`571-272-7822
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`PUBLIC VERSION
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`Paper 58
`Entered: June 19, 2020
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`UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
`_______________
`
`BEFORE THE PATENT TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD
`_______________
`
`ERICSSON INC. and TELEFONAKTIEBOLAGET LM ERICSSON,
`Petitioner,
`
`v.
`
`REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA,
`Patent Owner.
`_______________
`
`IPR2017-01200
`Patent 8,718,185 B2
`_______________
`
`
`
`Before JENNIFER S. BISK, ROBERT J. WEINSCHENK, and
`CHARLES J. BOUDREAU, Administrative Patent Judges.
`
`BISK, Administrative Patent Judge.
`
`
`
`
`DECISION
`Denying Institution of Inter Partes Review
`35 U.S.C. § 314
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`PUBLIC VERSION
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`IPR2017-01200
`Patent 8,718,185 B2
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`I.
`INTRODUCTION
` Background and Summary
`Ericsson Inc. and Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson (“Petitioner”)
`filed a Petition (Paper 1, “Pet.”) requesting an inter partes review of claims
`1, 6, 9, 10, 15, 18, 24, and 25 (“the challenged claims”) of U.S. Patent No.
`8,718,185 B2 (Ex. 1001, “the ’185 patent”). Regents of the University of
`Minnesota (“Patent Owner”) filed a Motion to Dismiss on the basis that it is
`entitled to sovereign immunity as an arm of the State of Minnesota. Paper
`10. We denied Patent Owner’s Motion to Dismiss. Paper 16. Patent Owner
`appealed to the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, and we stayed this
`proceeding pending the outcome of that appeal. Papers 23, 24. The Federal
`Circuit affirmed our Decision denying the Motion to Dismiss. Paper 25.
`Patent Owner then filed a Preliminary Response (Paper 31, “Prelim. Resp.”),
`and, with our authorization, Petitioner filed a Reply (Paper 48, “Reply”), and
`Patent Owner filed a Sur-reply (Paper 43, “Sur-reply”).1
`An inter partes review “may not be instituted if the petition requesting
`the proceeding is filed more than 1 year after the date on which the
`petitioner, real party in interest, or privy of the petitioner is served with a
`complaint alleging infringement of the patent.” 35 U.S.C. § 315(b). For the
`reasons discussed below, the evidence of record shows that the Petition was
`filed more than one year after the date on which a privy of Petitioner was
`served with a complaint alleging infringement of the ’185 patent. Therefore,
`the Petition is denied, and no trial is instituted.
`
`1 We cite to non-public versions of the Preliminary Response and Sur-reply,
`but Patent Owner also filed public versions. Papers 51, 53.
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`2
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` Related Matters
`The parties indicate that the ’185 patent is involved in the following
`district court cases: 1) Regents of the University of Minnesota v. AT&T
`Mobility LLC, No. 0-14- cv-04666 (D. Minn.); 2) Regents of the University
`of Minnesota v. Sprint Solutions, Inc., No. 0-14-cv-04669 (D. Minn.);
`3) Regents of the University of Minnesota v. T-Mobile USA, Inc., No. 0-14-
`cv-04671 (D. Minn.); and 4) Regents of the University of Minnesota v.
`Cellco Partnership, No. 0-14-cv-04672 (D. Minn.). Pet. 3; Paper 5, 1. We
`refer to these district court cases collectively as the District Court Litigation,
`and we refer to the defendants in those cases collectively as the District
`Court Defendants.
`In addition to the Petition in the present proceeding, Petitioner also
`filed petitions for inter partes review of the other patents asserted in the
`District Court Litigation. IPR2017-01186, Paper 1; IPR2017-01197, Paper
`1; IPR2017-01213, Paper 1; IPR2017-01214, Paper 2; IPR2017-01219,
`Paper 1.
