Examensarbete
`LITH-ITN-KTS-EX- -03/013- -SE
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Automotive Telematics Services
`based on Cell Broadcast
`
`
`
`David Gundlegård
`
`2003-05-08
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Department of Science and Technology
`Linköping University
`SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
`
`Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap
`Linköpings Universitet
`601 74 Norrköping
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`
`LITH-ITN-KTS-EX- -03/013- -SE
`
`
`
`
`Automotive Telematics Services
`based on Cell Broadcast
`
`
`
`Examensarbete utfört i kommunikations- och
`transportsystem vid Linköpings Tekniska Högskola,
`Campus Norrköping
`
`
`
`David Gundlegård
`
`
`
`Examinator: Lennart Strandberg
`
`
`
`Norrköping den 8 maj 2003
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`Datum
`Date
`
`
`
`2003-05-08
`
`
`
`Avdelning, Institution
`Division, Department
`
`Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap
`
`Department of Science and Technology
`
`
`
`
`
`ISBN
`_____________________________________________________
`ISRN LITH-ITN-KTS-EX - - 03/013- -SE
`_________________________________________________________________
`Serietitel och serienummer ISSN
`Title of series, numbering ___________________________________
`
`Rapporttyp
`Report category
`
`
`
` Licentiatavhandling
` x Examensarbete
` C-uppsats
` x D-uppsats
` Övrig rapport
`
`Språk
`Language
`
`
`
` Svenska/Swedish
` x Engelska/English
`
` _ ________________
`
`
`
` _ ________________
`
`
`
`URL för elektronisk version
`
`http://www.ep.liu.se/exjobb/itn/2003/kts/013/
`
`Titel
`Title
`
`Automotive Telematics Services based on Cell Broadcast
`
`
`
`Författare
`Author
`
`David Gundlegård
`
`Sammanfattning
`Abstract
`
`Cell Broadcast is a relatively old technique within the GSM-network which makes it possible to broadcast text
`messages to one or more cells in the network. As efforts in Sweden have been made to develop both traffic safety and
`information technology, the automotive telematics market is predicted to grow rapidly in the near future. The
`characteristics of Cell Broadcast make it especially suitable for automotive telematics services. The main purpose of
`this thesis is to investigate possible automotive telematics services based on Cell Broadcast and how these services
`can affect traffic safety.
`
`The most important characteristics for Cell Broadcast in the automotive telematics market are close connection to the
`GSM/UMTS network, location-based information and information of push character. These characteristics allows the
`mobile operator to offer a number of automotive telematics services based on Cell Broadcast, some of them as service
`provider and some of them in joint ventures with car and mobile terminal manufacturers.
`
`
`Nyckelord
`Keyword
`
`Automotive telematics, road telematics, in-vehicle telematics, traffic information, Cell Broadcast, GSM, UMTS, road informatics, traffic safety
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` Automotive Telematics Services
`
`
`
`Master’s thesis
` based on Cell Broadcast
`
`Acknowledgements
`
`This work has been carried out within Telia Mobile Services Design in Sundsvall. I would
`like to thank Erik Björk and Tommy Ytterström for letting me have the opportunity to work
`in an inspiring environment with competent people always prepared with good answers. A
`special thanks to my supervisors Lars Liljestam and Henrik Crone who have been a constant
`source of advice, experience and joy of working.
`
`I would also like to thank my examiner Lennart Strandberg for introducing me to the subject
`and for the interesting discussions that led to this thesis. Thank you Anders Gustafsson, Ivan
`Rankin and Lennart Strandberg for the comments that made this a better thesis.
`
`
`
`David Gundlegård
`
`Norrköping, May 2003
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` Automotive Telematics Services
`
`
`
`Master’s thesis
` based on Cell Broadcast
`
`Summary
`
`Cell Broadcast is a relatively old technique within the GSM-network which makes it possible
`to broadcast text messages to one or more cells in the network. The technique is unused in
`Sweden today but lately the development of Cell Broadcast services has increased, mainly in
`central Europe. The main arguments against Cell Broadcast have been:
`
`• No possibility to charge the end customer
`• Lack of standardisation
`• Energy consuming for the mobile terminal
`
`
`Better standardisation, possibilities to charge the end customer and battery improvements in
`the mobile terminals have changed the conditions for the Cell Broadcast market. The
`breakthrough of SMS might also have affected the possible user-group of Cell Broadcast.
