(12) United States Patent
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`Ball et al.
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`(10) Patent No.:
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`(45) Date of Patent:
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`US 8,570,957 B2
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`Oct. 29, 2013
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`US008570957B2
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`(54) EXTENSION OF POWER HEADROOM
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`REPORTING AND TRIGGER CONDITIONS
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`Inventors: Carsten Ban, Munchen (DE); Jari
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`Lindholm, Palojoki (F1); Robert
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`Miillner, Miinchen (DE); Claudio Rosa,
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`Randers (DE)
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`(75)
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`(73) Assignee:
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`( * ) Notice:
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`aigfida Siemens Networks Oy, Espoo
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`Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this
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`patent is extended or adjusted under 35
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`U"S'C' 1540’) by 1003 days"
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`(21) Appl. No.: 12/382,920
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`(22)
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`Filed;
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`Mar, 26, 2009
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`(65)
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`Prior Publication Data
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`US 2009/0245191 A1
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`Oct. 1, 2009
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`(51)
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`Related U.S. Application Data
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`(60) Provisional application No. 61/039,707, filed on Mar.
`26 2008.
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`’
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`II1t- CL
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`H04L 1/00
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`H043 7/00
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`(52) U.S. Cl.
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`USPC ......................................... .. 370/329; 455/522
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`(58) Field of Classification Search
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`USPC ........................................................ .. 370/329
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`See application file for complete Search history.
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`(2006.01)
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`(2006.01)
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`(56)
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`References Cited
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`Ehalegitn «let at
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`1§§§8i‘f
`ifiii 2: ii: """"""""" " 37°/329
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`5/2013 Michel et at ............... N 455/522
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`(Continued)
`FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
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`WO
`
`10% £2
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`2004/056009 A1
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`7/2004
`
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`
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`
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`3GPP TSG-RAN4 Meeting #44bis, R4-071574, “Requirements for
`
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`the UE Transmission Power Headroom (UPH)”Oct. 8-12, 2007, pp.
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`1-3.
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`(Continued)
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`Primary Examiner — Guang
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`(74) Attorney! Agent! or Firm ’ Squire Sanders (US) LLP
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`(57)
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`
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`A method can include determining a power headroom report,
`
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`and transmitting the headroom report. The power headroom
`
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`report can provide both positive and negative values of power
`
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`headroom according to the determination, in which negative
`
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`
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`values indicate the missing power in dB to fulfill require-
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`
`
`
`
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`ments, such as those given by current resource allocation and
`
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`modulation and coding scheme. This method can be imple-
`
`
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`
`
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`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`mented by encoding instructions for performing this method
`on a computer-readable medium, such that the instructions
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`when execute cause the computer to execute the method as a
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
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`computer process. The method can further include receiving
`
`
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`
`
`
`
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`a power headroom report. The method can additionally
`
`
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`
`
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`include allocating radio network resources based on the
`
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`power headroom report.
`
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`16 Claims, 4 Drawing Sheets
`
`
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`
`200
`
`
`
`Second Apparatus
`
`
`
`
`
`100 First Apparatus
`processor
`processor
`
`
`210
`110
`
`
`transmitter
`transmitter
`
`
`220
`120
`
`receiver
`
`
`230
`
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`300
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`130
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`140
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`Hardware Software
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`150
`150
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`Software Hardware
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`260
`250
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`memory
`240
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`Petitioner's Exhibit 1001
`
`Petitioner's Exhibit 1001
`
`

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`US 8,570,957 B2
`Page 2
`
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`3GPP TS 36.101 V8.0.0, “3rd Generation Partnership Project; Tech-
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`nical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal
`
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`Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); User Equipment (UE) Radio
`
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`Transmission and Reception (Release 8)”, Dec. 2007, pp. 1-45.
`
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`
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`International Search Report
`international application No. PCT/
`
`
`
`
`
`
`EP2009/053556 dated Sep. 28, 2009.
`
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`
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`3GPP TS 36.213, v8.3.0, “3rd Generation Partnership Project; Tech-
`
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`
`
`
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`
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`nical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal
`
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`Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Physical Layer Procedures”,
`
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`Release 8, pp. 1-45, (May 2008).
`
`
`
`
`
`WORU Notice of Allowance issued Sep. 14, 2012 in corresponding
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Application No. RU 201043473/08 (062617).
