`
`APR 1 8 2001
`_
`
`s
`
`r Medical
`* Dictionary
`
`«
`
`' 27th Edition
`
`- Illustrated in Color
`
`é‘t’e LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS 8 WILKle
`' A Wolters Kluwer Company
`Philadelphia - Baltiinore - New York v London
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`Senior Managing Editor: Maureen Barlow Pugh
`Managing Editor: Barbara Werner
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`Copyright © by William Wood and Company: 1911, 1st ed.; 1912, 2nd ed.; 1914, 3rd ed.; 1916, 4th ed.;
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`1976, 23rd ed.; 1982, 24th ed.; 1990, 25th ed.; 1995, 26th ed.
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`principles ofmedical care which shouldnot be construed as specific instructions for individual patients.
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`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`Stedrnan, Thomas Lathrop, 1853 -193 8.
`Stedman’s medical dictionary—27th ed.
`p.; cm.
`ISBN 0-683—40007-X (regular)——ISBN 0-683—40008-8 (deluxe)
`1. Medicine—Dictionaries.
`I. Title: Medical dictionary.
`11. Title.
`[DNLMz
`1. Medicine——Dictionary——English. W 13 S812m 1999]
`R121 .88 1999
`610’ .3——-ch1
`
`99-056094
`
`000102030405
`12345
`
`2
`
`

`

`1454
`progeria
`projection
`
`by growth retardation, a senile appearance with dry wrinkled skin,
`total alopecia, and birdlike facies; early occurrence of atheroscle—
`rosis in blood vessels and premature death due to coronary artery
`disease; genetics unclear. SYN Hutchinson—Gilford disease, Hutch—
`inson—Gilford syndrome, premature senility syndrome.
`[pro— + G.
`géras, old age]
`p. with cataract, p. with microphthalmia, SYN dyscephalia man»
`dibulo—oculofacialis.
`
`1. Favoring pregnancy;
`pro-ges-ta-tion-al (pro’jes—ta’shiin-al).
`conducive to gestation; capable of stimulating the uterine changes
`essential for implantation and growth of a fertilized ovum. 2.
`Referring to progesterone, or to a drug with progesterone-like
`properties.
`
`pro‘ges-ter-One (pro—jes’ter—on). An antiestrogenic steroid, be-
`lieved to be the active principle of the corpus luteum, isolated
`from the corpus luteum and placenta or synthetically prepared;
`used to correct abnormalities of the menstrual cycle and as a
`contraceptive and to control habitual abortion. SYN luteohormone,
`pregnancy hormone, progestational hormone.
`pro-ges-tin (pro-jes’tin). 1. A hormone of the corpus luteum. 2.
`Generic term for any substance, natural or synthetic, that effects
`some or all of the biologic changes produced by progesterone. 3.
`SYN gestagen.
`[pro— + gestation + ~in]
`'
`
`pro-ges’to-gen (pr6~jes’t6-jen). 1. Any agent capable of produc-
`ing biologic effects similar to those of progesterone; most p.’s are
`steroids like the natural hormones. 2. A synthetic derivative from
`testosterone or progesterone that has some of the physiologic
`activity and pharrnacologic effects of progesterone; progesterone
`is antiestrogenic, whereas some p.’s have estrogenic or androgen—
`ic properties in addition to progestational activity. [pro~ + gesta-
`tion + G. «gen, producing]
`'
`pro~glos-sis (pro-glos'is). The anterior portion, or tip, of the
`tongue. [pro— + G. glo'ssa, tongue]
`pro-glot-tid (pro—glot’id). One of the segments of a tapeworm,
`containing the reproductive organs. SYN proglottis.
`[pro- + G.
`glo‘ssa, tongue]
`pro-glot-tis, p1. pro-glot~ti-des (pro—glot’is, -i—déz). SYN proglot—
`tid.
`
`prog-nathic (prog—nath'ik, -na’thik). 1. Having a projecting jaw;
`having a gnathic index above 103. 2. Denoting a forward projec—
`tion of either or both of the jaws relative to the craniofacial
`skeleton. SYN prognathous.
`[proj + G. gnathos, jaw]
`progna-thism (prog’na—thizm). The condition of being prog-
`nathic; abnormal forward projection of one or of both jaws be—
`yond the established normal relationship with the cranial base; the
`mandibular condyles are in their normal rest relationship to the
`temporomandibular joints. SYN progenia.
