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`FED-STD- I 037C
`
`propagating. Note 1: Ionospheric scattering and
`Ray!eigh scattering are examples of materi2!
`scattering. Note 2: In an optical fiber, material
`scattering is caused by micro-inhomogeneities in the
`refractive indices of the materials used to fabricate the
`fiber, including the dopants used to modify the
`refractive index profile.
`
`maximal-ratio combiner: A diversity combiner in
`which (a) the signals from each channel are added
`together, (b) the gain of each channel is made
`proportional to the rms signal level and inversely
`proportional to the mean square noise level in that
`channel, and (c) the same proportionality constant is
`used for all channels. ( 188) Synonyms ratio-squared
`combiner, post-detection combiner, predetection
`combining, selective combiner.
`
`maximum block transfer time: The maximum
`allowable waiting time between initiation of a block
`transfer attempt and completion of a successful block
`transfer.
`
`maximum calling area: Geographic calling limits
`permitted to a particular access line based on
`requirements for the particular line. Note: Maximum
`calling area restrictions are imposed for network
`control purposes.
`
`maximum disengagement time: The maximum
`aiiowabie waiting
`time between anmation of a
`disengagement attempt and successful disengagement.
`
`maximum justification rate: Synonym maximum
`stuffing rate.
`
`maximum keying frequency: In facsimile systems,
`the frequency in hertz numerically equal to the spot
`speed divided by twice the X-dimension of the
`scanning spot. ( 188)
`
`In a facsimile
`maximum modulating frequency:
`transmission system, the highest picture frequency
`is required. ( 188) Note: The maximum
`that
`modulating frequency and the maximum keying
`frequency are not necessarily equaL
`
`maximum stuffing rate: In a bit stream, the maximum
`rate at which stuffing bits can be inserted into the
`stream. ( 188) Synonym w...a:'!im!!m justification rate.
`
`In radio
`maximum usable frequency (MUF):
`transmission using reflection frcm the regu!ar ionized
`layers of the ionosphere, the upper frequency limit
`that can be used for transmission between two points
`at a specified time. ( 188) Note: MUF is a median
`frequency applicable to 50% of the days of a month,
`as opposed to 90% cited for the lowest usable high
`frequency (LUF) and the optimum traffic frequency
`(FOT).
`
`maximum user signaling rate: The maximum rate, in
`bits per second, at which binary information can be
`transferred in a given direction between users over the
`telecommunications system facilities dedicated to a
`particular infonnation transfer transaction, under
`conditions of continuous
`transmission and no
`overhead information. Note 1: For a single channel,
`the signaling rate is given by
`
`where SCSR is the single-<:hannel signaling rate in bits
`per second, Tis the minimum time interval in seconds
`for which each level must be maintained, and n is the
`number of significant conditions of modulation of the
`channeL Note 2:
`In the case where an individual
`end-to-end telecommunications service is provided by
`parallel channels, the parallel-channel signaling rate
`is given by
`
`where PCSR is the total signaling rate form channels,
`m is the number of parallel channels, T, is the
`minimum interval between significant instants for the
`/ -th channel, and n; is the number of significant
`conditions of modulation for the /-th channel. Note 3:
`In the case where an end-to-end telecommunications
`service is provided by tandem channels, the end-to·
`end signaling rate is the lowest signaling rate among
`the component channels.
`
`Maxwell's equations: A set of partial differential
`equations that describe and predict the behavior of
`electromagnetic waves in free space, !n dielectrics,
`Note:
`and at conductor-dielectric boundaries.
`
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`
`Maxwell's equations expand upon and unify the laws
`of Ampere, Faraday, and Gauss, and form the
`foundation of modern electromagnetic theory.
`
`MCC: Abbreviation for maintenance control circuit.
`
`M CM: Abbreviation for multicarrier modulu.tiun.
`
`MDF: Abbreviation for main distribution rrame.
`
`meaconing: A system of receiving radio beacon
`signals and rebroadcasting
`them on
`the same
`frequency to confuse navigation. The meaconing
`stations cause inaccurate bearings to be obtained by
`aircraft or ground stations. [JP I]
`
`mean power (or a radio transmitter): The average
`power supplied to the antenna transmission line by a
`transmitter during an interval of time sufficiently long
`compared with the lowest frequency encountered in
`the modulation
`taken under normal operating
`conditions. [NTIA] [RRl (188) Note: Normally, a
`time of 0.1 second, during which the mean power is
`greatest, will be selected.
