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`
`‘ This book is proudly printed and distributed by
`
`APCO Institute, Inc.
`
`A not—for—profit public safety communications educational organization
`
`For additional copies, contact
`APCO Institute, Inc.
`2040 South Ridgewood Avenue
`South Daytona, FL 32119
`USA
`
`voice +904.322.250O
`
`fax +904.322.9766 -
`
`apco@apcoint1.org
`www.apcointl.org
`
`Cost is US$40 + shipping and handling per copy
`
`2/298
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`

`
`Disaster
`
`Comm; nications
`
`‘ First -Edition'Published June 1996 \
`
`Mark Wood (G4HLsr;Z,_)_/1,
`V\
`
`The Disaster Relief Communications Foundation
`
`(UK).
`
`. ISBN 0 9526483 0 X
`
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`

`
`Disaster Communications First edition Aims and Objectives
`
`Target Group
`
`This document is intended for the training of non-technical staff of NGO's who need background
`informationabout-the available and future Telecommunications systems for use in the acute phase of an
`vemergencyv. It is hoped" to enable the decision makers to make more informed and more appropriate
`decisions by bridging the gap between the experts" and the decision makers.
`
`The information will also be of use to the users in the field, Humanitarian Aid workers upon whom are
`great demands and unbearable stresses. The document is arranged to enable a user to refresh his
`knowledge of a subject quickly, which is why there is some repetition.
`
`Students of Telecommunications will also benefit from reading of the options available for
`telecommunications in the face of total failure of the Barer network.
`
`Aims and Objectives
`
`In part 1, Readers will be introduced to the problems of working in a disaster area where normal
`telecommunications systems are not working, and the field team need to contact their office in their
`country of origin. The relative merits of voice and text messages will be discussed. The available
`satellite and HF radio systems will be explained. The considerations of power and the legal implications
`involved will be investigated.
`
`In part 2 the question of communications in theshort range between units in the field will be discussed
`with reference to past, present and future systems.
`
`An index serves to look up acronyms and cross‘ refer to other paragraphs of interest.
`
`An appendix contains "contributions from other organisations as will as tutorials giving more detail about
`some points of interest.
`7
`
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`

`
`Disaster Communications
`
`Affordable Telecommunications systems intended for use by small
`NGO's during the acute phase of an emergency-
`A ‘plain language‘ guide.
`
`'
`
`ISBN 0 952.6483 0 X
`
`Mark Wood (G4HLZ).
`
`First Edition Published June 1996
`
`The Disaster Relief Communications Foundation (UK).
`Bridge End, Elm Grove Road, Topsham, Exeter EX30EJ, England.
`Phone and FAX +44 1392 873 644.
`
`Copyright © Mark Wood.
`
`_
`
`Copying. .You‘are Welcome! Copying of the whole or parts of this document is permitted under
`these conditions 1) DRCF must be acknowledged as the source 2) The content must not be
`altered without the author's permission 3) This document has been made on a not-for-profit basis,
`please respect this by not making any commercial gain from the distribution of thisdocument
`other than to cover the printing and distribution costs unless prior arrangement has been made with
`DRCF. DRCF need more resources so we ask that ifyou do makea large number of copies, you
`make a. small donation in proportion to the number"o'f' copies» made‘. In order to"predict' the
`numbers of future editions to be printed, we need to know how many copies were made (roughly).
`.- 2 us.
`- Thank you.
`-
`
`This is a training document and contains simplifications- It should .
`not be considered to be a specification of any system. Official
`clarification must be sought from the relevant authorities (see
`appendix) .
`
`Despite strenuous efforts to ensure the accuracy of the contents,
`DRCF accepts no obligation for the accuracy of the contents of
`this document or damages arising from the use of the information
`herein.
`
`5/298
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`

`
`Declicationsand aicknowlegements :-
`
`mauaaaaaaawagtma, any-.m1l,,ma
`
`L_ _,,..\'\=»_.'_,.
