1/26/2016
`
`IP address - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`
`9 I
`
`P address
`
`From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`
`An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device (eg, computer,
`printer) participating in a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication.[1] An IP
`address serves two principal fimctions: host or network interface identification and location addressing. Its
`role has been characterized as follows: "A name indicates what we seek. An address indicates where it is. A
`
`route indicates how to get there."[2]
`
`The designers of the Internet Protocol defined an IP address as a 32-bit numberm and this system, known as
`Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4), is still in use today. However, because of the growth of the Internet and
`the predicted depletion of available addresses, a new version of IP (IPV6), using 128 bits for the address,
`was developed in 1995.5] IPv6 was standardized as RFC 2460 in l998,[4] and its deployment has been
`ongoing since the mid-2000s.
`
`IP addresses are usually written and displayed in human-readable notations, such as 172.16.254.l (IPv4),
`and 2001:db8:O:l234:0:567:8:l (IPV6).
`
`The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) manages the IP address space allocations globally and
`delegates five regional Internet registries (RIRS) to allocate IP address blocks to local Internet registries
`(Internet service providers) and other entities.
`
`
`Contents
`
`1
`
`IP versions
`
`2 IPv4 addresses
`
`2.1 Subnetting
`
`2.2 Private addresses
`
`3 IPv4 address exhaustion
`
`4 IPv6 addresses
`
`4.1 Private addresses
`
`5 IP subnetworks
`
`6 IP address assignment
`I
`
`6.1 Methods
`
`https://en.wi ki pedia.org/wiki/|P_address
`
`Petitioner, Ex. 1035, Page 1
`
`1/11
`
`Petitioner, Ex. 1035, Page 1
`
`

`
`1/26/2016
`
`IP address - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`
`6.2 Uses of dynamic address assignment
`
`6.2.1 Sticky dynamic IP address
`
`6.3 Address autoconfiguration
`
`6.4 Uses of static addressing
`
`6.5 Conflict
`
`7 Routing
`
`7.1 Unicast addressing
`
`7 .2 Broadcast addressing
`
`7.3 Multicast addressing
`
`7.4 Anycast addressing
`
`8 Public addresses
`
`9 Modifications to IP addressing
`
`9.1 IP blocking and firewalls
`
`9.2 IP address translation
`
`10 Diagnostic tools
`
`11 See also
`
`12 References
`
`13 External links
`
`
`
`IP versions
`
`Two versions of the Internet Protocol (IP) are in use: IP Version 4 and IP Version 6. Each version defines
`an IP address differently. Because of its prevalence, the generic term IP address typically still refers to the
`addresses defined by IPV4. The gap in Version sequence between IPV4 and IPV6 resulted from the
`assignment of number 5 to the experimental Internet Stream Protocol in 1979, which however was never
`referred to as IPv5.
`
`IPv4 addresses
`
`https://en.wi ki pedia.org/wiki/|P_address
`
`Petitioner, Ex. 1035, Page 2
`
`2/11
`
`Petitioner, Ex. 1035, Page 2
`
`

`
`1/26/2016
`
`IP address - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`
`In IPv4 an address consists of 32 bits which limits the
`
`address space to 4 294 967 296 (232) possible unique
`addresses. IPv4 reserves some addresses for special
`purposes such as private networks (~18 million
`addresses) or multicast addresses (~270 million
`addresses)
`
`IPv4 addresses are canonically represented in dot-
`decimal notation, which consists of four decimal
`numbers, each ranging from 0 to 255, separated by dots,
`e.g., l72.l6.254.l. Each part represents a group of8
`bits (octet) of the address. In some cases of technical
`writing, IPV4 addresses may be presented in various
`hexadecimal, octal, or binary representations.
`
`Subnetting
`
`An IPv4 address (dotted-decimal n0tation)
`
`1
`' 254 '
`1 6
`1? 2 '
`"’
`‘
`*
`"
`10101100 00010000 . 11111110 00000001
`ml Ijljl
`one by“? =El9ht W5
`|
`Thirty_two bits (4 X 8)’ or 4 bytes
`
`Decomposition of an IPv4 address from dot-
`
`decimal notation to its binary value.
`
`In the early stages of development of the Internet Protocol,[1] network administrators interpreted an IP
`address in two parts: network number portion and host number portion. The highest order octet (most
`significant eight bits) in an address was designated as the network number and the remaining bits were
`called the restfield or host identifier and were used for host numbering within a network.