`
`mean time between failures (MTBF): 1. .l&\n in-
`dicator of expected system reliability calculated on a
`statistical basis from the known failure rates of
`various components of the system. Note-· MTBF is
`usually expressed in hours. 2. Of a system, over a
`iong
`performance measurement period,
`the
`measurement period divided by the number of failures
`that have occurred during the measurement period. 3.
`For population of items, during a measurement
`period, the total functioning life of the population of
`items divided by the total number of failures within
`the population during
`the measurement period.
`Note 1: The tota.l functioning life of the population
`may be calculated as the summation of the operating
`in
`the population over the
`life of every item
`measuremenrperiod. When computing the MTBF,
`any measure of operating life may be used, such as
`time, cycles, kilometers, or events. Note 2: For
`example, if a total of I ,000 events, such as data
`transfers, radio transmissions, or system boots, occurs
`in a population of items during a measurement period
`of 100 hours and there are a total of 10 failures
`among the entire population, the MTBF for each item
`is (I 000)( I 00)/1 0 = I 04 hours.
`
`FED-STD- 1 03 7C
`
`mean time between outages (MTBO); In a system,
`the mean time between equipment failures that result
`loss of system continuity or unacceptable
`in
`degradation. Note: The MTBO is calculated by the
`equation,
`
`MTBO
`
`l~fTBF
`I - FFAS
`
`where MTBF is the nonredundant mean time between
`failures and FFAS is the fraction of failures for which
`the failed equipment is automatically bypassed. (I 88)
`
`mean time to repair (MTIR): The total corrective
`maintenance time divided by the total number of
`corrective maintenance actions during a given period
`of time. ( 188)
`
`mean time to service r~toral (MTSR): The mean
`time to restore service following system failures that
`result in a service outage. Note: The time to restore
`includes all time from the occurrence of the failure
`until the restoral of service. ( 188)
`
`measured·rate senite: Telephone serv!ce for which
`charges are made in accordance with the total
`connection time of the line.
`
`measurement period: See performance measure(cid:173)
`ment period.
`
`mechanically induced modulation: Optical signal
`modulation induced by mechanical means. Note: An
`induced
`example of deleterious mechanically
`modulation is speckle noise created in a multimode
`fiber by an imperfect splice or imperfectly mated
`connectors. Mechanical disturbance of the fiber
`ahead of the joint will introduce changes in the modal
`structure, resulting in variations of joint loss.
`
`m«hanically intermateable connectors: Connectors
`that are mechanically mateable, without creating
`mechanical damage, and without regard to attenuation
`properties.
`
`mechanical splice: Of optical fibers, a splice, i.e.,
`permanent joint, accomplished by aligning the mating
`fibers in some kind of mechanical fixture. Note 1:
`The fibers may be secured by mechanical means or
`with an optical adhesive. Note 2: When the fibers are
`
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`FED-STD- 1037C
`
`secured by mechanical means, the gap between them
`is usua!!y filled with an index-matching gel to reduce
`Fresnel reflection. Likewise, the optical adhesives
`that are used in conjunction with mechanical splices
`are formulated to have a refractive
`index that
`approximates that of the glass, and also serve to
`reduce Fresnel reflection. [After FAAj
`
`mediation function: In telecommunications network
`management, a function that routes or acts on
`information passing between network elements and
`network operations. (188) Note I : Examples of
`mediation functions are communications control,
`protocol conversion, data handling, communications
`of primitives, processing that includes decision(cid:173)
`making, and data storage. Note 2: Mediation
`functions can be shared among network elements,
`mediation devices, and network operation centers.
`
`medium: 1. In telecommunications, the transmission
`path along which a signal propagates, such as a wire
`pair, coaxial cable, waveguide, optical fiber, or radio
`path. ( 188) 2. The material on which data are or may
`be recorded, such as plain paper, paper tapes,
`punched cards, magnetic tapes, magnetic disks, or
`optical disks. (! 88)
`
`medium access control (MAC) sublayer:
`In a
`communications network, the pan of the data link
`layer that supports topology-dependent functions and
`uses the services of the physical layer to provide
`services to the logical link control sublayer.