`basilar p., the concave facial profile, or forward position of the
`chin, resembling mandibular p., created by the prominence of the
`bone of the mandible at the chin or menton.
`'
`
`prog~na~thous (prog’na-thiis). SYN prognathic.
`prog-nose (prog—nos’, —n6z’). SYN prognosticate.
`prog-no-Sis (prog-no’sis). A forecast of the probable course
`and/or outcome of a disease. [G. prognosis, fr. pro, before, +
`gignosko‘, to know]
`
`denture p., an opinion or judgment, given in advance of treat»
`ment, of the prospects for success in the construction and useful-
`ness of a denture or restoration.
`‘
`
`prognostic (prog—nos’tik). 1. Relating to prognosis. 2. A symp—
`tom upon which a prognosis is based, or one indicative of the
`likely outcome. [G. prognéstikos]
`progrnos-ti-cate (prog-nos’ti~kat). To give a prognosis. SYN prog-
`nose.
`
`prog-nos-ti-cian (prog-nos-tish’l‘in). One skilled in prognosis.
`pro'gon-o-ma (pro—gon—o’ma). A nodule or mass resulting from
`displacement of tissue when atavism occurs in embryonic devel—
`opment; represents a reversion to structures not normally occur-
`ring in the individuals of a species, but observed in ancestral
`forms of that species. [pro- + G. gonos, offspring, + -oma, tumor]
`p. of jaw, SYN melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy.
`melanotic p., a pigmented hairy nevus.
`
`In the normal direction of flow.
`pro-grade.
`1. A formal set of procedures for conducting an
`program.
`activity. 2. An ordered list of instructions directing a computer to
`carry out a desired sequence of operations required to solve a
`problem.
`
`pro-gram~ming (pro’gram'ing). Sequential instructibn; a method
`of training in discrete segments.
`-
`neurolinguistic p., a branch of cognitive—behavioral psychology
`employing specific techniques, that use language to access the
`unconscious in order to change a client’s internal states or-exter—
`nal behaviors.
`
`SYN chlorogua—
`
`pro-gran-u~lo~cyte (pr6~gran’fi-16-sit). SYN promyelocyte.
`progress.
`1 (prog'res). An advance; the course of a disease. 2
`(pro-gres’). To advance; to go forward; said of a disease, espe—
`cially, when unqualified, of one taking an unfavorable course. [L.
`pro-gredior, pp. ~gressus, to go forth, fr. gradior, to step, go, fr.
`gradus, a step]
`pro-gress-ive (pro-gres’iv). Going forward; advancing; denoting
`the course of a disease, especially, when unqualified, an unfavor-
`able course.
`_
`pro-gua-nil hydro-chloride (prG—gwah’nil).
`nide hydrochloride.
`prohor-mone (pro-hor’mon). 1. An intraglandular precursor of a
`hormone; e.g., proinsulin. Cf. prehormone.
`2. Obsolete term
`formerly used to designate a substance developed in serum that
`antagonizes a specific antihormone, and thus enhances the action
`of the corresponding hormone.
`pro'in-su-lin (pr6-in’sfi-lin).> A Single-chain precursor of insulin.
`flpro-jeotion (pro-jek’shfin).
`1. A pushing out; an outgrowth or
`protuberance. 2. The referring of a sensation to the object produc-
`ing it. 3. A defense mechanism by which a repressed complex in
`the individual is denied and conceived as belonging to another
`person, as when faults that the person tends to commit are per-
`ceived in or attributed to others. 4. The conception by the con-
`sciousness of a mental occurrence belonging to the self as of
`external origin. 5. Localization of viSual impressions in space. 6.
`In neuroanatomy, the system or systems of nerve fibers by which
`a group of nerve cells discharges its nerve impulses (“projects”)
`to one or more other cell groups. 7. The image of a three-dimen—
`sional object on a plane, as in a radiograph. 8. In radiography,
`standardized views of parts of the body, described by body part
`position, the direction of the x—ray beam through the body part, or
`by eponym. SYN norma (3), salient (1), view.
`[L. projectio; fr.
`pro- jicz’o, pp. -jectus, to throw before]
`anteroposterior p., SYN AP p.
`AP p.,
`the alternative frontal radiographic p., used mainly in
`bedside or portable radiography. SYN anteroposterior p.
`apical lordotic p., SYN backprojection.