`
`This early method soon proved inadequate as additional networks developed that were independent of the
`existing networks already designated by a network number. In 1981, the Internet addressing specification
`
`was revised with the introduction of classful network architecture.[2]
`
`Classfiil network design allowed for a larger number of individual network assignments and fine-grained
`subnetwork design. The first three bits of the most significant octet of an IP address were defined as the
`class of the address. Three classes (A, B, and C) were defined for universal unicast addressing. Depending
`on the class derived, the network identification was based on octet boundary segments of the entire address.
`Each class used successively additional octets in the network identifier, thus reducing the possible number
`of hosts in the higher order classes (B and C). The following table gives an overview of this now obsolete
`
`system.
`
`Historical classful network architecture
`
`Class
`
`Leading
`.
`b1ts
`
`Size of
`network
`.
`number b1t
`field
`
`Size of
`rest
`f.
`.
`b1t 1eld
`
`Number
`of networks
`
`Addresses
`per network
`
`Start
`address
`
`End address
`
`
`
`__000(00 (1§0:)77»216
`fl16,384(214) 65,536(216)
`f,"0’?,7’”2 00000
`
`0000
`128.0.0.0
`00.0.0.0
`
`000.000.000.000
`191.255.255.255
`000.000.000.000
`
`https://en.wi ki pedia.org/wiki/|P_address
`
`Petitioner, Ex. 1035, Page 3
`
`3/11
`
`Petitioner, Ex. 1035, Page 3
`
`

`
`1/26/2016
`
`IP address - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`
`Classful network design served its purpose in the startup stage of the Internet, but it lacked scalability in the
`face of the rapid expansion of the network in the 1990s. The class system of the address space was replaced
`with Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) in 1993. CIDR is based on variable-length subnet masking
`(VLSM) to allow allocation and routing based on arbitrary—length prefixes.
`
`Today, remnants of classful network concepts function only in a limited scope as the default configuration
`parameters of some network software and hardware components (e.g. netmask), and in the technical jargon
`used in network administrators‘ discussions.
`
`Private addresses
`
`Early network design, when global end-to-end connectivity was envisioned for communications with all
`Internet hosts, intended that IP addresses be uniquely assigned to a particular computer or device. However,
`it was found that this was not always necessary as private networks developed and public address space
`needed to be conserved.
`
`Computers not connected to the Internet, such as factory machines that communicate only with each other
`via TCP/IP, need not have globally unique IP addresses. Three non-overlapping ranges of IPv4 addresses
`for private networks were reserved in RFC 1918. These addresses are not routed on the Internet and thus
`their use need not be coordinated with an IP address registry.
`
`Today, when needed, such private networks typically connect to the Internet through network address
`translation (NAT).
`
`IANA-reserved private IPv4 network ranges
`
`Start
`
`End
`
`N0. of addresses
`
`24-bit block (/8 prefix, 1 X A)
`
`10.0.0.0
`
`10.255.255.255
`
`16 777 216 20-bit block (/12 prefix, 16 X B)
`
`16-bit block (/16 prefix, 256 X C) l92.l68.0.0 192.168.255.255 65 536
`
`l72.16.0.0
`
`l72.3l.255.255
`
`1 048 576
`
`Any user may use any of the reserved blocks. Typically, a network administrator will divide a block into
`subnets; for example, many home routers automatically use a default address range of l92.168.0.0 through
`192.168.0.255 (192.168.0.0/24).
`
`IPv4 address exhaustion
`
`High levels of demand have decreased the supply of unallocated Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4)
`addresses available for assignment to Internet service providers and end user organizations since the 1980s.
`This development is referred to as IPv4 address exhaustion. LANA's primary address pool was exhausted on
`3 February 2011, when the last five blocks were allocated to the five RIRs.[5][6] APNIC was the first RIR to
`exhaust its regional pool on 15 April 2011, except for a small amount of address space reserved for the
`transition to IPv6, intended to be allocated in a restricted process.[7]
`
`IPv6 addresses
`
`https://en.wi ki pedia.org/wiki/|P_address
`
`Petitioner, Ex. 1035, Page 4
`
`4/1 1
`
`Petitioner, Ex. 1035, Page 4
`
`

`
`1/26/2016
`
`IP address - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`
`The rapid exhaustion of IPv4 address space prompted
`the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to explore
`new technologies to expand the addressing capability in
`the Internet. The permanent solution was deemed to be
`a redesign of the Internet Protocol itself. This new
`.