`
`
`
`
`WOCN Office Action dated Dec. 4, 2012 in corresponding Applica-
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`
`
`
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`tion No. CN 200980119369.1.
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`* cited by examiner
`
`
`
`
`
`Petitioner's Exhibit 1001
`
`(56)
`
`
`References Cited
`
`
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`
`
`
`....... .. 713/300
`3/2008 Bieswanger et al.
`2008/0072079 A1*
`
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`. 370/318
`7/2008 Ji et al.
`2008/0175185 A1*
`............. ..
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`2008/0254819 A1* 10/2008 Niwano et al.
`.............. .. 455/522
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`2009/0125650 A1*
`5/2009 Sebire ........................... .. 710/57
`
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`2009/0175187 A1*
`7/2009 Jersenius et al.
`. 370/252
`
`
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`2009/0191910 A1*
`7/2009 Athalye et al.
`.
`. 455/522
`
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`
`
`2010/0173665 A1*
`7/2010 Michel et al.
`............... .. 455/522
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`
`
`
`
`
`3GPP TS 36.331 V8.0.0, “3rd Generation Partnership Project; Tech-
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`nical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal
`
`
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`
`
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`Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) Radio Resource Control (RRC);
`
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`
`
`Protocol Specification (Release 8)”, Dec. 2007, pp. 1-56.
`
`
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`
`Petitioner's Exhibit 1001
`
`

`
`
`
`SN
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`mw32m&<958m2:m2em&<.2:
`
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`2.
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`
`.mbogusmomQ2
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`B_2._E8§O8_o=_Em=§mSN2.
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`8.
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`
`Petitioner's Exhibit 1001
`
`Petitioner's Exhibit 1001
`
`
`
`

`
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`
`
`
`Oct. 29, 2013
`
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`Sheet 2 of4
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`US 8,570,957 B2
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`—
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`/\/295
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`290 L!
`
`297
`
`FIG .2
`
`
`
`Petitioner's Exhibit 1001
`
`Petitioner's Exhibit 1001
`
`

`
`
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`
`Oct. 29, 2013
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`
`Sheet 3 of4
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`US 8,570,957 B2
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`340
`
`F|G.3
`
`Petitioner's Exhibit 1001
`
`Petitioner's Exhibit 1001
`
`

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`U.S. Patent
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`
`Oct. 29, 2013
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`Sheet 4 of4
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`US 8,570,957 B2
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`100
`Determination
`
`Unit
`Hardware
`
`410
`150
`
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`1 60
`
`Software
` Transmission
`
`
`Unit
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`420
`
`Communication
`Connection
`300
`
`
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`200
`
`
`
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`
`
`Reception
`Unit
`430
`
`
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`
`F|G.4
`
`Petitioner's Exhibit 1001
`
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`
`
`
`Allocation
`Unit
`440
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`
`
`Petitioner's Exhibit 1001
`
`

`
`
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`US 8,570,957 B2
`
`1
`
`EXTENSION OF POWER HEADROOM
`
`
`
`REPORTING AND TRIGGER CONDITIONS
`
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`
`
`CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED
`
`
`
`APPLICATIONS
`
`
`This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §ll9(e) of
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`U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/039,707,
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`filed on Mar. 26, 2008. The subject matter of the earlier filed
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`application is hereby incorporated by reference.
`BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
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`1. Field of the Invention
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`Certain embodiments of the present invention generally
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`relate to communication technologies. For example, certain
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`embodiments ofthe present invention can be used in wireless
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`communications, and particular in the Long Term Evolution
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`(LTE) of Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) and
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`Evolved UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication Sys-
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`tem) Terrestrial Radio Access Network (Evolved UTRAN or
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`simply EUTRAN). More particularly certain embodiments of
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`the present invention provide an extension of power head-
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`room reporting to be used by each and every user equipment
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`(UE) to allow for a more efiicient resource allocation by an
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`evolved Node B (eNodeB).
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`2. Description of the Related Art
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`Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term
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`Evolution (LTE), which is a project within the 3GPP to
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`improve the UMTS standard with respect to efiiciency, ser-
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`vices, costs, new spectrum opportunities and better integra-
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`tion with other open standards. LTE may result in a new
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`evolved Release 8 ofthe 3GPP standard including extensions
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`and modifications of the UMTS system. The architecture is
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`called EPS (Evolved Packet System) and comprehends E-UT-
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`RAN (Evolved UTRAN) on the access side and EPC
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`(Evolved Packet Core) on the core side.
