ISDN and Imaging
`
`on Voice Processing
`Open Architecture
`The Intelligent Network
`"Dumb" Switches
`
`Fifth Expanded
`and Updated Edition.
`Contains new definitions
`
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`
`
`NEWTON'S TELECOM DICTIONARY
`
`netWorking, to Jane Laino of Corporate Communications Consultants, NYC; to
`Henry Baird of Seattle consultants Baird & Associates; to Sharon O‘Brien formerly
`of Hayes Microcomputer Products in Norcross (Atlanta); to Howard Bubb, Ed
`Margulies, Terry Henry, Jim Shinn, Nick Zwick and Sal Manetti, Manager of
`Technical Publications of leading voice processing company, Dialogic Corporation
`of Parsippany, NJ; to AI Wokas of voice processing company Rheterox in San Jose,
`CA; Ian Angus at the Angus TeleManagement Group in Ajax, Ontario, embarrassed
`me into expanding my Canadian coverage. At Ziff Davis, which publishes this
`dictionary on CD-ROM disks, I'm grateful to Jonathan Pollard and Paul Gudelis.
`In
`my own office, I'm very grateful to Muriel Fullam, Rose Bodin, Andy Moore and
`Jennifer Cooper-Farrow. Without all these wonderful people, this dictionary wouldn't
`be as good as it's actually turned out. If I sound surprised, you're right.
`
`If I've left any definitions out, or if some of my definitions are unclear, contact me.
`This is the fifth edition of my dictionary. It's one-quarter bigger than the fourth edition
`which was fewer than 12 months ago. There'll be many more editions. Our industry
`is exploding.
`
`I wrote this dictionary on a Toshiba T33OOSL laptop using ZEdit, a very beautiful
`text editor, which Sammy Mitchell of Marietta, GA wrote. Andy and Jennifer typeset
`It on a Macintosh Quadra using QuarkXpress and Adobe Illustrator. Bookcrafters in
`Chelsa, Michigan printed it.
`
`Harry Newton
`12 West 21 Street
`
`New York, NY 10010
`212-691-8215
`
`Fax 212-691-1191
`
`Bulletin Board 212-989-4675
`
`MCI Mail Harry Newton /101-5032
`CompuServe 706002451
`
`December, 1992
`
`
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`NEWTON'S TELEfiOM DICTIONARY
`
`lamps in the key telephone set over which steady and pulsed 10 VAC
`signals from the Line Card KTU are sent.
`
`LAMP STEADY A steady (unpulsed) 10 VAC source of lamp power sent
`to a key telephone set to indicate that the line is in use. See also Lamp
`Battery.
`
`LAMP WINK A pulsed 10 VAC source of lamp power sent to a key
`telephone set to indicate that the line is on Hold status; pulse repetition rate
`is normally 120 Hertz with a duty cycle of .4 sec on and .1 sec off. This
`signal is usually provided by the local lnterrupter KTU.
`
`LAM: Line Adaptor Modules.
`
`LAN Local Area Network. A short distance network (typically within a
`building or campus) used to link together computers and peripheral devices
`(such as printers) under some form of standard control. LANs have two main
`advantages — anyone on the LAN can typically access centralized servers,
`and anyone on the LAN can send messages to and work jointly with others
`on the LAN. A LAN does not use common carrier circuits, although it may
`have gateways and/or bridges to public telecommunications networks. See
`LAN MANAGER, TOKEN RING and ETHERNET.
`
`LAN ADAPTER A PC-compatible circuit card that provides the PC-to-LAN
`hardware connection. In addition, LAN software drivers and LAN operating
`systems need to be run on the PC for it to function as a LAN station.
`
`LAN AWARE Applications that have file and record locking for use on a
`network.
`
`LAN IGNORAN'I' Applications written for single users only. These are
`not recommended for use on LANs (local area networks).
`
`LAN INTRINSIC Applications written for client-server networks.
`
`LAN MANAGER 1. A person who manages a LAN. Duties can includes
`adding new users, installing new hardware and software, diagnosing
`network problems, helping users, performing backup and setting up a
`security system. Unlike MlS managers, LAN managers are rarely formally
`trained in LAN management. Sometimes they’re called LAN Network
`Managers. 2. The multiuser network operating system codeveloped by
`Microsoft and 3Com. LAN Manager offers a wide range of network-
`management and control capabilities. As yet, it is taking a decidedly second
`place to Novell’s NetWare.
`
`LAN NETWORK MANAGER An IBM-developed network management
`tool.