`
`medium access unit (MAU): In a communications
`system, the equipment that adapts or formats the
`signal
`for
`transmittal over
`the communication
`medium. Note: An example of a MAU is an optical
`transmitter, which accepts an electrical signal at its
`input port and converts it to an optical signal
`accessible at its output port.
`
`medium frequency (MF): Frequencies from 300 kHz
`to 3000 kHz. ( 188)
`
`(MIC):
`In
`connector
`interface
`medium
`the
`communications systems,
`the connector at
`interface point between the bus interface unit and the
`terminal, i.e., the medium interface point.
`
`medium interface point (MIP): In communication
`systems, the location at which the standards for the
`interface parameters between a terminal and the line
`facility are implemented.
`
`medium-power talker: A hypothetical talker, wilhin
`a log-norrnal distribution of talkeis, whose volume
`lies at the medium power of all talkers determin ing
`the volume distribution at the point of interest. ( 188)
`Note: When the distribution follows a log-normal
`curve (values expressed in decibels), the mean and
`standard deviation can be used to compute the
`medium-power talker. The talker volume distribution
`follows a log-normal curve and the medium-power
`talker is uniquely determined by the average talker
`'The medium-power talker volume, V, is
`volume.
`given by V = V0 + 0.115o\ where V0 is the average of
`the talker volume distribution in volume units (vu),
`and 0 2 is the variance of the distribution.
`
`megahertz (MHz): A unit of frequency denoting one
`
`million (106) Hz. (188)
`
`memory: 1. All of the addressable storage space in a
`processing unit and other internal memory that is used
`to execute jnstPJctions. 2. Loosely, the volatile,
`main storage in computers. See random access
`memory. Contrast with hard disk.
`
`menu: A displayed list of options from which a user
`selects actions to be perforrr-.ed.
`
`MERCAST: Acronym for merchant-ship broadcast
`system.
`
`merchant-ship broadcast system (MERCAST): A
`maritime shore-to-ship broadcast system in which the
`ocean areas are divided into primary broadcast areas
`each covered by a high-powered shore radio station
`that broadcasts simultaneously on one medi um
`frequency (MF) and one or more high frequencies
`(HF) for routing messages to ocean-going ships.
`Note: In some instances, coast stations may repeat
`the messages. [From Weik '89]
`
`In fiber optics, a ray that passes
`meridional r-ay:
`through the optical axis of an optical fiber (in contrast
`with a skew ray, which does not).
`
`mesh network: See network topology.
`
`M-8
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`mesh topology: See network topology.
`
`mesochronous: The relationship between two signals
`such that their corresponding significant instants
`occur at the same average rate. ( 188)
`
`message: 1. Any thought or idea expressed briefly in
`a plain or secret language, prepared in a form suitable
`for transmission by any means of communication.
`[JPIJ Note: A message may be a one-unit message or
`[In telecommunications,]
`a multiunit message. 2.
`Record information expressed in plain or encrypted
`language and prepared in a format specified for
`intended
`transmission by a
`telecommunications
`system. [JP I] 3. An arbitrary amount of information
`whose beginning and end are defined or implied.
`
`message alignment indicator: ln a signal message, .
`data transmitted between the user part and the
`message transfer part to identify the boundaries of the
`signal message.
`
`message broadcast: An electronic-mail conference
`capability using data terminals. Note: Control can be
`maintained by the user or by the network.
`
`message center: See communications center.
`
`message feedback: A method of checking the
`accuracy of transmission of data by sending received
`data back to the sending end for comparison with the
`original data that have been stored there for this
`purpose. [From Weik ' 89)
`
`message fonnat: A predetermined or prescribed
`spatial or time-sequential arrangement of the parts of
`a message that is recorded in or on a data storage
`medium. Note: Messages prepared for elec!rical
`transmission are usually composed on a printed blank
`form with spaces for each pan of the message and for
`administrative entries.
`
`In the CCJTT
`message handling system (MHS):
`X.400 Recommendations, the family of services and
`protocols that provides the functions for global
`electronic-mail transfer among local mail systems.