`
`II. ANALYSIS
`Patent Owner served the District Court Defendants with complaints
`alleging infringement of the ’185 patent on November 6, 2014. Ex. 2005, 1;
`Ex. 2007, 1; Ex. 2009, 1; Ex 2011, 1. Petitioner filed the Petition in this
`case more than one year later on March 30, 2017. Paper 3, 1. Patent Owner
`asserts that the Petition is barred under § 315(b) because the District Court
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`Defendants are privies of Petitioner.2 Prelim. Resp. 14–29. Petitioner
`contends that it is not in privity with the District Court Defendants, and,
`thus, that the Petition is timely. Pet. 5–8; Reply 4–12. For the reasons
`discussed below, we agree with Patent Owner that the Petition is barred
`under § 315(b).
` Legal Principles
`As stated above, § 315(b) provides that an inter partes review “may
`not be instituted if the petition requesting the proceeding is filed more than 1
`year after the date on which the petitioner, real party in interest, or privy of
`the petitioner is served with a complaint alleging infringement of the
`patent.” Whether a petitioner is in privity with another party “is a highly
`fact-dependent question.” Office Patent Trial Practice Guide, 77 Fed. Reg.
`48,756, 48,759 (Aug. 14, 2012) (“TPG”). Our “analysis seeks to determine
`whether the relationship between the purported ‘privy’ and the relevant other
`party is sufficiently close such that both should be bound by the trial
`outcome and related estoppels.” Id.
`In Taylor v. Sturgell, 553 U.S. 880, 893 (2008), the Supreme Court
`explained that “the rule against nonparty preclusion is subject to exceptions”
`that “can be grouped into six categories.” Specifically, nonparty preclusion
`may be found 1) when “[a] person . . . agrees to be bound by the
`determination of issues in an action between others”; 2) “based on a variety
`
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`2 Patent Owner asserts that the District Court Defendants also are real parties
`in interest. Prelim. Resp. 29–31. Because we determine that the District
`Court Defendants are privies of Petitioner, we need not decide whether they
`also are real parties in interest.
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`of pre-existing ‘substantive legal relationship[s]’ between the person to be
`bound and a party to the judgment”; 3) when “a nonparty . . . was
`‘adequately represented by someone with the same interests who [wa]s a
`party’”; 4) when “a nonparty . . . ‘assume[d] control’ over the litigation in
`which [the] judgment was rendered”; 5) when a nonparty acts as “a proxy”
`to relitigate for a party; and 6) when “a special statutory scheme may
`‘expressly foreclos[e] successive litigation by nonlitigants.’” Id. at 893−95.
`The Supreme Court noted, though, that this list of six categories is just “a
`framework,” not “a definitive taxonomy.” Id. at 893 n.6.
` Relevant Facts
`Petitioner supplies wireless broadband base stations to the District
`Court Defendants. Ex. 2026, 1; Ex. 2027, 1; Ex. 2028, 1; Ex. 2029, 2.
`Petitioner acknowledges that it provides its base stations to the District Court
`Defendants pursuant to supply agreements that “contain[] detailed
`indemnification provisions.” Ex. 2031, 1; Ex. 2032, 1; Ex. 2033, 1; Ex.
`2034, 1; see Ex. 2012, 9, 16; Ex. 2013, 14–15; Ex. 2014, 11; Ex. 2015, 14–
`15. 3 Specifically, according to Petitioner, the supply agreements require it
`to indemnify the District Court Defendants for “patent infringement claims
`arising out of” the District Court Defendants’ “use of” Petitioner’s base
`stations. Ex. 2031, 1; Ex. 2032, 1; Ex. 2033, 1; Ex. 2034, 1; see Ex. 2012,
`16; Ex. 2013, 14–15; Ex. 2014, 11; Ex. 2015, 14–15.
`
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`3 Patent Owner filed non-public and public versions of Exhibits 2012–2015
`under the same exhibit numbers but incorrectly labeled the public version of
`Exhibit 2015 as “UMN 2014” in the document footer.
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`Patent Owner served the District Court Defendants with complaints
`alleging infringement of the ’185 patent on November 6, 2014. Ex. 2005, 1;
`Ex. 2007, 1; Ex. 2009, 1; Ex 2011, 1. Patent Owner’s infringement
`allegations are based in part on functionality implemented by Petitioner’s
`base stations.4 Ex. 2026, 1–2; Ex. 2027, 1–2; Ex. 2028, 1–2; Ex. 2029, 2.