`It is a software program that runs under 08/2 and which provides
`management and diagnostics tools needed to manage a Token Ring LAN. A
`PS/2 running LAN Network Manager collects vital statistics and special
`management data packets on the ring to which it is connected. When
`multiple rings are involved, the LAN Network Manager relies on the token
`ring bridges and routers to help in managing those token ring LANs that are
`
`509
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`
`
`
`‘aLRIH9“.:-gh-Id'~?"'"3‘Fv'r-wn-Z'‘fi;m_.-—.~.,;‘a;«"~qJfi‘thé‘-I{Jtdrk‘AFT—u;-Mail-42¢4-!1'64
`
`
`
`
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`NEWTON'S TELECOM DICTIONARY
`
`N'I'SC National Television Standards Committee. The initials are used to
`describe the standard method of television transmission in North America.
`The North American system uses interlaced scans and 525 horizontal lines
`per frame at a rate of 30 frames per second. The picture information is
`transmitted in AM and the sound information is transmitted in FM.
`Compatible with CCIR Standard M. This standard is used also in Central
`America, a number of South American countries, and some Asian countries
`including Japan. PAL is the name of the format for color TV signals used in
`West Germany, England, Holland, Australia and several other countries.
`It
`uses an interlaced format with 25 frames per second and 625 lines per
`frame. The two systems are not compatible. You cannot view an Australian
`videotape on a US TV.
`
`When TV engineers get together to hoist some brews, however, the initials
`for the various standards for TV broadcast take on other meanings, such as:
`NTSC, Never Twice the Same Color. PAL, Peace At Last. PAL-M, Peace At
`Last — Maybe. SECAM (French system) becomes System Essentially
`Contrary to the American Method. We bother mentioning it because if you
`try to take computer terminals outside the country and connect the video
`outputs to monitors, you will be made aware of the many TV and video
`monitor “standards” in use.
`
`HTSC SIGNAL National Television System Committee specified signal.
`De-facto standard governing the format of television transmission signals in
`the United States.
`
`"0305 NuBUS. (Pronounced "New Bus.") The name of the bus design for
`most Apple Macintosh computers.
`
`"I." Network User Identifier. A unique alphanumeric number provided to
`dial—up users to identify them to packet switched networks around the world.
`The number is used to get onto the network and for billing.
`NULL A dummy letter, letter symbol, or code group inserted in an encrypted
`message to delay or prevent its solution, or to complete encrypted groups
`for transmission or transmission security purposes. See also NULL
`CHARACTERS.
`
`:
`
`NULL CHARACTERS Characters transmitted to fill space, time or to “pad"
`something. They add nothing to the meaning of a transmitted message, but
`the null characters are expected by the system. On older teletype machines.
`for example, when the type head reaches the end of a line and the New Line
`sequence is transmitted, it usually includes a number of Null Characters in
`order to give the mechanical type head enough time to reach the left margin
`of the page before transmitting the next line to the terminal. In this manner,
`no characters are lost. MCI Mail uses five null characters at the beginning Of
`every line — unless you tell it otherwise.
`
`NIULI. MODEM CABLE Special wiring of an RS-232—C cable such that?
`computer can talk to another computer without a modem (thus “null
`
`624
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`NEW'I'QN'S YELECOM DICTIONARY
`
`modem) or a computer can talk to a printer. Essentially, a null modern cable
`reverses pins 2 and 3 on an RS-232-C cable. But there are no standard null
`modem cables. And other pins need changing and jumpering together.
`Control Cable in Baltimore, MD sells one that works for us.
`
`NUMBER CRUNCHIHG A repetitive series of mathematical calculations.
`
`NUMBERING PLAN 1. In Wide Area Networks, the method for assigning
`NNX codes to provide a unique telephone address for each subscriber,
`special line or trunk destination. 2.
`In PBX’s, the method of assigning
`extension numbers and trunk designations at the local premises.
`
`NUMBERING PLAN AREA NPA. A fancy term the Bell System came up
`with years ago to mean Area Codes. See NPA.
`
`NUMBER PORTABILI'I'Y The technology that will allow a telephone
`number to travel with a customer from place to place and, for 800 numbers,
`from one long—distance company to another. Number portability for 800
`nUmbers is scheduled to begin March, 1993.
`
`NUMBERS SHIFT A character in the Baudot code which establishes that
`the characters following in the transmission are to be interpreted as numeric
`characters. See LETTERS SHIFT.