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`3GPP Release 8 is expected to be developed further. Much
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`of the standard is expected to be oriented around upgrading
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`UMTS to the fourth generation mobile communications tech-
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`nology, essentially a wireless broadband Internet system with
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`voice and other services, such as data services, built on top.
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`In 3GPP standardization the specification for power head-
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`room reporting for LTE has started and is expected to be
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`defined. Power headroom reporting is currently topic of
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`3GPP standardization and the described problem has not yet
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`been solved.
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`SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
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`One embodiment of the present invention is an apparatus.
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`The apparatus includes a processor configured to determine a
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`power headroom report. The apparatus also includes a trans-
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`mitter configured to transmit the headroom report. The pro-
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`cessor is configured to determine the power headroom report
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`with both positive and negative values ofpower headroom, as
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`applicable, in which negative values indicate the missing
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`power in dB to fulfill transmission requirements.
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`Another embodiment of the present invention is also an
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`apparatus. The apparatus includes a receiver configured to
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`receive a power headroom report. The apparatus further
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`includes a processor configured to allocate radio network
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`resources based on the power headroom report. The processor
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`is configured to obtain both positive and negative values of
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`power headroom from the power headroom report, as appli-
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`cable, in which negative values indicate the missing power in
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`dB to fulfill transmission requirements.
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`10
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`15
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`20
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`25
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`30
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`35
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`40
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`45
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`50
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`55
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`60
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`65
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`2
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`A further embodiment ofthe present invention is a method.
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`The method includes determining a power headroom report.
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`The method also includes transmitting the headroom report.
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`The determining includes determining the power headroom
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`report with both positive and negative values of power head-
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`room, as applicable, in which negative values indicate the
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`missing power in dB to fulfill transmission requirements.
`
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`An additional embodiment of the present invention is also
`
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`a method. The method includes receiving a power headroom
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`report. The method also includes allocating radio network
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`resources based on the power headroom report. The allocat-
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`ing includes obtaining, from the power headroom report, both
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`positive and negative values of power headroom, as appli-
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`cable, in which negative values indicate the missing power in
`
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`dB to fulfill transmission requirements.
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`Another embodiment of the present invention is a com-
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`
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`
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`puter-readable storage medium encoded with instructions
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`
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`configured to control a computer to execute a process. The
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`process includes determining a power headroom report. The
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`process also includes transmitting the headroom report. The
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`determining includes determining the power headroom report
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`with both positive and negative values ofpower headroom, as
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`
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`applicable, in which negative values indicate the missing
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`power in dB to fulfill transmission requirements.
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`A further embodiment of the present invention is a com-
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`puter-readable storage medium encoded with instructions
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`configured to control a computer to execute a process. The
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`process includes receiving a power headroom report. The
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`process also includes allocating radio network resources
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`based on the power headroom report. The allocating includes
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`obtaining, from the power headroom report, both positive and
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`negative values of power headroom, as applicable, in which
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`negative values indicate the missing power in dB to fulfill
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`transmission requirements.
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`Another embodiment of the present invention is an appa-
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`ratus. The apparatus includes determining means for deter-
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`mining a power headroom report. The apparatus also includes
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`transmitting means for transmitting the headroom report. The
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`determining means is configured to determine the power
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`headroom report with both positive and negative values of
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`power headroom, as applicable, in which negative values
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`indicate the missing power in dB to fulfill transmission
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`requirements.
`An additional embodiment of the present invention is also
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`an apparatus. The apparatus includes receiving means for
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`receiving a power headroom report. The apparatus also
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`includes allocating means for allocating radio network
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`resources based on the power headroom report. The processor
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`is configured to obtain both positive and negative values of
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`power headroom from the power headroom report, as appli-
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`cable, in which negative values indicate the missing power in
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`dB to fulfill transmission requirements.
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`BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
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`reference
`For proper understanding of the invention,
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`should be made to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
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`FIG. 1 illustrates a system according to an embodiment of
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`the present invention;
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`FIG. 2 illustrates a computer-readable medium according
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`to an embodiment of the present invention; and
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`FIG. 3 illustrates a method according to an embodiment of
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`the present invention.