`LCContro| Number
`
`~
`
`'
`
`-
`
`I
`
`V
`
`V
`
`.
`
`M \|‘
`00
`364521
`7 , V, _, ,,,,,,,,,,
`
`-
`
`'
`
`A,aazlt,,a,olaaa vrzmmt wwmgtiwwmutyamu-zamra
`a,,w[/,,,W,,,,u[
`by
`t
`
`This Document has been made possible by the generous assistance of many experts in the
`Emergency Telecommunications field, All of whom have contributed their time without
`charge, and without ‘whom this document could not have been written. I would like to give
`special thanks to the following for their contributions:-
`
`Ian Benfield,“Cus‘tomer Services Officer of Portishead Radio (UK) for supplying and
`checking the information in chapter three about HF radio Systems.
`
`Prof. Fred Cate, Proffesor of Telecommunications law, Indiana university, for his
`information on the 'Convention' .
`
`The members of the DRCF
`
`Herby Frey, Deputy head of Telecommunications, International Committee of the Red
`— Cross, Geneva for checking information about field conditions and supplying 'real_life'
`stories.
`'
`A
`'
`
`Michael Goddard, Director of Spectrum Policy=of the UK Radiocommunications Agency.
`
`..
`'
`A Eugene» Staffa,=,.l,_\'lanager' of Disaster, Emergency and Aid Communications of the
`INMARSAT organisation for supplying and checking the information for the Satellite .
`sys_I_;emschapters.
`,
`A
`-
`..
`a
`.
`
`_
`
`.
`
`Hans Schumperlin, schumperlin avionics, for information on the swiss Pactor and PTC2
`systems.
`
`André Wernlund, Manager of the Ericsson Technical Training Centre, Stockholm,
`Sweden. For his support and the use of many fine resources, computers, internet
`connection, Printing and copying, publishing facilities etc.
`
`Hans Zimmermann,» Senior Humanitarian Affairs Officer of the United Nations
`Department of Humanitarian Affairs-, vforhis work in supplying the information for the
`chapter of Licences and International Regulations, and his very extensive’ input to all of the
`book, a special thanks.
`‘
`"
`»
`A
`’
`‘
`-
`
`.
`
`...And the many other patient chaps who have been kept awake at night by my ‘phone
`calls; My thanks to you all.
`
`mitwwc.
`
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`

`
`RADIOCOMMUNICATION S
`
`.1
`
`Foreword
`
`Radinuvnuv-.ug:Ica2ions Agency
`watriao Brdgo Home
`Waterloo Road
`
`Lem" 5“ M
`S\.vi£cH.‘<Jard and General Enquiry Point
`te‘ephonc'r.umbet: 071«2 1 S 2150
`Telex 763.969 [ITIWBHG
`
`I suspect that most of us take communications for granted.
`We enjoy the instant delivery of television and radio
`programmes, we expect to be able to make telephone calls
`’from fixed or mobile telephones and we have access to a"
`plethora of other telecommunications and radiocommunications
`services, often without realising that we are using them.
`The ease with which we can utilise these services tends to‘
`hide the complexity of the infrastructures that enable one
`person to communicate almost instantly with another, even on
`the opposite side of the world. As we approach the end of
`the millennium,
`the richness of communications services
`
`grows ever more rapidly, it is difficult to imagine what
`life would be like without
`the ability to communicate.
`
`So what happens when disaster strikes? Whether the cause is
`man made as in the ease of civil confllct or international
`wars, or natural as in the case of earthquakes, major
`K’
`flooding or other "acts of God",
`the impact can be
`catastrophic. Communications infrastructures and even the
`
`power supplies and building that support them can be
`destroyed or at least disabled. Qualified personnel may not
`be available to restore communication, and in some cases the
`government itself may be unable to mobilise remedial action
`or even take decisions. And yet
`in such a crisis, decisions
`need to be taken, priorities set, human and other
`resources
`deployed and vital services restored. Medical and other aid
`may be needed on an international scale to alleviate
`suffering and prevent further devastation. For all of these
`requirements people need to be able to communicate, often
`over long distances, despite the breakdown in previously
`existing facilities. The rapid restoration of communications
`becomes therefore one of the highest priorities. For this
`purpose,
`radiocommunicications can often provide the most
`effective answer. However care has to be taken to ensure
`that the communications are effective without threatening
`other important legitimate radio usage.