`axial p., radiographic p. devised to obtain direct visualization of
`the base of the skull. SYN axial view, base p., submental vertex p.,
`submentovertical p., verticosubmental view.
`base p., SYN axial p.
`Caldwell p., inclined PA radiographic p. devised to permit visu—
`alization of orbital structures unobstructed by the petrous ridges.
`SYN Caldwell View.
`
`cross-table lateral p., lateral p. radiography of a supine subject
`using a horizontal x—ray beam.
`enamel p., extension of enamel into furcation.
`erroneous p., SYN false p.
`false p., the faulty visual sensation arising secondarily to underac—
`tion of an ocular muscle. SYN erroneous p.
`-
`Fischer p., SEE sugars.
`frog-leg lateral p., a lateral p. of the femoral neck made with the
`thigh maximally abducted.
`Granger p., view, reversed half-axial view; uncommonly used
`PA view of the skull.
`
`half-axial p., SYN Towne p.
`Haworth p., SEE sugars.
`lateral p., radiographic p. with the x~ray beam in a coronal plane.
`maximum intensity p. (MIP), a computerized image display
`method, used in MR angiography and helical computed tomogra—
`
`3
`
`

`

`1551
`resin
`reserpine
`
`root of certain species of Rauwolfia; it decreases the 5—hydroxy-
`tryptamine and catecholamine concentrations in the central ner—
`vous system and in peripheral tissues; used in conjunction with
`other hypotensive agents in the management of essential hyper-
`tension and useful as a tranquilizer in psychotic states.
`reserve (ré-zerv'). Something available but held back for later
`use, as strength or carbohydrates.
`[L. re~servo,
`to keep back,
`reserve]
`alkali r., the sum total of the basic ions (mainly bicarbonates) of
`the blood and other body fluids that, acting as buffers, maintain
`the normal pH of the blood.
`breathing r., the difference between the pulmonary ventilation
`(i.e., the volume of air breathed under ordinary resting conditions)
`and the maximum breathing capacity.
`cardiac r., the work that the heart is able to perform beyond that
`required under the ordinary circumstances of daily life, depending
`upon the state of the myocardium and the degree to which, within
`physiologic limits, the cardiac muscle fibers can be stretched by
`the volume of blood reaching the heart during diastole.
`reservoir (rez’év—wor). SYN receptaculum.
`[Fr.]
`1'. of infection, living or nonliving material in or on which an
`infectious agent multiplies and/or develops and is dependent for
`its survival in nature.
`
`Ommaya r., a plastic container placed in the subgaleal space that
`is connected to the lateral ventricle or tumor cyst by tubing; it is»
`used to instill medication into, or remove fluid from, the ventricle
`or tumor cyst.
`‘
`Pecquet r., SYN cisterna chyli.
`r. of spermatozoa, the site where spermatozoa are stored; the
`distal portion of the tail of the epididymis and the beginning of
`the ductus deferens.
`
`vitelline r., SYN vitellarium.
`re-set nodus si-nu-aetri-a-lis (ré’set n6’dfis si’noo-a-tré-a’lis).
`Reset of the sinoatrial node produced by premature depolarization
`(usually atrial) when the sum of the duration of the premature
`cycle and the return cycle is less than twice the spontaneous cycle
`length. Cf. nonreset nodus sinuatrialis. SYN sinus node reset.
`resident (rez’i~dent). A house officer attached to a hospital for
`clinical training; formerly, one who actually resided in the hospi-
`tal. SYN resident physician. .[L. resideo, to reside]
`residual (ré—zid"—a). Plural of residuum.
`residual (ré—zid"—al). Relating to or of the nature of a residue.
`residue (rez’i~doo). That which remains after removal of one or
`more substances. SYN residuum.
`[L. residuum]
`day r., psychoanalytic term for a dream related to an experience
`of the previous day.
`-
`'
`[L.
`residuum, pl. re-sid-ua (re—zid’fi—fim, 43—5). SYN residue.