`generation of the Internet Protocol was eventually
`
`namedInternetProtocol Version 6 (IPv6) in l995.[3][4]
`
`The address size was increased from 32 to 128 bits (16
`octets), thus providing up to 2128 (approximately
`3.403 X 1038) addresses. This is deemed sufficient for
`the foreseeable futm.e_
`
`(In hexadecimal)
`An IPV5 addrei-,5
`2001:0DBB:AC10:FE01:ODOD:O000:000'D:0000
`’
`‘
`‘
`1
`2I'.|01:ODBB=AC1I'.|= FEO1::
`
`Z“-‘W5 '53" be °'"‘*t“-"'
`
`\
`
` 1flI1 101 101 1 ICED: 1010'-|.1fi2IZI11:1 111 lllmlt
`
`
`
`_
`_
`Decomposition of an IPv6 address from
`hexadecimal representation to its binary value.
`
`The intent of the new design was not to provide just a
`sufficient quantity of addresses, but also redesign routing in the Internet by more efficient aggregation of
`subnetwork routing prefixes. This resulted in slower growth of routing tables in routers. The smallest
`possible individual allocation is a subnet for 264 hosts, which is the square of the size of the entire IPv4
`Internet. At these levels, actual address utilization rates will be small on any IPv6 network segment. The
`new design also provides the opportunity to separate the addressing infrastructure of a network segment, i.e.
`the local administration of the segment's available space, from the addressing prefix used to route traffic to
`and from external networks. IPv6 has facilities that automatically change the routing prefix of entire
`networks, should the global connectivity or the routing policy change, without requiring internal redesign or
`manual renumbering.
`
`The large number of IPv6 addresses allows large blocks to be assigned for specific purposes and, where
`appropriate, to be aggregated for efficient routing. With a large address space, there is no need to have
`complex address conservation methods as used in CIDR.
`
`All modern desktop and enterprise server operating systems include native support for the IPv6 protocol,
`but it is not yet widely deployed in other devices, such as residential networking routers, voice over IP
`(VoIP) and multimedia equipment, and network peripherals.
`
`Private addresses
`
`Just as IPv4 reserves addresses for private networks, blocks of addresses are set aside in IPv6. In IPv6,
`these are referred to as unique local addresses GJLA). RFC 4193 reserves the routing prefix fcOO::/7 for this
`block which is divided into two /8 blocks with different implied policies. The addresses include a 40-bit
`pseudorandom number that minimizes the risk of address collisions if sites merge or packets are
`
`misrouted.[8]
`
`Early practices used a different block for this purpose (fec0::), dubbed site-local addresses.[9] However, the
`definition of what constituted sites remained unclear and the poorly defined addressing policy created
`ambiguities for routing. This address type was abandoned and must not be used in new systems.[10]
`
`Addresses starting with fe80:, called link-local addresses, are assigned to interfaces for communication on
`the attached link. The addresses are automatically generated by the operating system for each network
`interface. This provides instant and automatic communication between all IPv6 host on a link. This feature
`is required in the lower layers of IPv6 network administration, such as for the Neighbor Discovery Protocol.
`Petitioner, Ex. 1035, Page 5
`
`https://en.wi ki pedia.org/wiki/|P_address
`
`5/11
`
`Petitioner, Ex. 1035, Page 5
`
`

`
`1/26/2016
`
`IP address - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`
`Private address prefixes may not be routed on the public Internet.
`
`IP subnetworks
`
`IP networks may be divided into subnetworks in both IPv4 and IPv6. For this purpose, an IP address is
`logically recognized as consisting of two parts: the network prefix and the host identifier, or interface
`identifier (IPv6). The subnet mask or the CIDR prefix determines how the IP address is divided into
`network and host parts.
`
`The term subnet mask is only used within IPV4. Both IP Versions however use the CIDR concept and
`notation. In this, the IP address is followed by a slash and the number (in decimal) of bits used for the
`network part, also called the routing prefix. For example, an IPv4 address and its subnet mask may be
`l92.0.2.l and 255.255.255.0, respectively. The CIDR notation for the same IP address and subnet is
`l92.0.2.l/24, because the first 24 bits of the IP address indicate the network and subnet.