`
`In radio communications, the
`message heading:
`message part or parts that (a) precede the text, i.e., the
`message body, in
`time or space according to
`
`FED-STD-1 037C
`
`established conventions and {b) may include several
`data items, such as address groups, routing indicators,
`action addressee designators, information addressee
`designators,
`exempted
`addressee designators,
`prosigns, prowords, clear
`indicators, date-time
`groups, originator designators, special instructions,
`and protocol symbols. Note: Several message
`heading data items may be combined into a message
`preamble. [From Wcik '89]
`
`mes.•;age part: 1. In radio communications, one of the
`three major subdivisions of a message, namely the
`heading, the text, or the ending. Note: Each message
`part may · have separate components and each
`component may have elements and contents. 2. In
`cryptosystems, text that results from the division of a
`long message into several shorter messages of
`different lengths as a transmission security measure.
`Note: Message parts are usually prepared in such a
`manner as to appear unrelated externally. Statements
`that identify the parts for assembly at reception are
`encrypted in the texts. [From Weik '89]
`
`message register leads: Terminal equipment leads at
`the interface used solely for receiving de message
`register pulses from a central office at a PBX so that
`message unit information normally recorded at the
`central office only is also recorded at the PBX ....
`[47CFR]
`
`message service: Switched service furnished to the
`general public (as distinguished from private line
`service). Except as otherwise provided, this includes
`exchange switched services and all switched services
`provided by interexchange carriers and completed by
`a local telephone company's access services.
`[47CFR] Synonym message toll service.
`
`message switching: A method of handling message
`traffic through a switching center, either from local
`users or from other switching centers, whereby the
`message traffic is stored and forwarded through the
`system. (188)
`
`message toU service: Synonym message service.
`
`message transfer part: The pan of a common-channel
`signaling system that transfers signal messages and
`performs associated functions, such as error control
`and signaling link security.
`
`M-9
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`FED-STD-1 037C
`
`message unit: A unit of measure for charging
`telephone cn!!s, based on parameters such as t..i')e
`length of the call, the distance called, and/or the time
`of day.
`
`In integrated services digital
`messaging service:
`networks (ISDN), an interactive telecommunications
`service that provides for information interchange
`among users by means of store-and-forward,
`electronic mail, or message-handling functions.
`
`in which metallic
`A circuit
`metaiiic circuit:
`conductors are used and in which the ground or earth
`forms no part. ( 188)
`
`metallic voltage: A potential difference between
`metallic conductors, as opposed
`to a potential
`difference between a metallic conductor and ground.
`
`meteor burst communications: Communications by
`the propagation of radio signals reflected by ionized
`meteor trails. [NTIAJ
`
`meteorological aids service: A radiocommunication
`service
`used
`for meteorological ,
`including
`hydrological, observations and exploration. [NTIAJ
`[RR]
`
`An Earth
`service:
`meteorological-satellite
`exploration-satellite
`service
`for meteorological
`purposes. [NTiA] [RR]
`
`metric system: A decimal system of weights and
`measures based on the meter as a unit of length and
`the kilogram as a unit of mass. Note: The modern
`form of the metric system is the International System
`of Units (SI). See International System of Units.
`
`A data
`metropolitan area network (MAN):
`communications network that (a) covers an area larger
`than a campus area network and smaller than a wide
`area network (WAN), (b) interconnects two or more
`LANs, and (c) usually covers an entire metropolitan
`area, such as a large city and its suburbs. ( 188)
`
`MF: Abbreviation for medium frequency.
`
`MFD: Abbreviation for mode field diameter.
`
`MFJ: Abbreviation for Modification of Final
`Judgment.
`
`MFSK: Abbreviation for multiple frequency-shirt
`keying.
`
`MHS: Abbreviation for message handling system.
`
`MHz: Abbreviation for megahertz.
`
`MIC: Abbreviation for medium interface connector.
`
`microbend: In an optical waveguide, sharp curvatures
`local axial displacemenls of a few
`involving
`micrometers and spatial wavelengths of a few
`millimeters. (188) Note: Microbends can result from
`waveguide
`coating,
`cabling,
`packaging,
`and
`installation. Microbending can cause s ignificant
`radiative Joss and mode coupling.
`
`microbending: See microbend.
`
`microbend loss: In an optical fiber, the optical power
`loss caused by a microbend. [2196]
`
`microcircuit: Synonym integ:-ated circuit.