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`FIG. 4 illustrates a system according to another embodi-
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`ment of the present invention.
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`Petitioner's Exhibit 1001
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`Petitioner's Exhibit 1001
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`

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`3
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`DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED
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`EMBODIMENT(S)
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`US 8,570,957 B2
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`4
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`The eNodeB can be configured to know at which PSD level
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`the different UEs are operating. The PSD can be calculated
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`from the total UE transmission power and the number of
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`assigned physical resources. This information can be impor-
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`tant for performing correct radio resource management and
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`link quality control decisions at the eNodeB, especially for
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`the adaptation ofthe modulation and coding scheme, UpLink
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`(UL) power control and resource assignment. An imprecise
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`knowledge of the PSD used by a specific UE could e.g. cause
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`the allocation of an excessively high transmission bandwidth,
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`thus resulting in a lower Signal to Interference plus Noise
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`Ratio (SINR) than expected. Information on the PSD used at
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`the UE is expected to be obtained from the power control
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`headroom reports, which are current topics in 3GPP standard-
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`ization.
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`The power control headroom is the difference between the
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`nominal maximum transmission power and the power at the
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`UE, e.g. the power that the UE would use if it did not apply
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`maximum power limitations. The power control headroom is
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`calculated per Transmission Time Interval (TTI) and it is
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`expected that the UE sends power headroom reports after 11
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`closed loop power control commands, if the change of the
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`path loss exceeds a specific threshold since the last power
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`headroom report, if the UE is close to maximum power or if
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`the timer started at previous report has elapsed. Periodic
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`sending of power headroom report is also possible.
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`3GPP TS 36.213 defines the UE transmit power for the
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`Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) PPUSCH transmis-
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`sion in subframe i by the following equation:
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`Equation 1 for Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
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`PPUSCH(i):min{PMAX>10 lOg1O(MPUSCH(i))+P0,
`PUSCI~1(/')+a'PL+ATF(TF(i))+fli)}[dBm]
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`where
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`PMAX can be the maximum allowed power configured by
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`higher layers;
`MPUSCHcanbe the size ofthe PUSCH resource assignment
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`expressed in number of resource blocks valid for sub-
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`frame i;
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`PLPUSCH can be an offset parameter defined by Operation
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`and Maintenance (O&M) or additionally influenced by
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`internal calculations;
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`(X can be a path loss compensation factor adjustable by
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`O&M;
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`PL can be the downlink Path Loss (PL) estimate calculated
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`in the UE;
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`ATP can be a Transport Format (TF) dependent offset; and
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`f(i) can represent reporting ofclosed loop power correction
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`values using accumulation or absolute values, respec-
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`tively.
`An alternative to Equation 1 is the following:
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`PPUSCH(i):min{PMAX>10 lOg1O(MPUSCH(i))+P0,
`PUSCH(/')+a(/')'PL+ATF(i)+/((1.)1’
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`where the terms are defined as in Equation 1. Further changes
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`are possible, for example,
`in which PMAX is defined by
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`PCMAX:MIN(PEMAX, PUMAX), where PEMAX is the
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`maximum allowed power configured by higher layers and
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`defined in 3GPP TS 36.331 and PUMAX is the maximum UE
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`power for the UE power class specified in 3GPP TS 36.101.
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`The UE can report in the power headroom report, the
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`difference between PMAX and the second term of the mim-
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`mum function in equation 1. This power headroom report (in
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`the conventional implementation) describes only the positive
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`difference between nominal maximum transmission power
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`and the currently used power. Using maximum transmit
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`power results in a power headroom of 0 dB but also requiring
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`Petitioner's Exhibit 1001
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`Certain embodiments of the present invention relate to an
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`extension of power headroom reporting to be used by each
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`and every User Equipment (UE) to allow for a more economic
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`resource allocation by an evolved Node B (eNodeB).
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`In such embodiments, the UE can report in a power head-
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`room report the difference between the nominal maximum
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`power and the power at the UE, e.g. the power that the UE
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`would use if it did not apply maximum power limitations.
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`This power headroom report describes only the positive dif-
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`ference between nominal maximum transmission power and
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`the currently used power. Hence, with the current standard-
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`ization assumption, the eNodeB will not have knowledge
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`about the “missing” power at the UE. As a result resources on
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`the air interface are somehow wasted since the scheduler is
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`not aware of how much the UE power budget is exceeded.