`
`As efforts in Sweden have been made to develop both traffic safety and information
`technology, the automotive telematics market is predicted to grow rapidly in the near future.
`The characteristics of Cell Broadcast make it especially suitable for automotive telematics
`services. The main purpose of this thesis is to investigate possible automotive telematics
`services based on Cell Broadcast and how these services can affect traffic safety. The most
`important characteristics for Cell Broadcast in the automotive telematics market are:
`
`
`• Close connection to the GSM/UMTS-network
`• Location-based information
`•
`Information of push-character
`
`
`The close connection to the GSM/UMTS-network is important since most telematics services
`are in need of information from the vehicles to be developed. In order to make the users
`willing to pay for automotive telematics services the available traffic information has to be
`improved, which probably demands an uplink from the vehicles via GSM/UMTS. When the
`traffic information is improved (i.e. extended) the importance of location-based information
`increases and the small broadcasting area of a Cell Broadcast message becomes essential.
`Traffic information is the type of information that the user wants only when a deviation has
`occurred. The fact that the driver has difficulties in predicting when a deviation has occurred
`makes the push-character of the information important.
`
`The operator will have a central role in the automotive telematics market since it controls an
`important uplink from the vehicle, road traffic data within the GSM-network and a suitable
`distribution media in Cell Broadcast. A number of automotive telematics services based on
`Cell Broadcast can be offered. Some of the services can be offered by the operator alone and
`some demand joint ventures with car and mobile terminal manufacturers.
`
`Possible effects on the driver when an incident warning system based on Cell Broadcast is
`implemented are reduction in speed, higher attention and reduced workload. This might lead
`to accidents being prevented, such as congestion and rear end collisions, accidents involving
`animals and other local hazards.
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` Automotive Telematics Services
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`Master’s thesis
` based on Cell Broadcast
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`Content
`
`Introduction......................................................................................................................1
`1.1
`Background.............................................................................................................1
`1.1.1 Automotive telematics today ...............................................................................1
`1.1.2 GSM and UMTS basics .......................................................................................2
`1.1.3 Cell Broadcast......................................................................................................3
`1.2
`Purpose....................................................................................................................4
`1.3
`Objectives................................................................................................................4
`1.4
`Scope........................................................................................................................4
`1.5 Method ....................................................................................................................4
`1.6
`Outline.....................................................................................................................6
`Cell Broadcast system description ...................................................................................7
`2.1
`Overview .................................................................................................................7
`2.2
`Cell Broadcast Entity.............................................................................................8
`2.3
`Cell Broadcast Centre............................................................................................8
`2.4
`Base Station Controller / Radio Network Controller..........................................9
`2.5
`Base Transceiver Station .......................................................................................9
`2.6 Mobile terminal ......................................................................................................9
`2.7
`Cell Broadcast message........................................................................................10
`2.7.1 GSM...................................................................................................................10
`2.7.2 UMTS ................................................................................................................11
`2.8
`Cell Broadcast on the radio interface.................................................................12
`2.8.1 GSM...................................................................................................................12
`2.8.2 UMTS ................................................................................................................12
`2.9
`Bandwidth demand – competition with other services .....................................13
`2.10 Charging................................................................................................................13
`2.10.1
`Charging of content providers .......................................................................13
`2.10.2
`Charging of end customer..............................................................................13
`2.11 Traffic case description........................................................................................14
`2.11.1
`GSM traffic case for Write-replace command...............................................14
`2.11.2
`UMTS traffic case for Write-replace command............................................16
`Business opportunities ...................................................................................................19
`3.1
`User group.............................................................................................................19
`3.2
`Business models ....................................................................................................20
`3.2.1 The content provider pays..................................................................................20
`3.2.2 The operator pays...............................................................................................20
`3.2.3 The end customer pays.......................................................................................20
`3.3
`Cell Broadcast development actors.....................................................................21
`3.3.1 Mobile terminal manufacturers..........................................................................21