`
`microcode: A sequence of microinstructions that is
`fixed in storage that is not program-addressable, and
`that pcrfonns specific processing functions.
`
`the
`microcomputer: A computer (a) in which
`processing unit is a microprocessor and (b) that
`usually consists of a microprocessor, a storage unit,
`an input channel, and an output channel, all of which
`may be on one chip.
`
`microfinishing film: A film of dimensionally stable
`plastic, to which are adhered carefully graded
`abrasive or polishing powders, i.e., particles, having
`dimensions in the micrometer or submicrometer
`Note: Microfinishing films
`range.
`resemble
`sandpaper, but have much smaller abrasive or
`polishing particles. They are used commercially to
`shape and/or polish machined parts. They are also
`used to finish the endfaces of certain types of optical
`connectors. [After FAA]
`
`microinstruction: An instruction that controls data
`flow and
`instruction-execution sequenc!ng
`in a
`processor at a more fundamental level than machine
`
`M-10
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`
`FED-STD-1037C
`
`mechanisms are plotted on a single graph as a
`function of wavelength, the minimum-loss window
`occurs in the vicinity of the wavelength at which the
`the
`Rayleigh-scattering auenuation curve and
`infrared-phonon-absorption curve intersect. Note 2:
`For silica-based fibers, the minimum-loss window
`occurs at approximately i .55 f.!m. [After FAAj
`
`minimum picture interval: The minimum time
`between the television pictures that have been
`selected for encoding. ( 188) Note: CCilT
`Recommendation H.221 cites the following values for
`1129.97. 2/29.97, 3/29.97, and
`picture interval:
`4/29.97 seconds per picture.
`
`MIP: Abbreviation for medium interface point.
`
`MIS: Abbreviation for management in(ormation
`system.
`
`misalignment loss: See angular misalignment loss,
`gap loss, lateral offset loss.
`
`misdelivered block: A block received by a user other
`than the one intended by the message source.
`
`mission bit stream: Synonym payload.
`
`mixer: A nonlinear circuit or device that accepts as its
`input two different frequencies and presents at its
`output (a) a signai equal in frequency to the sum of
`lhe frequencies of the input signals, (b) a signal equal
`in frequency to the difference between the frequencies
`of the input signals, and, if they are not filtered out,
`(c) the original input frequencies.
`
`mixing: See heterodyne.
`
`MLPP: Abbreviation for multilevel precedence and
`preemption.
`
`MM patch bay: A patching facility designed for
`patching and monitoring of digital data circuits at
`rates exceeding 3 Mb/s.
`
`mobile Earth station: An Earth station in the mobile(cid:173)
`satellite service intended to be used while in motion
`or during halts at unspecified points. [NTIA] [RR]
`
`A radiocommunication
`
`mobile-satellite service:
`service:
`• between mobile earth stations and one or more
`space stations, or between space stations used by this
`service; or
`• between mobile earth stations by means of one or
`more space stations. This service may also include
`feeder links necessary for its operation.
`[NTIA]
`[RRJ
`
`mobile service: A radiocomrnunication service
`between mobile and land stations, or between mobile
`stations. [NTIA] [RR]
`
`In an
`mobile services switching center (MSC):
`automatic cellular mobile system, the
`interface
`between the radio system and the public switched
`telephone network. Note: The MSC performs all
`signaling functions that are necessary to establish
`calls to and from mobile stations.
`
`mobile station: A station in the mobile service
`intended to be used while in motion or during halts at
`unspecified points. [NTIA] [RR]
`
`modal dispersion: Incorrect sy::ony,~for mu!timOOe
`distortion.
`
`modal distortion: Synonym multimode distortion.
`
`modai disiribution: In an optical waveguide operating
`at a given wavelength, the number of modes
`supported, and their propagation time differences.
`( 188)
`
`modal loss: In an open waveguide, such as an optical
`loss of energy on
`the part of an
`fiber, a
`electromagnetic wave due to obstacles outside the
`waveguide, abrupt changes in direction of the
`waveguide, or other anomalies, that cause changes in
`the propagation mode of the wave in the waveguide.
