8/11/2017
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`Paul Baran and the Origins of the Internet | RAND
`
`OJCTIV ANALYI.
`FFCTIV OLUTION.
`
`RAND > About > History and Mission >
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`centralized
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`https://www.rand.org/about/history/baran.list.html
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`1/3
`
`Symantec Exhibit 2006
`Zscaler v. Symantec, IPR 2017-01345
`
`Paul aran and the Origin of the Internet
`In 1962, a nuclear confrontation eemed imminent. The United tate (U) and the Union of oviet ocialit Repulic
`(UR) were emroiled in the Cuan miile crii. oth the U and the UR were in the proce of uilding hair-
`trigger nuclear allitic miile tem. ach countr pondered pot-nuclear attack cenario.
`U authoritie conidered wa to communicate in the aftermath of a nuclear attack. How could an ort of
`"command and control network" urvive? Paul aran, a reearcher at RAND, offered a olution: deign a more rout
`communication network uing "redundanc" and "digital" technolog.
`At the time, naaer dimied aran' idea a unfeaile. ut working with colleague at RAND, aran perited. Thi effort
`would eventuall ecome the foundation for the World Wide We.
`aran wa orn in Poland in 1926. In 1928, hi famil moved to the U. He attended Drexel Univerit where
`he earned a degree in electrical engineering. Afterward, aran married and moved to Lo Angele where he
`worked for the Hughe Aircraft Compan. Taking night clae at UCLA, he earned an engineering mater'
`degree in 1959—the ame ear he joined RAND.
`At that time, RAND focued motl on Cold War-related militar iue. A looming concern wa that neither
`the long-ditance telephone plant, nor the aic militar command and control network would urvive a
`nuclear attack. Although mot of the link would e undamaged, the centralized witching facilitie would
`e detroed enem weapon. Conequentl, aran conceived a tem that had no centralized witche
`and could operate even if man of it link and witching node had een detroed.
`aran enviioned a network of unmanned node that would act a witche, routing information from one
`node to another to their final detination. The node would ue a cheme aran called "hot-potato routing"
`
`
`Paul Baran and the Origins of the Internet | RAND
`
`OJCTIV ANALYI.
`FFCTIV OLUTION.
`
`RAND > About > History and Mission >
`
`centralized
`
`https://www.rand.org/about/history/baran.list.html
`
`1/3
`
`Symantec Exhibit 2006
`Zscaler v. Symantec, IPR 2017-01345
`
`Paul aran and the Origin of the Internet
`In 1962, a nuclear confrontation eemed imminent. The United tate (U) and the Union of oviet ocialit Repulic
`(UR) were emroiled in the Cuan miile crii. oth the U and the UR were in the proce of uilding hair-
`trigger nuclear allitic miile tem. ach countr pondered pot-nuclear attack cenario.
`U authoritie conidered wa to communicate in the aftermath of a nuclear attack. How could an ort of
`"command and control network" urvive? Paul aran, a reearcher at RAND, offered a olution: deign a more rout
`communication network uing "redundanc" and "digital" technolog.
`At the time, naaer dimied aran' idea a unfeaile. ut working with colleague at RAND, aran perited. Thi effort
`would eventuall ecome the foundation for the World Wide We.
`aran wa orn in Poland in 1926. In 1928, hi famil moved to the U. He attended Drexel Univerit where
`he earned a degree in electrical engineering. Afterward, aran married and moved to Lo Angele where he
`worked for the Hughe Aircraft Compan. Taking night clae at UCLA, he earned an engineering mater'
`degree in 1959—the ame ear he joined RAND.
`At that time, RAND focued motl on Cold War-related militar iue. A looming concern wa that neither
`the long-ditance telephone plant, nor the aic militar command and control network would urvive a
`nuclear attack. Although mot of the link would e undamaged, the centralized witching facilitie would
`e detroed enem weapon. Conequentl, aran conceived a tem that had no centralized witche
`and could operate even if man of it link and witching node had een detroed.
`aran enviioned a network of unmanned node that would act a witche, routing information from one
`node to another to their final detination. The node would ue a cheme aran called "hot-potato routing"
`
`
`8/11/2017
`
`Paul Baran and the Origins of the Internet | RAND
`
`ditriuted
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`https://www.rand.org/about/history/baran.list.html
`
`2/3
`
`Symantec Exhibit 2006
`Zscaler v. Symantec, IPR 2017-01345
`
`or ditriuted communication.
`aran alo developed the concept of dividing information into "meage lock" efore ending them out
`acro the network. ach lock would e ent eparatel and rejoined into a whole when the were received
`at their detination. A ritih man named Donald Davie independentl devied a ver imilar tem, ut
`he called the meage lock "packet," a term that wa eventuall adopted intead of aran' meage
`lock.
`Thi method of "packet witching" i a rapid tore-and-forward deign. When a node receive a packet it
`tore it, determine the et route to it detination, and end it to the next node on that path. If there wa
`a prolem with a node (or if it had een detroed) packet would impl e routed around it.
`In an interview with Wired magazine, aran dicued hi viion of how the new technolog might e ued.
`"Around Decemer 1966, I preented a paper at the American Marketing Aociation called 'Marketing in the
`Year 2000.' I decried puh-and-pull communication and how we're going to do our hopping via a
`televiion et and a virtual department tore. If ou want to u a drill, ou click on Hardware and that
`how Tool and ou click on that and go deeper."
`In 1969, thi "ditriuted" concept wa given it firt large-cale tet, with the firt node intalled at UCLA and the eventh node
`at RAND in anta Monica. Funded the Advanced Reearch Project Agenc and called ARPANT, it wa intended for cientit
`and reearcher who wanted to hare one another' computer remotel. Within two ear, however, the network' uer had
`turned it into omething unforeeen: a high-peed, electronic pot office for exchanging everthing from technical to peronal
`information.
`In 1983, the rapidl expanding network roke off from it militar part, which ecame MILNT. The remainder ecame what wa
`called ARPANT. In 1989, the ARPANT moniker wa retired in favor the "Internet," which had alo een decried a the
`"information uperhighwa." Thee da, the Internet continue to expand, tringing together the World Wide We, an all-
`encompaing, affordale, univeral multimedia communication network (ee related RAND Review article).
`For more information ee Pulication in the "On Ditriuted Communication" erie, an 11-volume erie of report from 1964.
`
`
`8/11/2017
`
`Paul Baran and the Origins of the Internet | RAND
`
`ABOUT
`
`1776 Main treet
`anta Monica, California 90401-3208
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`https://www.rand.org/about/history/baran.list.html
`
`3/3
`
`Symantec Exhibit 2006
`Zscaler v. Symantec, IPR 2017-01345
`
`The RAND Corporation i a reearch organization that develop olution to pulic polic challenge to help make communitie throughout the world afer and more
`ecure, healthier and more properou. RAND i nonprofit, nonpartian, and committed to the pulic interet.
`RAND® i a regitered trademark. Copright © 1994-2017 RAND Corporation.
`
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