`3.3.2 Cell Broadcast system vendors ..........................................................................22
`3.3.3 Cell Broadcast Forum ........................................................................................22
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`4
`
`Automotive telematics services ......................................................................................23
`4.1
`Basic service..........................................................................................................23
`4.1.1 Customer value ..................................................................................................23
`4.1.2 Pricing and business case...................................................................................23
`4.1.3 Sales channels ....................................................................................................24
`4.1.4 System description in Telia Mobile’s network ..................................................24
`4.1.5
`Information source TRISS .................................................................................25
`4.2
`Basic service developments..................................................................................26
`4.2.1 The operator as service provider........................................................................26
`4.2.2
`Joint ventures .....................................................................................................27
`Traffic safety ..................................................................................................................29
`5.1
`Accident causes and safety measures..................................................................29
`5.2
`Possible effects of an incident warning system via Cell Broadcast..................29
`5.3
`Vehicle crash and incident information .............................................................30
`5.4
`Distraction and its avoidance ..............................................................................31
`Services outside automotive telematics..........................................................................33
`6.1
`Local service .........................................................................................................33
`6.2
`Travelling ..............................................................................................................33
`6.3
`Offers and events..................................................................................................33
`6.4 WAP and SMS triggers........................................................................................34
`6.5
`Local warnings .....................................................................................................34
`6.6 Weather forecasts and warnings.........................................................................35
`6.7
`Local chat..............................................................................................................35
`6.8
`Differentiated GPS ...............................................................................................35
`7 Discussion ......................................................................................................................36
`7.1 Why is Cell Broadcast unused in Sweden? ........................................................36
`7.2
`Future functions in Cell Broadcast.....................................................................36
`7.2.1 Charging.............................................................................................................36
`7.2.2 EMS and MMS ..................................................................................................37
`7.3
`Telia and automotive telematics..........................................................................37
`7.3.1 Differentiation from traffic information distribution via radio..........................38
`7.3.2 Comparison with other distributing media.........................................................38
`7.3.3 Automotive telematics from the operator’s view...............................................39
`7.3.4
`Information sources ...........................................................................................40
`7.4
`Safety communication between vehicles.............................................................41
`Conclusions ....................................................................................................................42
`8.1
`Automotive telematics..........................................................................................42
`8.2
`Cell Broadcast in Telia’s network.......................................................................42
`8.3
`Further work ........................................................................................................43
`References...............................................................................................................................44
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` Automotive Telematics Services
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`Table of figures
`
`Figure 1.GSM and UMTS network overview._______________________________________ 3
`Figure 2.Method description. ___________________________________________________ 5
`Figure 3.Overview of the nodes used in Cell Broadcast. ______________________________ 7
`Figure 4.Cell Broadcast network structure in GSM. _________________________________ 8
`Figure 5.Cell Broadcast network structure in UMTS. ________________________________ 9
`Figure 6.Cell Broadcast bandwidth allocation in GSM. _____________________________ 13
`Figure 7. Information flow for Write-replace command in GSM Cell Broadcast system.5 ___ 15
`Figure 8. Information flow for Write-replace command in UMTS Cell Broadcast system.5 __ 17
`Figure 9. Description of protocols used in UMTS Cell Broadcast system.9_______________ 17
`Figure 10. Business case where the operators role is a service provider. ________________ 21
`Figure 11 Business case where the operator’s role is a distributor. ____________________ 21
`Figure 12. Market shares of different vendors. Source: CMG, 2001. ___________________ 22
`Figure 13. System overview with specified protocols________________________________ 24
`Figure 14. Example of accident information from TRISS. ____________________________ 25
`Figure 15. Example of traffic congestion information from TRISS. ____________________ 25
`Figure 16. Information flow in future traffic information system with Cell Broadcast. ______ 28
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` Automotive Telematics Services
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` based on Cell Broadcast
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`Terminology
`
`
`Abbreviation
`
`Explanation
`
`Description
`
`Abstract Syntax
`Notation one
`
`Standard format for describing data
`types
`
`Base Station Controller Controls a number of BTSs in GSM
`
`Base Station Subsystem Includes BTSs and BSCs in GSM
`
`Base Transceiver
`Station
`
`Node B in UMTS.