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`Power headroom reporting can be performed in both direc-
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`tions, e. g. reporting (a) positive headroom ifthe current trans-
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`mit power is lower than the nominal maximum transmission
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`power and (b) negative headroom if the required transmit
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`power according to the allocation scheme in terms of number
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`of resource blocks, broadcasted and dedicated offset param-
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`eters, path loss estimates, as well as selected modulation and
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`coding scheme and closed-loop power correction values
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`requires higher power than the nominal maximum transmit
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`power. It should be noted that the power headroom report is
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`negative if the right part ofthe min-function in Equation 1 for
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`Physical Uplink Shared Channel (discussed below) exceeds
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`Pm“. This part includes further terms (offset parameters, path
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`loss estimates, and closed-loop power corrections). Example:
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`The right part of the min-function requests a transmission
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`power of 26 dBm. Pm” is set to 23 dBm. The reported power
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`headroom is 23 dBm-26 dBm:—3 dB.
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`The extension of power headroom reporting to negative
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`values can be used by the UE to inform the eNodeB about the
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`amount of missing power in dB; eNodeB scheduler to reduce
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`the number ofallocated RBs to an optimum bandwidth and/or
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`Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) to adapt the modu-
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`lation and coding scheme (MCS downgrade) in case of slow
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`AMC, or outer loop link adaptation offset in case of fast
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`AMC; adaptation of the UpLink (UL) power control; recon-
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`figuration ofUL sounding charmel—if applicable; reconfigu-
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`ration of signaling resources and power—if applicable; and
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`resealing of previous measurements—if applicable.
`The currently proposed uplink in LTE uses Single Carrier
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`Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) multiplex-
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`ing and Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) or 16
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`50
`Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
`(64 QAM
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`optional) modulation. Power control can be an efficient
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`means to improve the cell edge behavior, to relax the require-
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`ments on the intra-cell orthogonality, and to reduce inter-cell
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`interference and power consumption. Basically, the Power
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`Spectral Density (PSD) can be determined by an open loop
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`power control component calculated at the User Equipment
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`(UE) and a closed loop power control correction transmitted
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`by the eNodeB. PSD can be defined as “transmission power
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`per resource block,” where a resource block (RB) is the small-
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`est time/frequency unit that can be as signed by the scheduler.
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`The setting of the UE transmit power according to 3GPP TS
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`36.213 (which is hereby incorporated by reference in its
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`entirety) is based on broadcasted and dedicated parameters as
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`well as path loss estimates. The maximum uplink transmit
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`power is limited by a maximum value Pm“ signaled from the
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`network to the UE and by the capability of the UE according
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`to its UE class.
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`30
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`60
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`65
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`Petitioner's Exhibit 1001
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`

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`US 8,570,957 B2
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`more power for maintaining the PSD at given allocation
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`would result in a power headroom report of 0 dB. In other
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`words, if more power than Pm” is required according to the
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`right part of the min-function in equation 1, the power head-
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`room without extension to negative values would also report
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`the value 0 and the network does not obtain knowledge
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`whether the uplink power is exactly sufiicient (the right part
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`of the min-function is equal to Pm“) or if power is missing,
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`i.e. the right part of the min-function is higher than Pm“.
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`Hence with the current standardization assumption the eNo-
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`deB is not expected to have knowledge about the “missing”
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`power at the UE. As a result resources on the air interface may
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`be wasted, since the scheduler is not aware of how much the
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`UE power budget is exceeded.
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`In certain embodiments ofthe present invention, the power
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`headroom reporting is extended to both directions, e.g.
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`reporting (a) positive headroom if the current transmit power
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`is lower than the nominal maximum transmission power and
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`(b) negative headroom if the required transmit power accord-
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`ing to the allocation scheme in terms of number of RBs as
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`well as selected modulation and coding scheme requires
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`higher power than the nominal maximum transmit power.
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`The extension of power headroom reporting to negative
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`values can be used by
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`(a) the UE to inform the eNodeB about the amount of
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`missing power in dB;
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`(b) an eNodeB scheduler to reduce the number of allocated
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`RBs to an optimum bandwidth (ATB:adaptive trans-
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`mission bandwidth) and/or adaptive modulation and
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`coding (AMC) to adapt the modulation and coding
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`scheme (MCS downgrade) in case of slow AMC, or
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`outer loop link adaptation offset in case of fast AMC;
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`(c) adaptation of the UL power control;
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`(d) reconfiguration of UL sounding channel—if appli-
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`cable;
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`(e) reconfiguration of signaling resources and power—if
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`applicable; and
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`(f) rescaling of previous measurements—if applicable.