`As a result, the District Court Defendants demanded indemnification from
`Petitioner pursuant to the supply agreements. Ex. 2026, 2; Ex. 2027, 2; Ex.
`2028, 2; Ex. 2029, 2. Petitioner agreed to indemnify the District Court
`Defendants for the portion of any judgment relating to the base stations. Ex.
`2012, 12; Ex. 2013, 17; Ex. 2014, 14; Ex. 2015, 19; Ex. 2031, 3; Ex. 2032,
`3; Ex. 2033, 3; Ex. 2034, 3. Petitioner also moved to intervene in the
`District Court Litigation, and the District Court granted that motion on
`March 30, 2016. Ex. 1015, 2–3.
`Petitioner filed the Petition in this case on March 30, 2017. Paper 3,
`1. Petitioner also requested a stay of the District Court Litigation pending
`the outcome of this proceeding. Ex. 2037, 2–3. The District Court
`Defendants represented to the District Court that, if the stay was granted,
`they would voluntarily agree to be bound by the outcome of this proceeding
`for any ground of unpatentability that results in a final written decision. Ex.
`2042, 3. The District Court granted the stay. Ex. 2041, 21–22.
`
`
`4 Petitioner alleges that Patent Owner delayed in identifying the specific
`products accused of infringement. Reply 1. But Petitioner does not explain
`how that delay may be relevant to our privity analysis generally or to any of
`the specific Taylor categories discussed below. See id. at 4–12.
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` Privity
`Patent Owner argues that the first, second, fourth, and fifth Taylor
`categories demonstrate that Petitioner is in privity with the District Court
`Defendants. Prelim. Resp. 14–29. Petitioner contends that none of the
`Taylor categories are applicable here. Pet. 5–8; Reply 4–12. We find it
`sufficient to address the second and fourth Taylor categories in this case.
`For the reasons discussed below, the evidence of record shows that
`Petitioner is in privity with the District Court Defendants for the purpose of
`applying § 315(b) in this case.
`1. Second Taylor Category
`Under the second Taylor category, “nonparty preclusion may be
`justified based on a variety of pre-existing ‘substantive legal relationship[s]’
`between the person to be bound and a party to the judgment.” Taylor, 553
`U.S. at 894. Here, Petitioner has a preexisting relationship with the District
`Court Defendants. Specifically, Petitioner has agreements with the District
`Court Defendants to supply them with the base stations that implement some
`of the functionality identified in Patent Owner’s infringement allegations.
`Ex. 2026, 1–2; Ex. 2027, 1–2; Ex. 2028, 1–2; Ex. 2029, 2. Further, that
`preexisting relationship includes substantive legal obligations. Namely, the
`supply agreements include indemnification provisions, and Petitioner has
`agreed to indemnify the District Court Defendants for the portion of any
`judgment relating to the base stations. Ex. 2012, 12; Ex. 2013, 17; Ex. 2014,
`14; Ex. 2015, 19; Ex. 2031, 3; Ex. 2032, 3; Ex. 2033, 3; Ex. 2034, 3. In
`other words, Petitioner has a preexisting substantive legal relationship with
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`the District Court Defendants regarding the base stations at issue in the
`District Court Litigation.
`Petitioner argues that its supply agreements with the District Court
`Defendants are “little more than a routine statement of the obligations
`between indemnitor and indemnitee,” which is “not the type of relationship[]
`contemplated by Taylor.” Reply 7. We disagree. Taylor identifies
`preceding and succeeding owners of property, bailee and bailor, and
`assignee and assignor as examples of qualifying relationships, but expressly
`states that those examples are not limiting. Taylor, 553 U.S. at 894. Indeed,
`the Federal Circuit and the Board have indicated that an indemnity
`relationship is the type of relationship that can establish privity. Intel Corp.