`ntr. of residuus, left behind, remaining, fr. re- sideo, to sit back,
`remain behind]
`V
`resilience (ré—zil’yens). 1. Energy (per unit of volume) released
`upon unloading. 2. Springiness or elasticity. [L. resilio, to spring
`back, rebound]
`res-in (rez'in, roz'in). 1. An amorphous brittle substance consist—
`ing of the hardened secretion of a number of plants, probably
`derived from a volatile oil and similar to a stearoptene. 2. SYN
`rosin. 3. A precipitate formed by the addition of water to certain
`tinctures. 4. A broad term used to indicate organic substances
`insoluble in water; these monomers are named according to their
`chemical composition, physical structure, and means for activa—
`tion or curing, e.g., acrylic r., autopolymer r. [L. resina]
`acrylic r., a general term applied to a resinous material of the
`various esters of acrylic acid; used as a denture base material, for
`other dental restorations, and for trays.
`activated r., SYN autopolymer r.
`anion-exchange r., SEE anion exchange, anion exchanger.
`autopolymer r., autopolymerizing r., any r. that can be polym-
`erized by chemical catalysis rather than by the application of heat
`or light; used in dentistry for dental restoration, denture repair,
`and impression trays. SYN activated r., cold cure r., cold-curing r.,
`quick cure r., self-curing r.
`carbacrylamine r.’s, a mixture of the cation—exchange r.’s, car—
`
`bacrylic r. and potassium carbacrylic r. (87.5%), and of the anion-
`exchange r., polyamine-methylene r. (12.5%), used to increase the
`fecal excretion of sodium in edema associated with excessive
`sodium retention by the kidneys, e.g., in congestive heart failure,
`cirrhosis of the liver, and nephrosis.
`cation-exchange r., SEE cation exchange, cation exchanger.
`chemically cured r., a r. that contains an initiator, usually benzo—
`yl peroxide, and an activator, usually a tertiary amine, in separate
`pastes. When mixed, the amine reacts with the benzoyl peroxide
`to form free radicals and polymerization occurs.
`cholestyramine r., a strongly basic anion—exchange r. in the chlo-
`ride form, consisting of a copolymer of styrene and divinylben—
`zene with quaternary ammonium functional groups; it lowers the
`blood cholesterol by binding the bile acids in the intestine, thus
`promoting their excretion in the feces instead of reabsorption
`from the bowel; used in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia,
`xanthomatous biliary cirrhosis, and other forms of xanthomatosis;
`also will bind numerous drugs in the intestine, reducing their
`bioavailability.
`cold cure r., cold-curing r., SYN autopolymer r.
`composite r., a synthetic r. usually acrylic based, to which a glass
`or natural Silica filter has been added. Used mainly in dental
`restorative procedures. [L. compositus, put together, fr. compono,
`to put together]
`copolymer r., synthetic r. produced by joint polymerization of -
`two or more different monomers or polymers.
`cross-linked r., SYN cross—linked polymer.
`direct filling r., an autopolymerizing r. especially designed as a
`dental restorative material.
`
`'
`
`
`
`dual-cure r., a r. that utilizes both light and chemical initiation to
`activate polymerization.
`epoxy r., any thermosetting r. based on the reactivity of epoxy;
`used as adhesives, protective coatings, and embedding media for
`electron microscopy.
`gum r., the dry exudate from a number of plants, consisting of a
`mixture of a gum and a r., the former soluble in water but not
`alcohol, the latter soluble in alcohol but not water.
`heat-curing r., r. that requires heat to initiate polymerization.
`Indian podophyllum r., I. obtained from Podophyllum emodi; a
`cathartic and cholagogue.
`ion-exchange r., SEE ion exchange, ion exchanger.
`ipomea r., r. obtained from the dried root of Ipomoea orizaben-
`sis; a cathartic. SEE ALSO scammony.
`jalap r., r. extracted from the dried tuberous root of Exogonium
`purga; a purgative.
`light-activated r., SYN light—cured r.
`light-cured r., a r. that uses visible or ultraviolet light to excite a
`photoinitiator, which interacts with an amine to form free radicals
`and initiate polymerization; used mainly in restorative dentistry.
`SYN light—activated r.
`melamine r., a plastic material mixed with plaster of Paris for
`casts. Such a cast is lighter and stronger than one made with
`plaster Of Paris alone. SYN melamine formaldehyde.
`methacrylate r., a translucent plastic material, used for the manu-
`facture of various medical appliances, surgical instruments, and
`seating components used in total joint replacement; it possesses
`the optical properties of fused quartz and is readily molded when
`. heated; formerly used in electron microscopy for embedding tis-
`sues, now superseded'by epoxy r.’s.