`
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`
`The Disaster Relief Communications Foundation is organised
`to assist in such cases and this book, which I believe is
`the first of its kind in this.field, presents a practical
`guide to implementing basic communications facilities. It is
`written by someone who appreciates the practical aspects of
`working in difficult environments, often with an extremely
`limited budget. It recognises the need to put across the
`inevitable technical solutions with their own jargon in a
`straightforward way for the non—specialist. And it attempts
`to steer a carefully balanced line between expediting the
`restoration of communication and respecting the authority of
`international agreements and national government policies.
`As a result the book is a training manual for those engaged
`in, or associated with,
`this_crucial work. If it helps to
`relive suffering in just one instance then the effort in
`producing it will have been more than worthwhile.
`I am
`confident that it will do much more.
`
`Michael Goddard, Bsc, CEng, FIEE
`Director — Spectrum Policy
`Radiocommunications Agency
`London.
`’
`
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`
`Table of‘Contents
`
`HAPTE
`
`A Introduction
`
`1.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 1
`,1.1.2What ls Disaster Communications ? .................................... 5
`1.1.3 Differences to Aidicommunications .................................. .. 7
`
`1.1.4 Emergency Services communications .............................. .. 7
`1.2 WHAT DO WE WANT? .............................................
`............. .. 8
`11.2.1 FOR PHONE .......................................................................... .. 9
`1.2.2 AGAINST PHONE ................................................................. .. 9
`
`1.2.3 For Text ...................... .. ............................. ._. .... ... .......... .._ ....... .. 10
`1.2.4 AGAINST TEXT ................................... ..
`I
`I
`
`.
`A
`1.2.5 FOR FAX .................................................... ..
`........-16
`. .
`1.2.6 AGAINST FAX'....'............... ....................... ... . . . .
`..........
`1'6
`1.2.7 SEMI-FAX ................................................. .. .......
`1._2.8‘|$DN ......................................................................................... 17
`1.2.9‘ln’ternet Electronic Mail ............................... .. ......................... 17
`1.2.’I0'WorId Wide Web ................................................................... 19
`1.3 Networks .................................................................................. .. 20
`
`1.3.1 Trafficking messages .................................................. .. ...... .. 22
`1.3.2 Keeping a Log ...................................................................... .. 23
`1.3.3 Echo Tests ............................................................................ .. 24
`
`1.3.4 Summary...............................
`
`......................................... ..25 I
`
` /Satellite systems
`2S\ATEL'LITE SYSTEMS.............................
`2,1 THE INMARSAT svsnsm .....................,
`
`....
`1
`
`...........,27
`
`1
`
`2.1.6 FOR INMARSAT-M .... .. .................................. ..........
`2.1.7AGAINST|NMARSAT-M ....
`..........
`,2-.1.‘8 Data over INMARSAT......................... ..
`2.2 FLEET MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ......._
`
`....
`
`‘2.4 LEO s‘ystems”..‘...................................
`,2.:5‘Sate|Iite Dispatcher systems ........._......
`Qhavpter 3
`radio (Terrestrial
`
`.........
`
`......
`
`...33
`
`41
`...........
`'3“HF RADIOS (TERRESTRIAL SYSTEMS) .............
`'3.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................... .. .......................... ..'..41
`43.1.2 HF RADIO EQUIPMENT ....................................................... .. 45
`3.1.2.1 Modulation Modes ............................................................. .. 46
`
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`3.1.3 ANTENNAS ........................................................................... .. 49
`3.1.3.1 ATUs ....................