`
`NUMERIC KEY PAD A separate section of a computer keyboard which
`contains all the numerals 0 through 9. Sometimes, some special keys are
`included — a plus sign, a minus sign, a multiplication sign and a division
`sign. The numeric key pad on a computer is the same as that found on
`calculators and adding machines. The top row is 789. The second top row is
`456. The third top row is 123. The lowest row is typically 0,
`and “"+. The
`numeric key pad is exactly opposite that of the touchtone telephone keypad,
`which was designed deliberately to be unfamiliar to users, so they may not
`input digits into the nation’s telephone system faster than it could take them.
`Early touchtone central offices were very slow.
`
`NUMERIS The French name for lSDN.
`
`NXX In a seven digit local phone number, the first three digits identify the
`specific telephone company central office which serves that number. These
`digits are referred to as the NXX where N can be any number from 2 to 9
`and X can be any number. At one stage, many moons ago, it was not
`permissible to have a 1 or a 0 as the second digit in an NXX and it was
`called an NNX. But that was before everyone had to dial a “1" before making
`a direct distance dialed long distance call, whether within their own area
`code or outside it. This little trick of forcing everyone to dial “1" for long
`distance allowed us to introduce telephone exchanges with the same three
`digits as area codes. For example, one of our company‘s numbers is 212-
`206—6660. The "206"’elsewhere is an area code for Seattle and other parts
`of Washington state.
`
`NYNEX CORPORATION One of the seven Regional Holding Companies
`
`625
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`NEW?@N"S “HELEflfiM BIC‘E‘EflNfllfl‘t‘i’
`
`
`
`
`
`(It depends how many outgoing lines and how many
`some destinations.
`Outgoing trunk groups you have.) If there are several choices then they will
`be ranked by some criteria (least cost. best quality, etc).
`
`RFC Remote Procedure Call. 1. A protocol governing the method with which
`an application activates processes on other nodes and retrieves the results.
`2_ A mechanism defined by Sun Microsystems and described in RFC-1057
`that provides a standard for initiating and controlling processes on remote or
`distributed computer systems.
`
`3P3 See ROLMPHONE DATA INTERFACE.
`
`RPE See ROLMPHONE INTERFACE.
`
`3P6 Report Program Generator. A computer language for processing large
`data files.
`
`RPS. ROLM Processing Language. A high-level programming language that
`gives the programmer access to the underlying CBX Il 9000 processor
`architecture so that real-time communications capabilities of the processor
`microcode can be used.
`
`RPM Remote Packet Module.
`
`RP©A Recognized Private Operating Agency. A term used by the CClTT to
`describe those companies designated as operating telephone companies —
`if the country’s phone networks are not run by government-owned
`administrations, such as the PTT's in Europe.
`
`[(9% Request for Price Quotation. Solicitation for pricing for a specific
`component, software product, service or system. See also RFQ.
`
`RQC Repair and Quick Clean. A term in the industry which repairs telecom
`equipment. It means all equipment is repaired and fully tested with a burn-in
`(if required) and an operational systems test. It also includes minor cosmetic
`cleaning of the unit. Definition courtesy Nitsuko America. See also LIKE
`NEW REPAIR AND UPDATE and REPAIR, UPDATE AND REFURBISH.
`
`RR Abbreviation for Ready to Receive.
`
`RS Record Separator.
`
`est-ammo Also known as RS—232 and in its latest version EIA/TIA-232-E.
`A set of standards specifying various electrical and mechanical
`characteristics for interfaces between computers, terminals and modems.
`The RS-232—C standard, which was developed by the EIA (Electrical
`Industries Association), defines the mechanical and electrical characteristics
`for connecting DTE and DOE data communications devices. It defines what
`the interface does, circuit functions and their corresponding connector pin
`assignments. The standard applies to both synchronous and asynchronous
`binary data transmission.
`
`Most personal computers use the RS—232-C interface to attach modems.
`
`781
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`NEWQN'g FEMEfi©M @flfi‘fiffl@fii§l£§tfl“€
`
`Some printers also use RS—232—C. You should be aware that despite the fact
`that RS-232—C is an ElA “standard," you cannot necessarily connect one
`RS—232-C equipped device to another one (like a printer to a computer) and
`expect them to work intelligently together. That’s because different RS—232—
`C devices are often wired or pinned differently and may also use different
`wires for different functions. The “traditional" RS-232-C plug has 25 pins.
`The new IBM PC AT, most AT compatibles and the Toshiba T1100 Plus have
`a “new” RS-232-C plug with only nine pins. This smaller plug does
`essentially the same thing as its bigger cousin, but you need an adapter
`cable to connect one to another. They’re freely available. See also interface
`and the RS—232—C diagram. See ElA/TlA-232—E and the APPENDIX for
`description of the pins and what they do.