`podophyllum r., a r. extracted from the dried roots and rhizomes
`of Podophyllum peltatum, a perennial herb common in moist,
`shady situations in the eastern parts of Canada and the United
`States. The drug has been used by American Indians as a vermi—
`fuge and emetic. The chief constituents of the r. belong to the
`group of lignins, which are Cug compounds related biosyntheti—
`cally to the flavonoids and derived by dimerization of two C6-C3
`units. The most important ones present in podophyllum r. are
`podophyllotoxin (about 20%), B—peltatin (about 10%), and 0c~
`peltatin (about 5%). All three occur both free and as glucosides.
`The r. has been used as a purgative but has been replaced by
`milder agents. It is cytotoxic and used as a paint in the treatment
`
`4
`
`

`

`1631
`
`shunt
`
`W S
`
`shiver
`
`hiv-er. 1. To shake or tremble, especially from cold. 2. A tremor;
`a slight chill.
`>
`'
`shivering. Trembling from cold or fear.
`shock (Shok).
`1. The condition in which the cells of the body
`receive inadequate amounts of oxygen secondary to changes in
`perfusion; most commonly secondary to blood loss or sepsis. 2. A
`sudden physical or biochemical disturbance that results in inade-
`quate blood flow and oxygenation of an animal’s vital organs. 3.
`A state of profound mental and physical depression consequent
`upon severe physical injury or an emotional disturbance. 4. A
`state characterized by inadequacy of blood flow throughout the
`body to the extent that damage occurs to the cells of the tissues; if
`the s. is prolonged, the cardiovascular system itself becomes dam-
`aged and begins to deteriorate, resulting in a vicious cycle that
`leads to death. SEE diastolic s., systolic s.
`[Fr. choc, fr. Germanic]
`anaphylactic s., a severe, often fatal form of s. characterized by
`smooth muscle contraction and capillary dilation initiated by cy-
`totropic (IgE class) antibodies; typically an antibody—associated
`phenomenon (type I allergic reaction). SEE ALSO anaphylaxis, se—
`rum sickness.
`
`anaphylactoid s., a reaction that is similar to anaphylactic s., but
`which does not require the incubation period characteristic of
`induced sensitivity (anaphylaxis); it is unrelated to antigen—anti-
`body reactions. SYN anaphylactoid crisis (1), pseudoanaphylactic
`s.
`
`anesthetic s., S. produced by the administration of anesthetic
`drug(s), usually in relative overdosage.
`break s., the 5. produced by breaking a constant current passing
`through the body.
`.
`cardiac s., SYN cardiogenic s.
`cardiogenic s., s. resulting from decline in cardiac output secon-
`dary to serious heart disease, usually myocardial infarction. SYN
`cardiac s.
`
`chronic s., the state of peripheral circulatory insufficiency devel—
`oping in elderly patients with a debilitating disease, e.g., carcino-
`ma; a subnormal blood volume makes the patient susceptible to
`hemorrhagic s. as a result of even a moderate blood loss such as
`may occur during an operation.
`counter-s., SEE countershock.
`cultural s., a form of stress associated with the beginning of a
`person’s assimilation into a new culture vastly different from that
`in which he or she was raised.
`
`declamping s., SYN declamping phenomenon.
`deferred s., delayed s., a state of s. coming on at a considerable
`interval after the receipt of the injury.
`»
`diastolic s., the abnormally palpable impact, appreciated by a
`hand on the chest wall, of an accentuated third heart sound.
`electric s., a sudden violent impression caused by the passage of a
`current of electricity through any portion of the body.
`endotoxin s., 5. induced by release of endotoxin from Gram—
`negative bacteria, especially by Escherichia coli.
`hemorrhagic s., hypovolemic s. resulting from acute hemorrhage,
`characterized by hypotension,
`tachycardia, pale, cold, and
`clammy skin, and oliguria.
`histamine s., the 3. state produced in animals by the injection of
`histamine; characterized by bronchiolar spasm in the guinea pig
`and constriction of hepatic veins in the dog.
`hypovolemic s., 5. caused by a reduction in volume of blood, as
`from hemorrhage or dehydration.
`.insulin s., severe hypoglycemia produced by administration of
`insulin, manifested by sweating,
`tremor, anxiety, vertigo, and
`diplopia, followed by delirium, convulsions, and collapse. SYN
`wet s.
`
`irreversible s., s. that has progressed because of cell injury be-
`yond the stage where resuscitation is possible.