`v. U.S. Int’l Trade Comm’n, 946 F.2d 821, 839 (Fed. Cir. 1991); Ventex Co.
`v. Columbia Sportswear N. Am., Inc., IPR2017-00651, Paper 148 at 12–13
`(PTAB Jan. 24, 2019) (precedential); see also 18A Charles Alan Wright,
`Arthur R. Miller & Edward H. Cooper, Federal Practice and Procedure
`§ 4451 (3d ed. 2020) (“Wright & Miller”) (“Such relationships between a
`party and a nonparty are most often found when . . . an indemnitor
`participates in defending an action brought against its indemnitee.”). And,
`in this case, there is no ambiguity about whether the supply agreements
`obligate Petitioner to indemnify the District Court Defendants because
`Petitioner has agreed to do so. Ex. 2031, 3; Ex. 2032, 3; Ex. 2033, 3;
`Ex. 2034, 3.
`Petitioner argues that the District Court Defendants could not
`adequately represent Petitioner’s interests in the District Court Litigation.
`Pet. 5–6; Reply 6. Petitioner, though, does not explain specifically how the
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`alleged lack of adequate representation relates to our consideration of the
`second Taylor category. See Pet. 5–6; Reply 6. Petitioner’s assertion may
`be relevant to the third Taylor category, which considers whether “a
`nonparty . . . was ‘adequately represented by someone with the same
`interests who [wa]s a party.’” Taylor, 553 U.S. at 894. But neither party in
`this case addresses the third Taylor category.
`Petitioner argues that it does not control the defense of the District
`Court Defendants. Pet. 6–7; Reply 7–8 (citing Ex. 1065 ¶¶ 7–8). But
`Petitioner does not explain specifically how the alleged lack of control
`relates to our consideration of the second Taylor category. See Pet. 6–7;
`Reply 7–8. We find Petitioner’s assertion regarding control more relevant to
`the fourth Taylor category, which considers whether “a nonparty . . .
`‘assume[d] control’ over the litigation in which [the] judgment was
`rendered.” Taylor, 553 U.S. at 895. Accordingly, we address Petitioner’s
`argument regarding control below in connection with the fourth Taylor
`category.
`Petitioner argues that its base stations are only a part of the “overall
`networks” that Patent Owner accuses of infringement in the District Court
`Litigation. Pet. 5–7; Reply 9. Petitioner, though, does not provide any
`specific reason why a preexisting substantive legal relationship that covers
`part of an accused product, as is the case here, does not satisfy the second
`Taylor category. See Pet. 5–7; Reply 9. Petitioner asserts that the Board
`found privity in a case where a supplier provided the entire accused product
`in a related litigation. Reply 9 (citing Microsoft Corp. v. Sci. Applications
`Int’l Corp., IPR2019-01311, Paper 35 at 8 (PTAB Jan. 27, 2020)). But
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`Petitioner does not cite any authority indicating that privity is limited to that
`specific situation. See id.
`Finally, Petitioner argues that the Board’s precedential decision in
`Ventex is distinguishable from this case because Ventex involved an
`exclusive manufacturing agreement, whereas Petitioner’s supply agreements
`with the District Court Defendants are not exclusive. Reply 8. Petitioner’s
`argument is not persuasive. Ventex does not specifically rely on exclusivity
`as a factor when addressing the second Taylor category. See Ventex, Paper
`148 at 12–13. Rather, Ventex explains that the agreements of record include
`“an obligation to indemnify and defend” and “directly relate[] to the product
`accused of infringing the patent at issue.” Id. Likewise, in this case,
`Petitioner’s supply agreements with the District Court Defendants include
`indemnity obligations and directly relate to the base stations at issue in the
`District Court Litigation. Ex. 2031, 3; Ex. 2032, 3; Ex. 2033, 3; Ex. 2034, 3.
`In sum, for the foregoing reasons, the evidence of record shows that
`Petitioner had a preexisting substantive legal relationship with the District
`Court Defendants regarding the base stations at issue in the District Court
`Litigation.