`......................................................... .. 49
`3.1.4 DIPOLES ......
`.........
`...........
`'
`-
`'-
`3.1.4.1 Widebanders ...................................................................... .. 50
`3.1.5 VERTICALS ........................................................................... .. so
`
`................ .. 51
`.............
`3.1.6 BEAMS .......................................
`3.1.7 LOOPS ............................................. ....‘.“................................. .. 51
`3.1.8 Multi Antenna systems ................................
`................
`52
`
`3.2.4 AGAINST MARINERADIO‘..... ... ....
`3.2.5 FOR AUTOLINK ................................ ..
`3.2.6 AGAINST AUTOLINK .......... ..
`3.3 GATEWAY SERVICES ............ ..
`3.3.1 FOR GATEWAY ............................... .. ...... ..
`3.3.2 AGAINST GATEWAY.....' .....
`............
`‘
`
`3.4 Amateur Radio 'Service.....
`3.4.1 Resolution 640.......... .;...;;.
`3.4.2 For Amateur Radio ............. ..
`
`6‘
`
`3.4.3 ‘Against Amateur Radio .......‘
`3.5 ‘Private’ HF radio networks"; ................. ....... .;..' ..... .. ........
`
`63
`
`S‘141I).ti.4 1’0W°r
`
`4.1.2 Vehicle batteries ........... ..
`
`4.1.3 Dual Battery schemes...
`4.1.4 Power Banks ......................
`
`4.1.5 Portable battery packs ..........................
`4.1.6 Mainten‘ance1;.‘.‘............................. ..
`
`4.2 Power Supply Systems. ............ ..
`1.4.2.1 Battery chargers ......... ..' .......... ..
`4.2.2 Trickle Chargers ....... .;.............
`4.2.3 Float Charging‘ ..... ..'...........;.... .. ................ ..
`f4';2.4'Power Supply Units ............... ..
`"
`‘
`4.2.4.1 Cav'eat;..'.'.'..‘..‘.......................... ..
`4.3.1 Invertor ...............................
`
`_
`M ’
`
`4.3.2 Uninterruptable Power Supplies...
`4.3.3 Voltage Regulators.’..... .._.‘...
`4.4 Generator Sets .......... ....
`”
`4.41 Rating ................... .; .............. ....
`4.4.2 Redundancy strateg'ies...‘..
`4.4.3 Observing the Load
`....... ..
`4.4.4 Frequency st
`4.4.5 Don'ts
`4.4.6 Fuel ........................ ..
`4.4.7 Diesel ..................... ..
`424.8 Petrol ................................... ..
`434.9 Cleanliness ......................... ..
`
`'
`
`4.4.10
`
`............................................... .'.5..
`
`.;’..'sa-.....’..‘..
`
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`

`
`4.5.1 Distribution ...... ..-. ...... ....... ............... ... ....... ..
`4.6- Other Auxi|iaries.........
`4.6.1 Transformers .......... ..
`
`4.7 Alternative energy.
`64.7.1 Wind Turbines . .... ..-..... ....... ..
`4.7.2 Solar Panels-..-....-..
`
`‘4.8 Summary ...a ....... ..‘. ......... ..'.‘.-.’.....'. ......... ..;
`
`_
`
`Legal ‘issues
`
`it
`
`5.1 Introduction .......'.Z .... .......;;Z.; ......
`_ 5.2 lTU
`......;;;;.....
`,_
`, Q r
`WGET
`.......................... .. ..............
`i‘5.4 UNDHA, DMT“a'nd UNDAC ...................... ..
`5.,5‘NGiOs
`......
`......
`Tampere Decl‘ai'ation,i1991
`.. 5.7'lTU‘Buenos Aires 1994. .....Z...................
`ITU Plenipotentiary Conference, Kyoto 199_
`A 5.9‘ITU‘ Resolution 640 .'.................................