`
`Cell Broadcast
`
`See chapter 2
`
`Cell Broadcast Centre
`
`See section 2.3
`
`Cell Broadcast Channel See section 2.8
`
`Cell Broadcast Entity
`
`See section 2.2
`
`Core Network
`
`See section 1.1.2
`
`Common Traffic
`Channel
`
`Discontinuous
`Reception
`
`European
`Telecommunications
`Standards Institute
`
`Logical channel used for
`broadcast/multicast services in
`UMTS
`
`Technique to minimise the battery
`usage on mobile terminals when CB
`is used
`
`Europe’s organisation for telecom
`standards
`
`Cars with GPS and GSM equipment
`send their position for traffic
`information purposes
`
`GSM network with coverage for the
`railway
`
`ASN.1
`
`BSC
`
`BSS
`
`BTS
`
`CB
`
`CBC
`
`CBCH
`
`CBE
`
`CN
`
`CTCH
`
`DRX
`
`ETSI
`
`FCD
`
`Floating Car Data
`
`GSM-R
`
`GSM-Railway
`
`HTTP
`
`LPD
`
`MT
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Hyper Text Transfer
`Protocol
`
`Communication protocol for the
`web (at application level)
`
`Link Protocol
`Discriminaor
`
`Determines which protocol that is
`used
`
`Mobile Terminal
`
`Cf. mobile phone, cellular phone
`
`
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` Automotive Telematics Services
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`Abbreviation
`
`Explanation
`
`Description
`
`OTA-message
`
`Over-The-Air message Message which allows the operator
`to control functions in the MT
`
`PDA
`
`RNC
`
`SDCCH
`
`TCH/F
`
`TRISS
`
`UTRAN
`
`RDS/TMC
`
`SABP
`
`SMSCB
`
`TA
`
`WAP
`
`
`
`
`
`Personal Digital
`Assistant
`
`Radio Network
`Controller
`
`Small handheld computer
`
`Controls a number BTS in UMTS
`
`Standalone Dedicated
`Control Channel
`
`Signalling Channel in GSM where
`Cell Broadcast messages are sent
`
`Traffic Channel / Full
`rate
`
`Bandwidth allocated for one phone
`call
`
`Trafikinformations-
`stödsystem
`
`See section 4.1.5
`
`UMTS Terrestrial
`Radio Access Network
`
`Radio Data System /
`Traffic Message
`Channel
`
`Includes BTSs and RNCs in UMTS
`
`See section 1.1.1
`
`Service Area Broadcast
`Protocol
`
`Protocol used for broadcast services
`in UMTS
`
`Short Message Service
`Cell Broadcast
`
`Alternative designation of Cell
`Broadcast
`
`Timing Advance
`
`See section 1.1.2
`
`Wireless Application
`Protocol
`
`Protocol used to collect content from
`Internet to mobile terminals
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` Automotive Telematics Services
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`Master’s thesis
` based on Cell Broadcast
` Introduction
`
`1 Introduction
`The word telematics is a combination of the two words telecommunication and informatics.
`Telematics is a wide concept and involves everything that combines telecommunication and
`information technology. Automotive telematics can be described as services or functions
`that offer wireless communication to increase safety, mobility and convenience in the
`vehicle.
`
`In Sweden the government has decided to dramatically reduce the number of people killed
`and severe injured in road traffic. One way to achieve this is to use automotive telematics
`to prepare the road-users for deviations in traffic situations that can cause accidents. How
`can automotive telematics services be designed with Cell Broadcast as distributing
`medium?
`
`1.1 Background
`
`1.1.1 Automotive telematics today
`The Wireless communication in automotive telematics can be achieved using many
`different techniques. The most popular medium so far for distributing traffic information
`has been radio and RDS/TMCi. As the use of mobile terminals has increased, the GSM
`network has evolved as a potential medium for distribution of traffic information to a large
`number of the road-users. The most commonly used media for traffic information and their
`characteristics are described in Table 1 below.