`
`2. Fourth Taylor Category
`Under the fourth Taylor category, “a nonparty is bound by a judgment
`if she ‘assume[d] control’ over the litigation in which that judgment was
`rendered.” Taylor, 553 U.S. at 895. “The measure of control by a nonparty
`that justifies preclusion cannot be defined rigidly.” Wright & Miller § 4451.
`“If a nonparty either participated vicariously in the original litigation by
`exercising control over a named party or had the opportunity to exert such
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`control, then the nonparty effectively enjoyed his day in court, and it is
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`appropriate to impute to him the legal attributes of party status for purposes
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`of claim preclusion.” Gonzalez v. Banco Cent. Cmp, 27 F.3d 751, 758 (lst
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`Cir. 1994).
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`Here, the indemnification provisions in Petitioner’s supply agreements
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`with the District Court Defendants specifically address the issue of control.
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`Ex. 2012, 16; Ex. 2013, 14—15; Ex. 2014, 11; Ex. 2015, 14—15. Petitioner’s
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`supply agreement with AT&T states that Petitioner—
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`— Ex_2012,16.
`Petitioner’s supply agreement with Sprint states that Petitioner-
`
`— Ex. 2m w
`15. Petitioner’s supply agreement with T—Mobile states that Petitioner-
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`— Ex. 2014, 11. And Petitioner’s supply agreement
`with Verizon states that Petitioner—
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`—I Ex. 2015, 14—15. In other words, pursuant to the
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`l a
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`cements ermit the District Court Defendants
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`5 Althou h the su
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`EX.2012,16:Ex.2013,15;Ex.2014,11;EX.2015,15.
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`supply agreements, Petitioner
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`Petitioner argues that it agreed to indemnify the District Court
`Defendants, but does not defend them or otherwise control the District Court
`Litigation. Pet. 5–7; Reply 9–10 (citing Ex. 1065 ¶¶ 7–9). In particular,
`Petitioner notes that after intervening in the District Court Litigation, it only
`“participated as a joint defendant” with the District Court Defendants.
`Reply 10. Petitioner’s argument is not persuasive. Actual control of a
`proceeding is not required; rather, preclusion is fair as long as the nonparty
`had a practical opportunity to control the proceeding. Wright & Miller
`§ 4451 (“Preclusion is fair so long as . . . the nonparty had the same practical
`opportunity to control the course of the proceedings that would be available
`to a party.”); Gonzalez, 27 F.3d at 758 (“If a nonparty . . . had the
`opportunity to exert such control, then the nonparty effectively enjoyed his
`day in court.”); TPG, 77 Fed. Reg. at 48,759 (“A common consideration is
`whether the non-party . . . could have exercised control over a party’s
`participation in a proceeding.”). As discussed above, the supply agreements
`demonstrate that Petitioner
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` Ex.
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`2012, 16; Ex. 2013, 14–15; Ex. 2014, 11; Ex. 2015, 14–15.
`Petitioner argues that it could not exercise complete control over the
`District Court Litigation because its base stations are only a part of the
`accused products. Pet. 5–7; Reply 10–11 (citing Ex. 1065 ¶ 7). Petitioner’s
`argument is not persuasive. The fourth Taylor category “does not require
`that the named party or parties totally abandon control to the nonparty.”
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`Wright & Miller § 4451. “Instead, it should be enough that the nonparty has
`the actual measure of control or opportunity to control that might reasonably
`be expected between two formal coparties.” Id. Here, even if Petitioner did
`not have the opportunity to completely control the District Court Litigation,
`the supply agreements
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` Ex.
`2012, 16; Ex. 2013, 14–15; Ex. 2014, 11; Ex. 2015, 14–15. We find that to
`be the amount of control Petitioner would reasonably expect if it were a
`formal coparty in the District Court Litigation. See Gonzalez, 27 F.3d at 758
`(“Substantial control means what the phrase implies; it connotes the
`availability of a significant degree of effective control in the prosecution or
`defense of the case.”).