`
`IP address assignment
`
`Internet Protocol addresses are assigned to a host either anew at the time of booting, or permanently by
`fixed configuration of its hardware or software. Persistent configuration is also known as using a static IP
`address. In contrast, in situations when the computer's IP address is assigned newly each time, this is
`known as using a dynamic IP address.
`
`Methods
`
`Static IP addresses are manually assigned to a computer by an administrator. The exact procedure varies
`according to platform. This contrasts with dynamic IP addresses, which are assigned either by the computer
`interface or host software itself, as in Zeroconf, or assigned by a server using Dynamic Host Configuration
`Protocol (DHCP). Even though IP addresses assigned using DHCP may stay the same for long periods of
`time, they can generally change. In some cases, a network administrator may implement dynamically
`assigned static IP addresses. In this case, a DHCP server is used, but it is specifically configured to always
`assign the same IP address to a particular computer. This allows static IP addresses to be configured
`centrally, without having to specifically configure each computer on the network in a manual procedure.
`
`In the absence or failure of static or stateful (DHCP) address configurations, an operating system may
`assign an IP address to a network interface using state—less auto—configuration methods, such as Zeroconf.
`
`Uses of dynamic address assignment
`
`IP addresses are most frequently assigned dynamically on LANs and broadband networks by the Dynamic
`Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). They are used because it avoids the administrative burden of
`assigning specific static addresses to each device on a network. It also allows many devices to share limited
`address space on a network if only some of them will be online at a particular time. In most current desktop
`operating systems, dynamic IP configuration is enabled by default so that a user does not need to manually
`enter any settings to connect to a network with a DHCP server. DHCP is not the only technology used to
`assign IP addresses dynamically. Dialup and some broadband networks use dynamic address features of the
`Point-to-Point Protocol.
`
`https://en.wi ki pedia.org/wiki/|P_address
`
`Petitioner, Ex. 1035, Page 6
`
`6/11
`
`Petitioner, Ex. 1035, Page 6
`
`

`
`1/26/2016
`
`IP address - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`
`Sticky dynamic IP address
`
`A sticky dynamic IP address is an informal term used by cable and DSL Internet access subscribers to
`describe a dynamically assigned IP address which seldom changes. The addresses are usually assigned with
`DHCP. Since the modems are usually powered on for extended periods of time, the address leases are
`usually set to long periods and simply renewed. If a modem is turned off and powered up again before the
`next expiration of the address lease, it will most likely receive the same IP address.
`
`Address autoconfiguration
`
`RFC 3330 defines an address block, l69.254.0.0/l6, for the special use in link-local addressing for IPv4
`networks. In IPv6, every interface, whether using static or dynamic address assignments, also receives a
`local-link address automatically in the block fe80::/ 10.
`
`These addresses are only valid on the link, such as a local network segment or point-to-point connection,
`that a host is connected to. These addresses are not routable and like private addresses cannot be the source
`or destination of packets traversing the Internet.
`
`When the link-local IPv4 address block was reserved, no standards existed for mechanisms of address
`
`autoconfiguration. Filling the void, Microsoft created an implementation that is called Automatic Private IP
`Addressing (APIPA). APIPA has been deployed on millions of machines and has, thus, become a de facto
`standard in the industry. In RFC 3927, the IETF defined a formal standard for this functionality, entitled
`Dynamic Configuration ofIPv4 Link-Local Addresses.
`
`Uses of static addressing
`
`Some infrastructure situations have to use static addressing, such as when finding the Domain Name
`System (DNS) host that will translate domain names to IP addresses. Static addresses are also convenient,
`but not absolutely necessary, to locate servers inside an enterprise. An address obtained from a DNS server
`comes with a time to live, or caching time, after which it should be looked up to confirm that it has not
`changed. Even static IP addresses do change as a result of network administration (RFC 2072).
`
`Conflict
`
`An IP address conflict occurs when two devices on the same local physical or wireless network claim to
`have the same IP address - that is, they conflict with each other. Since only one of the devices is supposed
`to be on the network at a time, the second one to arrive will generally stop the IP functionality of one or
`both of the devices. In many cases with modern Operating Systems, the Operating System will notify the
`user of one of the devices that there is an IP address conflict (displaying the symptom error message[11][12])
`and then either stop functioning on the network or function very badly on the network, and the user will
`then be stumped as to how to resolve the conflict, probably considering the situation an emergency. In some
`unfortunate cases, both devices will function very badly on the network. In severe cases in which one of the
`devices is the gateway, the network will be crippled. Since IP addresses are assigned by multiple people and
`systems in multiple ways, any of them can be at fault.[13][14][15][16][17]
`
`Routing
`
`https://en.wi ki pedia.org/wiki/|P_address
`
`Petitioner, Ex. 1035, Page 7
`
`7/1 1
`
`Petitioner, Ex. 1035, Page 7
`
`

`
`1/26/2016
`
`IP address - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`
`IP addresses are classified into several classes of operational characteristics: unicast, multicast, anycast and
`broadcast addressing.