`
`
`Media
`
`Distribution
`
`Radio
`
`RDS/TMC
`
`Point-to-
`multipoint
`
`Point-to-
`multipoint
`
`Receive
`method
`
`Scope
`
`Uplink
`available
`
`Push
`
`Regional
`
`Push
`
`Regional
`
`No
`
`No
`
`Yes
`Yes
`Yes
`Yes
`
`By road
`Pull
`Point-to-point
`Telephone
`By road
`Pull
`Point-to-point
`WAP
`By road
`Pull
`Point-to-point
`HTTP
`By road
`Push
`Point-to-point
`SMS
`Table 1. Overview of the most common traffic information medias.
`
`The media described in Table 1 are all used in automotive telematics today. The
`characteristics presented in the table affect how suitable a certain medium is for automotive
`telematics services. If the distribution is point-to-multipoint, the radio interface can be more
`effectively used, especially since vehicles in the same area often want the same
`information. The receive method determines whether the user has to collect the information
`when he/she thinks it is appropriate (pull) or if the information is pushed to the user when
`something has happened (push). The scope of the traffic information defines the area in
`which a certain message can be received. The available uplink tells us if the medium can be
`used for collection of traffic data.
`
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`i Radio Data System / Traffic Message Channel
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` Automotive Telematics Services
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` Introduction
`
`The characteristics of the medium are dependent on the implementation, but Table 1 shows
`how the media are used today. It is important to note that specific applications can change
`how the user experiences the characteristics of a media. For example an application can
`pull information continuously without notifying the user, which makes it look like a push
`application to the user even though the underlying medium is a pull character. This type of
`development of a medium is dependent on application characteristics, but is very important
`to consider when the type of media for a specific type of service is analysed.
`
`Most of the traffic information in Sweden is distributed via radio. The scope of the
`information varies from regional to national, depending on location. The traffic information
`via RDS/TMC is distributed regionally and Sweden is divided into five different areas that
`receive the same information1. The coverage is about 98% and the service is free of charge,
`but requires a special receiver for RDS/TMC messages. In Sweden the TMC covers the
`European highways, national highways and trunk roads.
`
`The mobile terminal has increased the number of ways to collect traffic information. The
`mobile terminal has also provided a possible uplink from the vehicle that has not been
`possible to establish with radio. This uplink can be important when it comes to developing
`the traffic information sources.
`
`One way to retrieve traffic information is to call a traffic portal and indicate which road you
`are interested in. The information is the same as in the Swedish National Road
`Administration’s (Sw. Vägverket) database TRISS (see section 4.1.5).
`
`The information in TRISS can also be collected via WAP and HTTP. If the information is
`collected via WAP (wap.vv.se), a road or county is specified to filter the information. If the
`information is collected via HTTP (i.e. the web), a map can also be used to illustrate the
`traffic deviations (www.vv.se). For the larger cities in Sweden the web offers more detailed
`information about traffic flow and public transport (www.trafiken.nu).
`
`There are a number of available services that offer traffic information via SMS2, 3. In order
`to use the services, the user starts some kind of subscription and defines which roads or
`counties he/she wants information from. The information sources are either based on
`national traffic information databases, e.g. TRISS, or on reports from the subscribers.
`
`The services mentioned above could all be deployed with a radio, a RDS/TMC receiver or a
`mobile terminal. None of the services is dependent on integrated hardware in the vehicle.
`When the hardware is integrated in the vehicle, it is possible to increase the added value for
`the user. A good example of this is “Volvo on call”, which has an automatic report of the
`vehicle’s position to a call center when the air bag is deployed.
`
`The automotive telematics services that are offered in Sweden today are quite few, but
`services that are introduced in, for example, USA can be introduced in Sweden within a
`short period of time.
`
`1.1.2 GSM and UMTS basics
`The GSM and UMTS networks consist of a core network (CN) and a base system. The core
`network includes nodes that handle e.g. authentication, subscriber information and
`switching. The base system, called Base Station Subsystem (BSS) in GSM and UMTS
`Terrestrial Radio Network (UTRAN) in UMTS, handles the distribution over the radio
`interface to the subscriber.
