion of the sun along this
`
`ES 10th Edition
`
`The Lighting Handbook
`
`7.1
`
`
`
`Page 9 of 24
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`

`
`
`
`_____________
`
`Framework I Light Sources: Technical Characteristics
`
`Ed Iear
`0, 3, 60 (top to bottom)
`
`.._!11h Cear
`
`— ,,‘[
`
`Partly Ch
`039,60(top bottom
`
`90
`
`90
`
`120
`
`100
`
`80
`
`60
`
`40
`
`20
`
`0
`
`50
`
`40
`
`30
`
`20
`
`10
`
`x 0 wV E
`
`x C wV E
`
`Figure 7.11 I Direct Solar Illuminance
`from Standard Sky Models
`Direct illuminance from the sun onto a
`horizontal surface (Edh) and onto a verti
`cal surface (Edv) at different solar elevation
`azimuth angles using the standard clear and
`partly cloudy sky models. The solar contribu
`tion under an overcast sky is zero.
`
`Figure 7.12 I Sky Illuminance from
`Standard Sky Models
`Sky illuminance provided onto a horizontal
`surfae (Ekh) and onto a vertical surface (Ekv)
`at different solar elevation azimuth angles
`using the standard clear, partly cloudy and
`overcast sky models.
`
`F —.
`I-—
`
`0
`
`I___ rT9
`
`30
`
`60
`Solar Altitude, a (degrees)
`
`EkV P. Cloudy
`0, 60, 90, 20, 180
`a,=0,
`(top to bottom)
`
`lyloudL
`
`IEkV Parti Cloudy
`a, = 0,3
`60, 90, 1 0, 180
`(top to
`ottom)
`
`—
`
`-
`
`— — — — — —a
`
`— —
`
`b
`
`E Clear
`
`—
`
`---
`
`0
`
`0
`
`4__
`
`30
`Solar Altitude, a (degrees)
`
`60
`
`7.2 Filament Lamps ‘.
`
`Filament lamps consist of a wire filament mounted within a glass bulb that contains a gas
`or a vacuum. Optical radiation is emitted when the filament is heated to incandescence by
`the passage of electrical current. End of life is most commonly due to tungsten evapora
`tion, which leads to failure of the filament.
`
`7.2.1 General Principles of Operation
`Electric current passes through a thin filament of tungsten wire, heating it until it emits
`optical radiation. The efficacy of light production depends on the temperature of the
`filament: the higher the temperature, the greater the portion of optical radiation emitted
`in the visible region. The major factors that affect filament temperature are: the filament
`
`7.12 I The Lighting Handbook
`
`IES 10th Edition
`
`
`
`Page 10 of 24
`
`

`
`Framework I Light Sources: Technical Characteristics
`
`material, microstructure, and geometry; the composition of the atmosphere, and its pres
`sure; and the magnitude of electrical current. All else equal, lamp life is inversely related
`to filament temperature. It is therefore important in the design of a lamp to keep the fila
`ment temperature as high as is consistent with satisfactory life.
`
`7.2.2 Construction
`The basic components are a filament, bulb, gas fill, and base, as illustrated in Figure 7.13.
`When the gas fill includes a halogen, usually bromine, the lamp is referred to as a tungsten
`halogen lamp. When a special coating is applied to a tungsten halogen capsule to redirect
`infrared radiation back to the filament, it is then known as a halogen infrared lamp.
`
`7.2.2.1 Filament
`Early incandescent lamps used carbon, osmium, and tantalum filaments, but tungsten has
`the desirable properties of a high melting point, low vapor pressure, high strength, and
`suitable radiating characteristics and electrical resistance. Its melting point of 3382° C
`permits high operating temperatures and high effIcacies in comparison to other potential
`filament materials. Drawn tungsten wire has high strength and ductility, allowing the
`uniformity necessary for present-day lamp tolerances. In some lamp designs tungsten is al
`loyed with other metals, such as rhenium, and thoriated tungsten wire is used in filaments
`for rough service applications.
`
`Less than 10% of the total radiation from an incandescent source is in the visible region
`of the spectrum. As the temperature of a tungsten filament is raised, the proportion of ra
`diation in the visible region increases, and thus luminous efficacy increases. The luminous
`efficacy of uncoiled tungsten wire at its melting point is approximately 53 lumens per
`wart. In order to obtain long life, it is necessary to operate a filament at a temperature well
`below the melting point, resulting in lower efficacies.