`(188)
`
`modal noise: Noise generated in an optical fiber
`system by the combination of mode-dependent optical
`losses and fluctuation in the distribution of optical
`energy among the guided modes or in the relative
`phases of the guided modes. (188) Synonym speckle
`noise.
`
`M-12
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`mode: 1. In a waveguide or cavity, one of the various
`possib!e patterns of propagating or . standing
`electromagnetic fields. (188) Note 1: Each mode is
`characterized by frequency, polarization, electric field
`strength, and magnetic field strength. Note 2: The
`electromagnetic field pattern of a mode depends on
`the frequency,
`refraciive
`indices or dielectric
`constants, and waveguide or cavity geometry. 2. Any
`that satisfies
`electromagnetic
`field distribution
`Maxwell's equations and the applicable boundary
`conditions. 3. In data communications, a protocol
`used to transfer data from switch to switch or from
`switch to terminal. (188) 4. In statistics. the value
`associated with the highest peak in a probability
`density function.
`
`mode coupling: In an electromagnetic waveguide, the
`exchange of power among modes. (188) Note: In a
`multimode optical fiber, mode coupling reaches
`i.e., equilibrium mode
`statistical equilibrium,
`distribution, after the equilibrium length has been
`traversed.
`
`mode field diameter (MFD): An expression of
`distribution of the irradiance, i.e., the optical power,
`across the end face of a sing!e-mcde fiber. .'Vote: For
`a Gaussian power distribution
`in a single-mode
`optical fiber, the mode field diameter is that at which
`the electric and magnetic field strengths are reduced
`to 1/e of their maximum values, i.e., the diameter at
`which power is reduced to l/e2 of the maximum
`power, because the power is proportional to the
`square of the field strength.
`
`mode filter: A device used to select, reject, or
`attenuate a certain mode or modes. (188)
`
`mode [identification friend or foe]: The number or
`letter referring to the specific pulse spacing of the
`signals transmitted by an interrogator. [JPI]
`
`Acronym for modulator/demodulator.
`modem:
`I.
`In general, a device that both modulates and
`(I B8)
`2.
`demodulates signals.
`In computer
`communications, a device used for converting digital,
`signals into, and recovering them from, quasi-analog
`signals suitable
`for
`transmission over analog
`communications channels. Note: Many additional
`functions may be added to a modem to provide for
`customer service and control features. Synonym
`
`FED-STD-1 037C
`
`signal conversion equipment. 3. In FDM carrier
`systems, a device that convertS the voice band to, and
`level of frequency
`the first
`recovers it from,
`translation.
`
`mode mixer: Synonym mode scrambler.
`
`A method of electrically
`modem patch:
`interconnecting circuits by using back-to-hack
`modems. ( 188)
`
`mode partition noise: In an opticai communications
`link, phase jitter of the signal caused by the combined
`effects of mode hopping in the optical source and
`intramodal distortion in the fiber. Note: Mode
`hopping causes random wavelength changes which in
`turn affect the group velocity, i.e., the propagation
`time. Over a long length of fiber, the cumulative
`effect is to create jitter, i.e., mode partition noise. The
`variation of group velocity creates the mode partition
`noise.
`
`mode !;(:rambler: 1. A device for inducing mode
`coupling in an optical fiber. ( 188) 2. A device
`composed of one or more optical fibers in which
`strong mode coupling occurs. Note: Mode
`scramblers are used to provide a modal distribution
`that is independent of the optical source, for purposes
`of laboratory or field measurements or tests.
`Synonym mode mixer.
`
`mode stripper: See cladding mode stripper.
`
`mode volume: The number of bound modes that an
`optical fiber is capable of supporting. ( 188) Note:
`The mode volume M is approximateiy given by V1i2
`and (V2/2)[g/(g+2}] respectively for step-index and
`power-law profile fibers, where g is the profile
`parameter, and Vis the nonnalized frequency greater
`than 5.
`
`Modification of Final Judgment (MFJ): The 1982
`antitrust suit settlement agreement
`("Consent
`Decree") entered
`into by
`the United States
`Department of Justice and the American Telephone
`and Telegraph Company
`(AT&T)
`that, after
`modification and upon approval of the United States
`District Court for the District of Columbia, required
`the divestiture of the Bell Operating Companies from
`AT&T.