`
`Unicast addressing
`
`The most common concept of an IP address is in unicast addressing, available in both IPv4 and IPv6. It
`normally refers to a single sender or a single receiver, and can be used for both sending and receiving.
`Usually, a unicast address is associated with a single device or host, but a device or host may have more
`than one unicast address. Some individual PCs have several distinct unicast addresses, each for its own
`
`distinct purpose. Sending the same data to multiple unicast addresses requires the sender to send all the data
`many times over, once for each recipient.
`
`Broadcast addressing
`
`In IPv4 it is possible to send data to all possible destinations ("all-hosts broadcast"), which permits the
`sender to send the data only once, and all receivers receive a copy of it. In the IPv4 protocol, the address
`255.255.255.255 is used for local broadcast. In addition, a directed (limited) broadcast can be made by
`combining the network prefix with a host suffix composed entirely of binary ls. For example, the
`destination address used for a directed broadcast to devices on the l92.0.2.0/24 network is l92.0.2.255.
`
`IPv6 does not implement broadcast addressing and replaces it with multicast to the specially-defined all-
`nodes multicast address.
`
`Multicast addressing
`
`A multicast address is associated with a group of interested receivers. In IPv4, addresses 224.0.0.0 through
`239.255.255.255 (the former Class D addresses) are designated as multicast addresses.[18] IPv6 uses the
`address block with the prefix ff00::/8 for multicast applications. In either case, the sender sends a single
`datagram from its unicast address to the multicast group address and the intermediary routers take care of
`making copies and sending them to all receivers that have joined the corresponding multicast group.
`
`Anycast addressing
`
`Like broadcast and multicast, anycast is a one-to-many routing topology. However, the data stream is not
`transmitted to all receivers, just the one which the router decides is logically closest in the network. Anycast
`address is an inherent feature of only IPV6. In IPv4, anycast addressing implementations typically operate
`using the shortest-path metric of BGP routing and do not take into account congestion or other attributes of
`the path. Anycast methods are usefiil for global load balancing and are commonly used in distributed DNS
`
`systems.
`
`Public addresses
`
`A public IP address, in common parlance, is synonymous with a globally routable unicast IP address.
`
`Both IPv4 and IPV6 define address ranges that are reserved for private networks and link-local addressing.
`The term public IP address often used excludes these types of addresses.
`
`https://en.wi ki pedia.org/wiki/|P_address
`
`Petitioner, Ex. 1035, Page 8
`
`8/11
`
`Petitioner, Ex. 1035, Page 8
`
`

`
`1/26/2016
`
`IP address - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`
`Modifications to IP addressing
`
`IP blocking and firewalls
`
`Firewalls perform Internet Protocol blocking to protect networks from unauthorized access. They are
`common on today's Internet. They control access to networks based on the IP address of a client computer.
`Whether using a blacklist or a whitelist, the IP address that is blocked is the perceived IP address of the
`client, meaning that if the client is using a proxy server or network address translation, blocking one IP
`address may block many individual computers.
`
`IP address translation
`
`Multiple client devices can appear to share IP addresses: either because they are part of a shared hosting
`web server environment or because an IPv4 network address translator (NAT) or proxy server acts as an
`intermediary agent on behalf of its customers, in which case the real originating IP addresses might be
`hidden from the server receiving a request. A common practice is to have a NAT hide a large number of IP
`addresses in a private network. Only the "outside" interface(s) of the NAT need to have Intemet-routable
`addresses.[19]
`
`Most commonly, the NAT device maps TCP or UDP port numbers on the side of the larger, public network
`to individual private addresses on the masqueraded network.
`
`In small home networks, NAT functions are usually implemented in a residential gateway device, typically
`one marketed as a "router". In this scenario, the computers connected to the router would have private IP
`addresses and the router would have a public address to communicate on the Internet. This type of router
`allows several computers to share one public IP address.