`'
`_§.1o‘Resewauo‘n‘s
`A
`§’5.11”C6hclu‘s"ion.;.. "
`. 5.12 slaw Track ............................. ..
`15.13 Licences and frequency allocations ......
`5.14 Licence fee ........
`....
`................
`5.15 Type Approval .................................... ..
`5.16 Import Licences .................................. ..
`5.17 TIR................................ ..
`*55.53‘l8-Pro Formalnvoice».....
`-‘~5.’19-Draft of ‘Disaster Telecomms' Convention
`-" 5.20JSummary and Remarks
`.........
`....
`
`.... .............
`
`.
`
`A
`
`Qhapter 6 Local communications
`
`6.1 Introduction.'.........I................. ..... ............. ....... ... .... .I.............'...'."139
`6.2.1 For field telephones ............................................................. .. 140
`6.2.2 Against field telephones...................................................... .. 143
`6.2.3 Private Wires ........................................................................ .. 145
`
`6.2.4 PAX and PBX systems ........................................................ .. 145
`6.2.5 Cordless PBX ....................................................................... .. 147
`6.3 'Walkie-Talkies‘ ........................................................................ .. 147
`6.3.1 Procedures ............................................................................ .. 150
`
`6.3.2 Callsigns ............................................................................... .. 1521
`6.3.3 What is the~range of them? ................................................. .. 153
`6.3.4 External antennas ................................................................ .. 155
`6.4 Mobile Stations ........................................................................ .. 158
`
`159
`6.5 Power Output.._......................................................................
`6.6 Transportable units ................................................................. .. 160
`6.7 Base Stations .......................................................................... .. 161
`
`......................... .. 163
`6.8 Automatic repeaters ....................................
`6.9 Channels .................................................................................. .. 165 ‘
`
`6.9.1 Trunked repeater systems ................................................. .. 168
`
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`
`6.10 CB .............................................. .._. .................................. .. ........ 171
`6.11 Amateur Radio ......................................................................... 173
`6.12 HF Radio .................................................................................. 175
`
`6.13 Allocations ............................................................................. .. 176
`6.14 Antennas ........................................................ ... ....................... 177
`6.14.1 Scanners ............................................................................ ..179
`6.15 HF Amateur Radio .............. .._ ................................................ .. 179
`6.16 Data by radio ......................................................................... .. 180
`6.16.1 The problem ........................................................................ .. 181
`6.16.2 Packet Radio ......................................................_... .............. ..‘181
`6.16.3 Digipeating .......................................................................... .. 182
`6.16.4 Mailboxes ............................................................................ .. 183
`6.17 Satellite Packet Radio ......................................
`................. .. 183
`6.18 Teleprinter Over Radio (TOR) .................................... ..
`184
`6.18.1 Pactor ....
`...............................................
`............
`185
`6.19 CTCSS .............................................................
`.................. .. 186
`6.20 Selcall ............
`..........................
`.......... .._ ......
`188
`621 Line extenders.......................................... .. .......... ..
`...193
`
`190
`6.20.1 Pagers (Beepers) .......................... ...........................
`6.21 Line extenders
`................................,........
`.............. 193
`'
`6.22 Mobile Phones ................................................... .. '
`8
`193
`6.23 Emergency Mobile Phone systems ................
`.......
`195
`6.24 position finding systems ............. .._‘ ................ ..
`196
`6.25 The Future ............................... .., .......;.
`.,.. .... ..
`.§_;‘199
`__6.26Training .........................................
`........'.'............ ................. ..200
`
`£3 Ihapter 7 Summary
`
`.....................................,. .......
`7_ SUMMARY ................................
`7.1 System integration .................. ..
`v
`~
`7.2 Turnkey contracts ............... ..
`7.3 Maintenance ....................................................... .................... ..
`7.4 DRCF's role .............................................................................. ..
`
`'
`
`INDEX ...............................................................................
`
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`
`Disaster Communications - (First edition JUNE 1 996)
`
`I.