`There can also be an emergency trigger condition, when-
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`ever the UE power is exceeded. The UE can send immediately
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`a Power Headroom Report. The UE can, optionally, also be
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`allowed to use only a limited number of resources for sub-
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`mission and can indicate this (or be told of this by, for
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`example, an eNodeB). This may enhance high coverage.
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`There are also some further options. For example, ifthe UE
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`runs out of power (required power according to allocation
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`scheme exceeds PMAX) it can reduce the number of RBs for
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`uplink transmission, i.e. the UE can transmit on fewer RBs
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`than scheduled. The eNodeB can be informed about this
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`action. This option can be enabled or disabled by the network
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`via broadcast message or dedicated signaling. For another
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`example, ifthe UE runs out ofpower (required power accord-
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`ing to allocation scheme exceeds PMAX) and different ATP
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`values are used for different transport formats, the UE can use
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`another, e.g. more robust modulation and coding scheme with
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`lower ATP and can signal this to the eNodeB. Enabling or
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`disabling ofthis option can also be controlled by the network.
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`The extension of the reported range can lead to a more
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`efiicient utilization of the available resources. Without this
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`solution, the PSD requirements from power control algorithm
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`(according to 3GPP TS 36.213) at given resource allocation
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`might not be maintained because an indicated power head-
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`room of 0 dB does not provide information whether (or
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`which) additional power is required. As a consequence, the
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`quality requirements in terms of signal to interference and
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`noise ratio (SINR) cannot be maintained, and a more robust
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`45
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`55
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`65
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`6
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`modulation and coding scheme (MCS) would be expected to
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`be selected by AMC, while the number of allocated RBs is
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`still maintained.
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`At least some of the solutions described in present appli-
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`cation allow the scheduler to reduce the resource allocation
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`on the appropriate number ofRBs, in a targeted, accurate way.
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`Hence, radio resource management may have all necessary
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`information to determine in advance the number of RBs to be
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`reduced. The assignment of the gained RBs to other connec-
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`tions may become possible immediately, and the perfor-
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`mance of LTE can be increased in terms of quality and capac-
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`ity.
`Certain embodiments ofthe present invention may result in
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`a shift of the range covered by headroom reporting. The
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`power control range in LTE is assumed to be 40 dB. With 6
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`bits used for signaling 64 power headroom, levels can be
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`defined ranging from +40 dB to -23 dB in steps of 1 dB. This
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`range can be extended, in terms ofthe lower limit ofthe range,
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`from currently 0 dB to negative values. An extension to 3 dB
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`can permit Adaptive Transmission Bandwidth (ATB) to
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`reduce the bandwidth by 50%. Larger steps in bandwidth
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`reduction can be provided by extending the range to e. g. -10
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`dB or -23 dB. This extension for the information of negative
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`power headroom can be used by radio resource management
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`to adapt the modulation scheme e.g. from 16 QAM to QPSK
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`or from 64 QAM to 16 QAM (mapping on link level curves).
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`A larger negative range can also allow for a higher granularity
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`in each mixture of joint ATB and AMC measures. This is
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`expected to provide sufiicient range given by 6 bits for sig-
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`naling. A shift of the range towards negative values could be
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`similarly handled in case ofa reduction ofthe signaling bits to
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`e.g. 5.
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`Certain embodiments of the present invention extend the
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`power headroom report from positive only to positive and
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`negative values, where negative power headroom represents
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`the following situation: the reported negative value indicates
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`the missing power in dB to fulfill the requirements given by
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`current resource allocation and modulation and coding
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`scheme. This knowledge can allow an exact reassignment of
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`the allocated resources and a more economic resource utili-
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`zation.
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`FIG. 1 illustrates a system according to an embodiment of
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`the present invention. The system includes a first apparatus
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`100 and a second apparatus 200. The first apparatus 100 and
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`the second apparatus 200 can be configured to communicate
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`over a communication link 300, which is illustrated as a direct
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`wireless communicat