`
`In tungsten filament lamps the hot resistance is 12 to 16 times greater than the cold
`resistance, as summarized in Figure 7.14. The comparatively low cold resistance results
`in an initial in-rush of current, which may be important in the design and adjustment of
`- circuit breakers, in the design of lighting-circuit switch contacts, and in dimmer design.
`See Table 7.2. The in-rush lasts for only a fraction of a second and is negligible as an ad
`ditional energy load.
`
`Filament forms, sizes, and support construction vary widely with different types of lamps.
`Figure 7.15 summarizes typical constructions. Filament forms are designated by a letter or
`
`Figure 7.13 I Halogen Infrared Filament Lamp Construction
`Components of a PAR38 halogen infrared filament amp.
`Image courtesy of General Electric Company
`
`Reflective
`coating
`
`PAR outer
`bulb
`
`‘Quartz filament tube
`with infrared coating
`
`w
`
`IES 10th edition
`
`The Lighting Handbook 7.13
`
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`Page 11 of 24
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`

`
`Framework I Light Sources: Technical Characteristics
`
`letters followed by an arbitrary number. The most commonly used letters are: S (straight),
`meaning the wire is uncoiled; C (coiled), meaning the wire is wound into a helical coil;
`and CC (coiled coil), meaning the coil is itself wound into a helical coil. Coiling the fila
`ment increases its luminous efficacy and forming a coiled coil further increases efficacy
`(see 7.2.2.4 Gas Fill and the Tungsten Halogen Cycle). More filament supports are re
`quired in lamps designed for rough service and vibration service than for GLS lamps (see
`7.2.7.1 General Lighting Service (GLS)), which conducts heat away from the filament
`and decreases efficacy. Filament designs are determined by service requirements: planar
`filaments such as C-13 are often employed in film projectors; axial filaments such as C-8
`and CC-8 are often employed within lamps that have axially symmetric reflectors, such as
`PAR lamps.
`
`7.2.2.2 Bulb
`General lighting service (GLS) filament lamps have one bulb; it is the outer envelope and
`is made of soda lime (soft) glass. Higher wattage lamps may use heat resisting (hard) glass
`made of borosilicate, or a specialized hard glass such as fused silica (quartz), high-silica, or
`aluminosilicate. Hard glass is needed for lamps that have small bulbs and high wattages,
`or to prevent glass breakage due to moisture or other environmental factors.
`
`Tungsten halogen and halogen infrared lamps may have one or two bulbs. When a bulb-
`within-a-bulb construction is used, the inner bulb is known as a capsule. It is typically
`made of quartz or hard glass rather than soft glass in order to withstand the higher bulb-
`wall temperatures required for the halogen cycle, which is described in the next section.
`When a quartz capsule is accessible, it should not be handled with bare hands because
`
`Table 7.2 In-rush Current
`
`,
`
`-
`
`,
`
`‘
`
`‘
`
`Normal
`Current
`(Amperes)
`
`Theoretical In-Rush: Time for Current
`to Return to
`Basis, Hot-to-Cold
`Resistance
`Normal Value
`(Amperes)a
`(Seconds)
`
`Power Voltage
`(Watts)
`(Volts)
`
`General Lightin
`Service (GLS)
`Filament Lamps
`
`Halogen Lamps with
`C-8 Filament
`
`15
`25
`40
`50
`60
`75
`100
`150
`200
`300
`500
`750
`1000
`1500
`2000
`
`300
`500
`1000
`1500
`1500
`
`120
`120
`120
`120
`120
`120
`120
`120
`120
`120
`120
`120
`120
`120
`120
`
`120
`120
`240
`240
`277
`
`0.125
`0.208
`0.333
`0.417
`0.500
`0.625
`0.835
`1.250
`1.670
`2.500
`4.170
`6.250
`8.300
`12.500
`16.700
`
`2.50
`4.17
`4.17
`6.24
`5.42
`
`2.30
`3.98
`7.00
`8.34
`10.20
`13.10
`17.90
`26.10
`39.50
`53.00
`89.50
`113.00
`195.00
`290.00
`378.00
`
`62.00
`102.00
`100.00
`147.00
`129.00
`
`0.05
`0.06
`0.07
`0.07
`0.08
`0.09
`0.10
`0.12
`0.13
`0.13
`0.15
`0.17
`0.18
`0.20
`0.23
`
`b
`b
`b
`b
`b
`
`a. The current will reach the peak value within the first peak of the supplied voltage.Thus the time
`approaches zero if the instantaneous supplied voltage is at peak, or it could be as much as 0.006 seconds.
`b. Not established. Estimated time is 5 to 20 cycles.