`
`DISASTER COMMUNICATIONS
`
` S ’PAlRT 1 GLOBAL
`
`~ First Edition, June‘ 1996
`
`Mark Wood, G4HLZ
`
`“
`V
`of the
`V
`V
`TheDis_aSter Relief Communications Foundation
`
`CHARTER
`
`S
`
`
`
`1.1 INTRODUCTION
`
`The fact is, vvithout communications, you don't have an
`organisation, you have a disorganisation.
`
`Everyone involved in disaster, aid and allied voluntary services
`is aware of the hugewaste and nuisance caused by poor
`communications in the field. Time, is wasted driving around
`looking zyforfstaff and equipment. The rapid deployment of the
`right equipment in the right place at the right time is impossible.
`Managers can_ have no idea what
`happening once people leave
`their sight. Without eyes, ears and a voice, theyiare just by-
`passed by the staff at the front end of the job. The staff; in the
`field know there is no back up, no help coming fromiaoutside,
`
`Page 1 of216
`
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`
`Disaster Communications - (First edition June I 996)
`
`and would rather valiantly improvise than spend days in a
`possibly fruitless search for help.
`
`The ease of communication in a developed city is seductive, so
`muchgdo we take itfiforgrantedrethat it becomes like the wallpaper
`in the ioffice (noucheatiiigi do you remember the pattern?). It is a
`serious but common mistake to underestimate the complexity
`and importance of communications, that is why The Disaster
`Relief Comm,unications:Foundation (DRCF) continuously
`researches and reviews the whole matter, calling on expert
`opinion to keep their advice up to date.
`
`Fig I The Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) is the largest‘ ‘single sitiiucltiiie”ever’ ihade
`
`riian.
`
`_
`
`V
`
`'
`L
`i
`
`Communications may seem like only a third world problem but,
`even urban areas will find their normal (Landline ) phones via
`_‘ the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)1, Mobile
`iPlionesl2 and Teleicsystems out of action in the case of most
`types of disaster because the cables may be damaged or there
`may be no mains to power the telephone exchanges 3. A
`ipeirifectly workilrigilf/S:TN
`isusually designed so that no
`I
`otithéi phonésiclofinected to it, can be talking at the
`’
`,Ither_ernay to too much traffic for it to
`ioveiiloaded, so you will keep
`.Nir‘,s<-'
`
`"
`
`‘
`‘*12i..a;s+i;~:a-‘as’ calI'itli'ie ‘Plain 'Old'TeIeph§one system‘ (years ).i ‘Mai ea! &>r"m‘é twisted pair?‘ V‘
`2Inlhisjdecumegt-1the'P$TN will also mean the’_Pul2|ic Land Mobile Network. (PLMN), also known as Cellular Mobile Telephones. ‘The PLMN
`depends on transmission from the bearer network and terrestrial Base Stations within 50Km ol‘ the disaster zone. Therefore it may be nearly
`gsvulnerable-to disaster as the PSTN "is.
`1- ,
`‘
`iv
`3
`.. » 2 .
`V
`~
`.
`.1
`‘
`~
`lnbtaetithe different services are usually switched by separate systems but sent down the same line transmission network (for reasons of
`economy): This is known as the" Bearer Network. ltuses the local-telephone exchanges in~the area. If it fails you will lose everything
`depending on it.
`
`'
`
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`
`Disaster Communications — ‘(First edition JUNE 1996)
`
`getting unhappy sounding tones when you try to dial. It is not i
`even safe to take 'l~and1_ine'-services for granted in some locations
`of operation as they may be rather poor or even non-existent.