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` Automotive Telematics Services
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`
`
`Master’s thesis
` based on Cell Broadcast
` Introduction
`
`BTS
`
`Cell
`
`Base system
`
`
`BSC/
`RNC
`
`BSC/
`RNC
`
`Core
`Network
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Figure 1. GSM and UMTS network overview.
`
`The base system consists of Base Station Controllers (GSM) or Radio Network Controllers
`(UMTS) and Base Transceiver Stations. One BSC/RNC controls a number of BTSs. The
`coverage of one BTS is called a cell. The diameter of a cell can vary from a couple of
`hundred meters up to 70 km.
`
`The information sent in the networks is divided into signaling traffic or data traffic. The
`data traffic is speech or data from subscribers. The signaling traffic is used to maintain a
`connection between the mobile terminal and the base station. Cell Broadcast is sent via the
`signaling channels.
`
`Positioning in GSM is based on cell identification, Timing Advance (TA) value and
`possibly a direction. The TA value is used to
`determine how far from the BTS the mobile terminal
`is, which is needed by the terminal to send the data in
`the right time. This value can be used to determine an
`approximate range to the BTS when a terminal is
`positioned. Sometimes a cell is divided in different
`directions, which means that the position of a mobile
`terminal might be narrowed down to an area showed
`in the picture to the right. Hence is the position accuracy dependent on the cell size, which
`is different depending on location.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`The positioning in UMTS builds on the same technique as in GSM; the positioning
`accuracy can though be improved due to smaller cells.
`
`Possible position
`
`1.1.3 Cell Broadcast
`Cell Broadcast was introduced already in GSM phase 1 in the early 1990s. The technique
`has been poorly deployed world-wide. Recently the development of Cell Broadcast services
`has increased, mainly in central Europe. There are no Cell Broadcast services available in
`Sweden today. The only operator in Sweden that has a support system for Cell Broadcast is
`Banverket in their GSM-R network, but they do not use the technique commercially.
`Although the use of Cell Broadcast is supported in Telia’s BSS, it is not used. To be able to
`maintain a Cell Broadcast service, a support system handling the messages is needed and
`this is lacking in Telia’s network. The support system contains the Cell Broadcast Centre
`(CBC) and Cell Broadcast Entities (CBEs) for every sender of Cell Broadcast messages.
`
`Cell Broadcast is a technique within GSM and UMTS to broadcast text messages to one or
`more cells in the network. A detailed description of the Cell Broadcast system and its
`functionality is presented in chapter 2.
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`DOJ EX. 1013
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`

`
` Automotive Telematics Services
`
`
`
`Master’s thesis
` based on Cell Broadcast
` Introduction
`
`1.2 Purpose
`The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how Telia can exploit the characteristics of Cell
`Broadcast to offer value-adding mobile services. The focus of the thesis will be on
`investigating possible automotive telematics services based on Cell Broadcast and how
`these services can affect traffic safety.
`
`1.3 Objectives
`The main objective of this thesis is to answer the following questions:
`
`
`• How can Telia exploit the characteristics of Cell Broadcast in combination with the
`GSM and UMTS network to offer value-adding automotive telematics services to
`the end customer?
`• How do the services affect traffic safety?
`•
`Is it technically possible to offer a good traffic information service with Cell
`Broadcast today?
`• What other possibilities do the special properties of Cell Broadcast offer within
`mobile services and how can it generate revenues?
`
`1.4 Scope
`The thesis will define a system description of Cell Broadcast based on the ETSI standards
`for GSM and UMTS and various retailer documents. A general description of the services
`that can be offered with Cell Broadcast will be included. The focus of the report will be on
`describing the opportunities that Cell Broadcast in combination with a complete GSM or
`UMTS network will offer. Furthermore a detailed schematic description of how a traffic
`information service based on Cell Broadcast can be designed in Telia Mobiles network
`today is provided.
`
` A
`
` detailed possible architecture