`
`0.5
`
`1.0
`
`1.5
`
`2.0
`
`2.5
`
`3.0
`
`3.5
`
`2,000
`
`0
`
`1,500
`
`UU t
`
`o 1,000
`
`I0
`
`U,;
`
`Temperature (Kelvin x 1,000)
`Figure 7.141 Resistance vs.
`Temperature
`Variation of tungsten Iament hot resistance
`with temperature, as a percentage of cold
`resistance.
`
`7.14 The Lighting Handbook
`
`IES 1 0th Edition
`
`
`
`Page 12 of 24
`
`

`
`Framework Light Sources: Technical Characteristics
`
`CC-8
`
`CC-2V
`
`CC-6
`
`Axial( AX)
`
`Transverse (TR)
`
`C-8 Double Ended
`
`Figure 7.15 Filaments
`Typical filament lamp constructions. Not to scale.
`Images courtesy of Osram Sylvania
`
`the oils in human skin coupled with the heat of operation may lead to devitrification and
`non-passive failure. If a quartz capsule is handled by accident, it should be cleaned with
`rubbing alcohol or mineral spirits. The tungsten halogen or halogen infrared capsule is
`commonly placed within an outer glass bulb, as with PAR lamps. Typical bulb shapes and
`their ANSI designations are given in Figure 7.16. The bulb may provide protection of the
`filament, optical diffusion, shaping of the luminous intensity distribution, and spectral
`filtering. In the case of halogen infrared lamps, the halogen capsule is used for redirection
`of infrared radiation.
`Protection of the filament: Tungsten will quickly evaporate if heated to incandescence in
`free air. The bulb creates a hermetically sealed environment that is either a vacuum for
`GLS lamps below about 25W or an atmosphere of gas.
`Diffusion: Frosting may be applied to the inner surface of a bulb to diffuse the extremely
`high filament luminance. This produces moderate diffusion with very little reduction in
`output while mostly eliminating striations and shadows from internal lamp components.
`Finely powdered white silica is typically employed.
`Shaping of the luminous intensity distribution: The luminous intensity distribution may
`be shaped with reflection and/or refraction. When reflection is employed a portion of the
`inner surface of the bulb is coated with aluminum or silver and the lamp shape is used
`to direct light out of the uncoated bulb wall. Silver has the advantage of higher reflec
`tance and therefore higher efficiency. The most common type of reflectorized lamps have
`parabolic glass envelopes, although other shapes are available, including elliptical reflec
`tor lamps, and A-shaped lamps with half-coated bulbs, known as silver-bowled-reflector
`lamps. For parabolic reflector lamps the dimpling or prismatic pattern on the face is used
`as a refractive optic: clear lenses are used for narrow beam distributions with an increase
`in dimpling with beam width. See 7.2.7.2 Reflector Lamps.
`
`Spectral filtering: Filament lamps are available with inside- and outside-spray-coated, out
`side-ceramic, transparent-plastic-coated, and doped-glass bulbs. Daylight lamps have bluish
`glass bulbs that absorb some of the long wavelengths produced by the filament. The trans
`mitted light is of a higher correlated color temperature than standard incandescent. Bulb
`glass doped with neodymium selectively filters some of the yellow optical radiation generated
`by the filament, as shown in Figure 7.17. Filament lamps with spectrally selective filters have
`a lower CR1 than standard incandescent lamps. This is a consequence of the way CR1 is de
`fined, but does not necessarily mean that such lamps exhibit poorer color rendition. See 6.3
`Color Rendition and 7.2.3 Spectrum. Notably, filament lamps with blue-glass or doped with
`neodymium are considered by many to provide premium color rendition despite CR1 values
`in the high 70s [19] [20] [21] [22]. Spectral filtering reduces luminous efficacy.