`’
`
`FIG 2 The PSTN actually depends on telephone eicchanges and lines _on the ground which are vulnerable
`in times ofciiisis/l
`
`¥REPORT=REPORT= _
`
`Cyclone "Hollanda", Mauritius, February 1994. To prevent wind damage,
`the satellite dishes at the earth station had to be parked in a
`horizontal position,
`they could not then point at the satellite and thus
`all international communications to or from the island state was cut
`off; Despite these precautions, it took three days to repair the damage,
`‘in the mean time, it would not have been possible to summon help from
`outside. Technological and commercial pressures-are causing more
`centralisation of critical network elements,-leading to their
`Vulnerability in times of crisis;
`'
`
`So wemust take our,own.corn.niuni:cations that don't depend on
`, any lines or_ power freonifthel area. We also need something that
`can be set up in. a few hours, anywhere in the world, with no
`previous notice or tirnefto plan elaborate engineering. The
`solution must also be portable enough to be quickly moved into
`position by a small number ofpeople, who will be too busy to.
`. spend hours with complex technology.
`
`Most important, it must be affordable to the organizations
`sponsoring the relief effort
`M
`
`_
`- The subject of Local or Tactical communication, short range
`communications between the teammembers or a local cluster of
`camps for exarnple,..is a separate one. This has been given
`consideration in part 2..'.Disast,er Communications- Local’
`
`4This is also true of Telex and ISDN services which depend on the bearer network.
`
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`I will try to mention just about every practical system we at
`DRCF have ever heard of. Just because we mention (or don't
`mention) a system, this is not an endorsement of the idea. We
`merely acquaint you with the facts and leave you to decide what
`you think is best for you. Reading this won't make you an
`expert, but it will help you and your experts to come to a better
`understanding
`
`\ The Disaster Relief Communications Foundation (DRCF) is a
`Non Governmental Organisation (NGO), a small registered
`charity, and we admit that our resources are limited. However
`“we do try most conscientiously to make sure that what we say is
`generally agreed to be true, or at least valid opinion, by experts
`in the relevant fields. However if you know of something better
`that we do, we most sincerely welcome input, for future
`revisions of the book.
`
`The powerful image of Captain Kirk nonchalantly pulling his
`communicator from his belt and effortlessly contacting anyone
`anywhere is not just a dream. By the turn of the century, systems
`like IRIDIUM, GLOBALSTAR, ICO, Teledesic, Ellipso,
`Odyssey,Constellation and many more, will bring just that and
`give hand held mobile phones that really work anywhere in the
`world. Then, there may be less need for books like this as there
`may be one obvious way to communicate with anyone
`‘anywhere, but as this service will not be available until 1998 at
`the earliest, and it's effectiveness is as yet unclear, we will
`consider those services’ available for our purposes at the time of
`“-writing.5
`
`There are two methods.
`
`0 SATELLITE SYSTEMS,
`(we will talk mostly about the lNMARSAT system)
`
`0 H.F .‘ RADIO
`
`(we will consider Private radio,Marine radio, Gateway and
`Amateur radio)
`E
`
`5It is intended to update the document annually. please contact DRCF for an update.
`
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`1.1.2 What Is ‘Disaster Communications‘ ?
`
`The needs of disaster communications and aid communications
`
`are in some respects similar, but the operational needs of the two
`distinct types of organisation are quite different. This document
`is about disaster communications, but the information is
`
`applicable to aid users also, provided the differences are
`understood.
`
`It is the target of disaster communications units to be on the
`scene of the callout not later than"24hrs after the first alert. This
`
`sounds like plenty of time, until we remember that the personnel
`involved are volunteers“, who firstneed to be contacted by
`various means, usually by phoningaround by their group leader.
`Then their employer may need to be contacted to get permission
`to be absent for the next two or three weeks and family business
`re-organised, grand parents found to look after the children,
`clothing and equipment packedetc, all with the phone ringing
`like mad‘ as the team is assembled.“
`
`‘
`
`Authors note:- These definitions for disaster, aid)/and Emergency
`communications are my own invention, for use only iruthis document. Oflicial
`definitions vary, but the VUNDHA prefer the term’ "communications in the Acute
`Phase ofan emergency” where I mean disaster communications. and "Long
`term Emergencies” where I use "aid". Normally there is no separate definition‘
`of ”Emergency Services” made in legislation. By this I will mean state run and
`nded organisations. The word "communications" can mean forms such as
`‘Broadcasting and other media. For point-to-point communications, the term
`"Telecommunications " is preferred.