`
`Diagnostic tools
`
`Computer operating systems provide various diagnostic tools to examine their network interface and
`address configuration. Windows provides the command—line interface tools ipconfig and netsh and users of
`Unix-like systems can use ifconfig, netstat, route, lanstat, fstat, or iproute2 utilities to accomplish the task.
`
`See also
`
`IP address location
`
`Hierarchical name space
`Hostname: a human-readable alpha-numeric designation that may map to an IP address
`IP address spoofing
`IP aliasing
`IP blocking
`IP Multicast
`
`IPv4 subnetting reference
`IPv6 subnetting reference
`List of assigned /8 IPv4 address blocks
`MAC address
`
`Ping (networking utility)
`
`https://en.wi ki pedia.org/wiki/|P_address
`
`Petitioner, Ex. 1035, Page 9
`
`9/1 1
`
`Petitioner, Ex. 1035, Page 9
`
`

`
`1/26/2016
`
`IP address - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`
`I Private network
`
`I Regional Internet Registry
`I Subnet address
`
`I Virtual IP address
`
`I WHOIS
`
`References
`
`1. RFC 760, DOD Standard Internet Protocol (January 1980)
`2. RFC 791, Internet Protocol — DARPA Internet Program Protocol Specification (September 1981)
`3. RFC 1883, Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification, S. Deering, R. Hinden (December 1995)
`4. RFC 2460, Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification, S. Deering, R. Hinden, The Internet Society
`(December 1998)
`5. Smith, Lucie; Lipner, Ian (3 February 2011). "Free Pool of IPv4 Address Space Depleted". Number Resource
`Organization. Retrieved 3 February 2011.
`6. ICANN,nanog mailing list. "Five /8s allocated to RIRs — no unallocated IPV4 unicast /8s remain".
`7. Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre (15 April 2011). "APNIC IPv4 Address Pool Reaches Final /8".
`Retrieved 15 April 2011.
`8. RFC 4193 section 3.2.1
`
`9. RFC 3513
`
`10. RFC 3879
`
`11. "Event ID 4198 — TCP/IP Network Interface Configuration". Microsoft. 7 January 2009. Retrieved 2 June 2013.
`"Updated: January 7, 2009"
`12. "Event ID 4199 — TCP/IP Network Interface Configuration". Microsoft. 7 January 2009. Retrieved 2 June 2013.
`"Updated: 7 January 2009"
`13. Mitchell, Bradley. "IP Address Conflicts - What Is an IP Address Conflict?". About.com. Retrieved
`23 November 2013.
`
`14. Kishore, Aseem (4 August 2009). "How to Fix an IP Address Conflict". Online Tech Tips Online-tech-tips.com.
`Retrieved 23 November 2013.
`
`15. "Get help with "There is an IP address conflict" message". Microsoft. 22 November 2013. Retrieved
`23 November 2013.
`
`16. "Fix duplicate IP address conflicts on a DHCP network". Microsoft. Retrieved 23 November 2013. Article ID:
`133490 — Last Review: 15 October 2013 - Revision: 5.0
`
`17. Moran, Joseph (1 September 2010). "Understanding And Resolving IP Address Conflicts - Webopedia. com".
`Webopedia.com. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
`18. RFC 5771
`
`19. Comer, Douglas (2000). Internetworking with TCP/IP:Principles, Protocols, and Architectures — 4th ed. Upper
`Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. p. 394. ISBN 0-13-018380-6.
`
`External links
`
`IP (https://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Intemet/Protocols/IP) at DMOZ
`"Understanding IP Addressing: Everything You Ever Wanted To Know" (PDF). Archived from the
`original (PDF) on 21 August 2010.
`
`Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IP_address&oldid=696269758"
`
`Categories: Network addressing I Internet Protocol
`
`https://en.wi ki pedia.org/wiki/|P_address
`
`Petitioner, Ex. 1035, Page 10
`
`10/11
`
`Petitioner, Ex. 1035, Page 10
`
`

`
`1/26/2016
`
`IP address - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`
`I This page was last modified on 22 December 2015, at 01:09.
`I Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may
`apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a
`registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
`
`https://en.wi ki pedia.org/wiki/|P_address
`
`Petitioner, Ex. 1035, Page 11
`
`11/11
`
`Petitioner, Ex. 1035, Page 11