`
`ES 10th Edition
`
`The Lighting Handbook 7.15
`
`
`
`Page 13 of 24
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`

`
`Framework I Light Sources: Technical Characteristics
`
`AR7O
`
`ARili
`
`Bli
`
`BTi5
`
`Q
`
`Fi7
`
`G25c
`
`PAR16
`
`PAR16GU1O
`
`PAR2O
`
`PAR3O
`
`PAR3OLN
`
`PAR36
`
`PAR38
`
`PAR56
`
`PAR64
`
`BT4T
`Single Ended
`
`T
`Double Ended
`
`Ti 0
`
`c
`
`A19
`
`VM
`
`R16
`
`VPAR38
`
`A-Arbitrary spherical tapered to narrow neck
`ER-Elliptical reflector
`AR-Aluminized Reflector
`F-Flame shape, decorative
`AT-Arbitrary tubular
`FE-Flat elliptical
`B-Bulged or bullet shape, blunt tip
`G-Globe shape
`BA-Bulged with angular (bent) tip
`GT-Globe/tubular combination
`BD-Bulged with dimple in crown
`K-Similar to M but with conical transition
`BR-Bulged reflector
`M-Mushroom shape with rounded transitions
`BT-Bulged tubular
`MR-iVultifaceted reflector
`C-Conical
`P-Pear shape
`CA-Candle shape with bent tip
`PS-Pear shape with straight neck
`CC-Two conical shapes blended tDgether
`PAR-Parabolic aluminized reflector
`E-Elliptical
`R-Reflector
`ED-Elliptical with dimple in the crown
`RB-Bulged reflector
`Figure 7.16 Typical Bulb Shapes and their ANSI Designations
`Not to scale. Not every ANSI designation, as key-listed here to a descriptive phrase or word, is illustrated.
`Images courtesy ofOsram Sylvania
`
`>>
`
`RD-Reflector with dimple in crown
`REC-PAR type lamp with rectangular face
`RM-Refiector, mushroom shape
`RP-Reflector, pear shape
`S-Straight-sided shape (compare with CA
`and BA)
`ST-Straight-tipped shape
`T-Tubular shape
`TL-Tubular shape with lens in crown
`T/C-Tubular circular
`TU-Tubular U-shape
`2D-Two-dimensional
`
`Redirection of infrared radiation: The capsule for halogen infrared lamps is designed to
`redirect infrared radiation back to the filament, which leads to a higher filament temperature
`at the same electrical current, thus increasing luminous efficacy. Halogen infrared capsules are
`constructed with a multilayer coating that allows visible optical radiation to pass through while
`reflecting infrared and absorbing ultraviolet radiation. Such capsules are typically, although
`not always, placed inside an outer envelope. The capsule shape and filament location must be
`precisely engineered and manufactured for the reflected JR to be focused on the filament.
`
`7.2.2.3 Base
`The functions of the base are to: make the electrical connection, support the lamp, and in
`some cases provide optical positioning within a luminaire. Common bases for tungsten
`halogen and halogen infrared lamps are given in Figure 7.18. Most GLS lamps employ a
`screw base. Bipost and prefocus bases ensure proper filament location in relation to lumi
`naire optical elements. Lamp wattage is also a factor in determining base type.
`
`7.16 The Lighting Handbook
`
`IES 10th Edition
`
`
`
`Page 14 of 24
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`

`
`100%
`
`80%
`
`! 60%
`
`40%
`
`20%
`
`0%
`
`700
`
`400
`
`600
`500
`Wavelength (nm)
`7.171 Neodymium Glass
`Figure
`Transmittance
`STD for neodymium glass showing the sharp
`dip in transmittance in the yellow part of
`the spectrum. See also Figure 7.20 Filament
`Lamp SPDs.
`
`Framework I Light Sources: Technical Characteristics
`
`7.2.2.4 Gas Fill and the Tungsten Halogen Cycle
`The gas fill is designed to: minimize conductive losses of input energy, suppress arcing
`between lead-in wires, and not react with the internal parts of the lamp. In the case of
`tungsten halogen and halogen infrared lamps, the gas fill is also designed to eliminate
`tungsten deposits on the wall of the capsule.
`
`The tungsten filament of an incandescent lamp is surrounded by a thin sheath of heated
`gas to which some of the input energy is dissipated via convection. When the filament is
`coiled into a tight helix the sheath surrounds the entire coil such that the heat loss is no
`longer determined by the diameter of the wire, but by the diameter of the coil. Coiling
`thus reduces the loss. The energy loss is also dependent upon the atomic weight of the
`gas surrounding the filament. Larger atoms have lower heat conductivity. Inert gasses are
`employed because they do not react with the filament or with the other internal compo
`nents of the lamp. The modern L20 V GLS incandescent lamp has a fill of about 95%
`argon and 5% nitrogen. The nitrogen is necessary to suppress arcing whereas the argon,
`being a heavier atom, has lower heat conductivity thus increasing efficacy. Krypton gas
`has lower heat conductivity than argon, and xenon lower still. The larger atoms are also
`more effective at retarding tungsten evaporation; they can be employed to extend life at
`the same efficacy or maintain the same rated life with increased efficacy. Of the four inert
`gasses employed in the gas fill, xenon is the most expensive, followed in order by krypton,
`argon, and nitrogen. Where the i