`
`M-13
`
`Ex. 1008
`YMax Corporation
`Page 258 of 498
`
`Exhibit 2007 Page 258
`
`

`

`Downloaded from http://www.everyspec.com on 2012-05-17T20:20·11 .
`
`FED-STD-I 037C
`
`modified AMI code: Abbreviation for modified
`alternate mark inversion code. A T-carrier AMI
`line code in which bipolar violations may be
`insened
`to maintain
`system
`deliberately
`sync hronization. Note 1: The clock rate of an
`incoming T-carrier signal is extracted from its bipolar
`line code. T-carrier was originally developed for
`voice applications. When voice signals are digitized
`for transmission via T -carrier, there is no problem in
`maintaining s ystem synchronization, because of the
`nature of the digitized signals. However, when used
`for the transmission of digital data, the conventional
`AMI line code may fail to have sufficient marks, i.e.,
`" 1 's," to permit recovery of the incoming clock, and
`synchronization is lost. This happens when there are
`too many consecutive zeros in the user data being
`transported. To prevent loss of synchronization when
`a long string of zeros is prese nt in the user data,
`deliberate bipolar violations are inserted into the line
`code, to create a sufficient number of marks to
`maintain sync hronization. The receive terminal
`equipment recognizes the bipolar violations and
`removes from the user data the marks attributable to
`the bipolar violations. Note 2: The e xact pattern of
`bipolar violations that is transmitted in any give n case
`depends on the line rate and the polarity of the last
`valid mark in the user data prior to the unacceptably
`long string of zeros. Note 3: The number of
`consec utive zeros that can be tolerated in user data
`depends on the data rate, i.e., the level of the line
`code in the T-carrier hierarchy. The North American
`Tl line code (1.544 Mb/s) does not use bipolar
`violations. The European T1 line code (2.048 Mb/s)
`may use bipolar violations when 8 or more
`consecutive zeros are present. This line code is called
`bipolar with eight-zero substitution (88ZS). (In all
`levels of the European T -carrie r hierarchy, the
`patterns o f bipolar violations that are used differ from
`those used in the North American hierarchy.) At the
`North American T2 rate (6.312 Mb/s), bipolar
`violations are inserted if 6 or more consecutive zeros
`occur. This line code is called bipolar with six-zero
`substitution (86ZS). At the North American T3 rate
`(44.736 Mb/s), bipolar violations a re inserted if 3 or
`more consecutive zeros occur. This line code is
`called '"bipolar with three-zero substitution " (83ZS).
`
`modular: Pertaining to the design concept in which
`inte rchangeable units are used to create a functional
`end product.
`
`modular jack: A device that conforms to the Code of
`Federal Regulations, Title 47, pan 68, which defines
`the size and configuration of all units that are
`permitted for connection to the public exchange
`facilities-:
`
`modulation: The process, or result of the process, of
`varying a characteristic of a carrier, in accordance
`with an information-bearing signal. ( 188)
`
`modulation factor: In amplitude modulation, the ratio
`of the peak variation actually used, to the maximum
`design variation in a given type of modulation. ( 188)
`Note:
`In conventional amplitude modulation, the
`maximum design variation is considered that for
`which the instantaneous amplitude of the modulated
`s ignal reaches zero. When zero is reac hed, the
`modulation is cons idered 100%.
`
`modulation index: In angle modulation, the ratio of
`the frequency deviation of the modulated signal to the
`frequency of a sinusoidal modulating signal. ( 188)
`Note: The modulation index is numerically equal to
`the phase deviation in radians.
`
`I. The rate at which a carrier is
`modulation rate:
`varied to represent the information in a digital signal.
`Note: Modulation rate and information transfer rate
`are not necessarily the same. 2. For modulated digital
`signals, the reciprocal of the unit interval of the
`modulated signal, measured in seconds. ( 188)
`
`In the reception o f an
`modulation suppression:
`amplitude-modulated signal, an apparent reduction in
`the depth of modulation of a wanted signal, caused by
`the presence , at the detector, of a stronger unwanted
`signal. (I 88)
`
`modulator: A device that imposes a signal on a
`carrier. (188)
`
`modulator-demodulator (modem): See modem.
`
`module: 1. An interchangeable subassembly that
`constitutes part of, i.e .. is integrated into, a larger
`device or system. (188) 2. In compute r program(