`nitroid s., a syndrome resembling that produced by the adminis—
`tration of a large dose of a nitrite, sometimes caused by a too
`rapid intravenous injection of arsphenamine or some other drug;
`SEE nitritoid reaction.
`
`oligemic s., 5. associated with pronounced fall in blood volume,
`sometimes resulting from increased permeability of blood vessels.
`
`5
`
`osmotic s., a sudden change in the osmotic pressure to which a
`cell is subjected, usually in order to cause it to lyse.
`primary s., 3. mainly nervous in nature, from pain, anxiety, etc.,
`which ensues almost immediately upon the receipt of a severe
`injury.
`protein s., the systemic reaction following the parenteral adminis-
`tration of a protein.
`'
`pseudoanaphylactic s., SYN anaphylactoid s.
`reversible s., s. that will respond to treatment and from which
`recovery is possible.
`.
`septic s., (1) s. associated with infection that has released large
`enough quantities of toxins or vasoactive substances including,
`cytokines,
`to be associated with hypotension; (2) S. associated
`with septicemia caused by Gram-negative bacteria.
`serum 5., anaphylactic or anaphylactoid S. caused by the injection
`of antitoxic or other foreign serum.
`shell s., SYN battle fatigue.
`spinal s., transient depression or abolition of reflex activity below
`the level of an acute spinal cord injury or transection.
`systolic s., the abnormally palpable impact, appreciated by a hand
`on the chest wall, of an accentuated first heart sound.
`toxic s., SEE toxic Shock syndrome.
`vasogenic s., s. resulting from depressed activity of the higher
`vasomotor centers in the brain stem and the medulla, producing
`vasodilation without loss of fluid so that the container is dispro—
`portionately large. In oligemic s., blood volume is reduced; in
`both, return of venous blood is inadequate.
`wet s., SYN insulin 3.
`Shone, John D., 20th century English cardiOlogist. SEE S. anoma-
`ly, complex, syndrome.
`shook jong (shuk—yong’). SYN koro.
`Shope, Richard E., US. pathologist, 1902—1966. SEE S. fibroma,
`fibroma virus, papilloma, papilloma virus.
`short-chain aceyl-CoA dehydrogenase. SEE acyl—CoA de-
`hydrogenase (NADPH).
`shortsight-ed-ness (short’sit—ed—nes). SYN myopia.
`shot-feel (shot’fél). A peculiar sensation as of a nervous dis—
`charge or electric shock passing rapidly from the top of the head
`to the feet, sometimes described as a sensation of the rolling of
`shot down the body, occurring in acromegaly.
`shoulder (shol’der). 1. The lateral portion of the scapular region,
`where the scapula joins with the clavicle and humerus and is
`covered by the rounded mass of the deltoid muscle. 2. In dentis-
`try, the ledge formed by the junction of the gingival and axial
`walls in extracoronal restorative preparations. [A.S. sculder]
`frozen 5., SYN adhesive capsulitis.
`shoulder blade (shél’der blad). SYN scapula.
`Show (sh6).
`1. An appearance. 2. First appearance of blood in
`beginning menstruation. 3. Sign of impending labor, characterized
`by the discharge from the vagina of a small amount of blood-
`tinged mucus representing the extrusion of the mucous plug
`which has filled the cervical canal during pregnancy.
`[A.S.
`scedwe]
`
`
`
`-
`
`Shprintzen, RJ. SEE Shprintzen syndrome.
`Shrapnell, Henry J., English anatomist, 17614841. SEE S. mem-
`brane.
`
`shudder (shud’er). A convulsive or involuntary tremor. [M.E.
`shodderen]
`-
`carotid s., vibrations at the crest of the carotid pulse tracing, seen
`in aortic stenosis.
`
`Shulman, Lawrence E., US rheumatologist, *1919. SEE S. syn—
`drome.
`
`Shumway, Norman, U.S. surgeon, *1923, developed method for
`dealing with tissue rejection related to heart transplants.
`shunt (shunt). 1. To bypass or divert. 2. A bypass or diversion of
`fluid to another fluid-containing system by fistulation or a pros-
`thetic device. The nomenclature commonly includes origin and
`terminus, e.g., atriovenous, splenorenal, ventriculocistemal. SEE
`ALSO bypass.
`[M.E. shunten, to flinch]
`
`5
`
`