`'
`A
`’
`
`Meanwhile, a deadline emerges, a transport-plane must take off
`. with the ”men7 and supplies, and with only about four hours to
`i spare, the equipment must be found, from its storage place and
`brought to the mustering point. There is notime to test, no time
`to plan and certainly no time to -train oncomplex technology.
`
`6Disaster volunteers are usually professional or qualified people who’ agree to make themselves available on a callout basis. They are either
`In this book men shall also mean women.
`sponsored by their company or take annual leave during the call. This is the reason for the short availability window of such teams.‘
`
`- P
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`This can be done only if the ,specialised;;tea1ns have already got
`everything organised well in advance. The team members must
`be sufficiently familiar with the equipment, that once in the
`field, they can repair anything not working, or more usually,
`improvise things that somehow didn‘t‘:make the deadline. They
`won't know how busy they will,_b.e,pwho and how many teams of
`what nationalitythey will serve, orfor how long.3 Networks will
`have to be created as theyigo.
`
`A successful operation can only, be achieved if the hardware
`taken to the field will certainly work without prior planning or
`v«engineer-ing and if the staffvareg professional and self reliant.9
`Planning is impossible because the team would have no way of
`. knowing where they are going in advance, or what existing
`systems may be still workingon the site, or if anything is
`available at-all, even electricity.
`
`.
`
`the. plus side, the.,._o.pe;ration c.an__.be expected to take about 1-4
`e
`_; _weeks,.- so a temporary or makeshift installation is quite
`H satisfactory and elaborate permanent systems designed to be in
`place,i,fo_r,,months_ioigyears are not needed. Also, some
`' governments waive or shorten the licensing and Import duty
`= reguir-{ementsrfor»vthe equipment, (if you rememberto ask nicely).
`.g.i'
`
`Finance is ‘a question,‘ fromwhere and when the expenses
`be met
`,’
`A‘
`i
`V
`I
`
`.x.
`V
`
`V
`1 =REPoRi'='"i2Er§oRTe
`In one-case,’ a small =British NGO found -their -Inmarsatr-Aisat phone to be
`thegonly working.»communiqation-s- at the site of pa, d;'_Lsas_t_er. Thispsoon
`x
`attracted attention from desperate o‘f_,fioials,\frpm therwioirganisatiions
`V-.h.o.rxow..e,it.
`.' o.I.1e.-
`: Lon:
`t er.-Efitaih;
`the 'hi;ll was
`beyond their resources to pay, and it was very difficult to prove who
`shouldggpay what,;.-the. result being very unfavourable for the NGO. The
`resulting. s_ev,ere__ifinanci‘al st
`nearly destroyed the whole
`organisationj. _Fo_rtunate,1‘y "they" Wvived wiser
`much sorrier. If
`‘people boicrew your comrri1i'ni‘catiohsfacilities théia make sure you know who
`they are,’ 'How“much ‘t-may owe'yoi1-‘a‘nd~'howi and ‘3wh‘e‘n' they will pay. This
`goes for ryour»'own=;peopl'e too,, asatéoinms. ~is‘:*hig.h'1y-" intoxicating, you must
`tell your client when he has had enough and close the bar!—IRC ,
`
`8Because volunteers-are seconded from their full timeprofessions at short notice, a term of duty for-one person will normally be:,10-15
`‘gorking days. After this. new persons will probably be needed to continue the operation if required.
`.
`,
`,
`‘
`-
`Qualified Radio Officers are well suited to Disaster Communications duties.
`~
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`1.1.3 Differences to ‘Aid’ Communications
`
`By contrast, aid organisations usually have weeks or months to
`plan their operations and have a good knowledge of where they
`r are going and what to expect when they get there. They even
`have staff in place to carry out the operations needed, and also
`budgets