`
`IRS-232 PM SERVER A RS-232 fax server is software which connects
`a network server to a fax machine via an RS—232 port attached to the fax
`machine. There are not many fax machines with R2—232 so you need to
`chose carefully. The idea of this arrangement is to let users send faxes
`directly from their own PC via the fax server via the attached fax machine, or
`directly from the fax machine. Users can also use the fax machine as a
`scannen
`
`RSufl-EE A standard operating in conjunction with RS-449 that specifies
`electrical characteristics for balanced circuits (circuits with their own ground
`leads).
`
`RS-flZfi-fiifit Electrical characteristics of balanced-voltage digital interface
`circuits.
`
`RS=423 A standard operating in conjunction with RS—449 that specifies
`electrical characteristics for unbalanced circuits (circuits using common or
`shared grounding techniques). Another ElA standard for DTE/DCE '
`connection which specifies interface requirements for expanded :
`transmission speeds (up to 2 Mbps), longer cable lengths, and 10 additional
`;
`functions. RS-449 applies to binary, serial, synchronous or asynchronous .
`communications. Half— and full-duplex modes are accommodated and
`transmission can be over 2— or 4—wire facilities such as point-to-point or
`multipoint lines. The physical connection between DTE and DOE is made
`through a 37-contact connector; a separate 9-connector is specified to
`service secondary channel interchange circuits, when used.
`
`RS-423-A Electrical characteristics of unbalanced-voltage digital interface
`circuits.
`
`R5n449 Another "standard” data communications connector. This one
`uses 37—pins and is designed for higher speed transmission. Each signal pin
`has its own return line, instead of a common ground return and the signal
`pairs (signal, return) are balanced lines rather than a signal referenced to
`ground. This cable typically uses twisted pairs, while a RS-232—C cable
`usually doesn’t. See the APPENDIX.
`
`782
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`NEIWTI‘QZEIN'S “E"Ellfifé‘lefilfii Eeuflfs‘tl’liCfidE‘tflfllifiifi
`
`Wflmllilffi 5E©EMAE In facsimile, the signal resulting from the scanning of a
`minimum-density area of the subject copy.
`
`WHQmAREa-VQM @QJIDE WRU. A control character which operates the
`answerback unit in a terminal (typically a telex terminal) for identification of
`sending and receiving stations in a network.
`
`WHQNS An interoperability protocol specified. Whois is an option of the
`Finger protocol, and requests additional information to the Finger protocol.
`
`WEBE fifiEfl. NEWWQRK WAN. An data network typically extending a
`LAN (local area network) outside the building, over telephone common
`carrier lines to link to other LANs in remote buildings in possibly remote
`cities. A WAN typically uses common-carrier lines. A LAN doesn‘t. WANs
`typically run over leased phone lines —— from one analog phone line to T1
`(1.544 Mbps). The jump between a local area network and a WAN is made
`through a device called a bridge or a router. Bridges operate independently
`of the protocol employed. They will work, according to Jeff Weiss, of Cryptall
`Communications, with all present and expected future communications
`packages. Routers are specific to the protocol being employed. New routing
`software is needed for each new protocol or protocol deviation. See
`BRIDGE, ROUTER, CORPORATE NETWORK and DIGITAL HIERARCHY.
`
`WEBIE fiREA WEEEPHQNE SERWHCEE See WATS and 800 SERVICE.
`
`WEDE EFIRECCEEEENQY TFCGJEERAWI‘W @foiiiiliER P0151100? PBX power
`facilities are provided that will operate from AC energy sources which are
`not as closely regulated as commercial AC power. The wide tolerant plant
`will tolerate average frequency deviations of up to plus or minus 3 Hz or
`voltage variations of -‘i 5% to +10% as long as both of the conditions do not
`occur simultaneously. This feature permits operation with customer provided
`emergency power generating equipment.
`
`WEDEBAND Refers to a channel wider in bandwidth than a‘ voice-grade
`channeL
`
`WWEBAMD fiHflNNEL Any channel wider in bandwidth that a single
`voice-grade channel. That’s the more modern definition. An older definition
`is a communication channel of a bandwidth equivalent to twelve or more
`analog voice-grade channels.
`
`WEIEBANIE MQIEM A modern whose modulated output signal can
`have an essential frequency spectrum that is broader than that which can be
`wholly contained within a voice channel with a nominal 4—kHz bandwidth. A
`modem whose bandwidth capability is greater than that of a narrowband
`modem.
`
`WHIEflfltNiD PACKET? TRANSIRQDRTT Transmission of addressed,
`digitized message fragments (packets) interleaved among the addressed
`fragments of other messages at a rate high enough to support general
`purpose telecommunications services.
`
`986
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