`Petitioner argues that Patent Owner initially opposed Petitioner’s
`request to intervene in the District Court Litigation. Reply 11. Petitioner,
`though, does not explain specifically how that relates to our consideration of
`the fourth Taylor category. See id. Petitioner cites a Board decision that
`allegedly involved an unopposed, rather than an opposed, intervention. Id.
`(citing ARRIS Int’l PLC v. ChanBond, LLC, IPR2018-00572, Paper 21
`(PTAB July 20, 2018)). But, again, Petitioner does not explain specifically
`how that distinction is relevant to our privity analysis. See id.
`Lastly, Petitioner argues that it did not execute a written agreement to
`control the District Court Litigation. Reply 11. We disagree. Regardless of
`whether the fourth Taylor category requires a written agreement, in this case,
`Petitioner has one with the District Court Defendants. Specifically, as
`discussed above, Petitioner has written supply agreements with the District
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`Court Defendants
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` Ex.
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`2012, 16; Ex. 2013, 14–15; Ex. 2014, 11; Ex. 2015, 14–15.
`In sum, for the foregoing reasons, the evidence of record shows that
`Petitioner had the opportunity to control the District Court Litigation with
`respect to the base stations that it supplies to the District Court Defendants.
`3. Summary
`The evidence of record indicates 1) that Petitioner has a preexisting
`substantive legal relationship with the District Court Defendants regarding
`the base stations at issue in the District Court Litigation; and 2) that
`Petitioner had the opportunity to control the defense of the District Court
`Defendants with respect to the base stations. Therefore, based on our
`consideration of the second and fourth Taylor categories, we determine that
`Petitioner is in privity with the District Court Defendants for the purpose of
`applying § 315(b).6
` 35 U.S.C. § 315(b)
`As discussed above, § 315(b) states that an inter partes review “may
`not be instituted if the petition requesting the proceeding is filed more than 1
`year after the date on which the petitioner, real party in interest, or privy of
`the petitioner is served with a complaint alleging infringement of the
`patent.” Patent Owner served the District Court Defendants with complaints
`alleging infringement of the ’185 patent on November 6, 2014. Ex. 2005, 1;
`Ex. 2007, 1; Ex. 2009, 1; Ex 2011, 1. Petitioner filed the Petition more than
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`6 We need not decide whether the evidence relating to either Taylor category
`individually is sufficient to find privity.
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`one year later on March 30, 2017. Paper 3, 1. For the reasons discussed
`above, the evidence of record shows that Petitioner is in privity with the
`District Court Defendants for the purpose of applying § 315(b). Therefore,
`because Petitioner filed the Petition more than one year after the date on
`which its privy was served with a complaint alleging infringement of the
`’185 patent, the Petition is barred under § 315(b).
`III. CONCLUSION
`The evidence of record shows that the Petition was filed more than
`one year after the date on which a privy of Petitioner was served with a
`complaint alleging infringement of the ’185 patent. Therefore, the Petition
`is denied under § 315(b).
`
`IV. ORDER
`
`It is hereby
`ORDERED that the Petition is denied, and no trial is instituted;
`FURTHER ORDERED that this Decision is filed under seal and
`designated as “Board and Parties Only,” because it discusses the contents of
`documents filed under seal by the parties; and
`FURTHER ORDERED that within five (5) business days of this
`Decision, the parties shall jointly submit a proposed redacted version of this
`Decision by email to Trials@uspto.gov.
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`PETITIONER:
`
`J. Andrew Lowes
`John Russell Emerson
`Greg Webb
`Clint Wilkins
`HAYNES AND BOONE, LLP
`andrew.lowes.ipr@haynesboone.com
`russ.emerson@haynesboone.com
`greg.webb.ipr@haynesboone.com
`clint.wilkins.ipr@haynesboone.com
`
`
`PATENT OWNER:
`
`W. Karl Renner
`Lawrence K. Kolodney
`Christopher Hoff
`Andrew B. Patrick
`Andrew Dommer
`FISH & RICHARDSON P.C.
`axf-ptab@fr.com
`kolodney@fr.com
`hoff@fr.com
`patrick@fr.com
`dommer@fr.com
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