This is a reproduction of a library book that was digitized
`by Google as part of an ongoing effort to preserve the
`information in books and make it universally accessible.
`
`http://books.google.com
`
`RAVIN - EXHIBIT R1010
`PART 1 OF 2
`
`

`

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` NYPL RESEARCH
`
`WHONTHM
`III.
`3 3433 00939889 6
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`(ſ/4.4%. 6./.
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`9
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`T H E CROSS BOW
`
` Digitized by Google
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`10
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`__ =======
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`11
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`

`
`
` (Digitized by Goog
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`12
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`

`

`
`
`MODEL OF ROMAN CATAPULT CONSTRUCTED BY THE AUTHOR.
`
`Weight, I } tons.
`
`Range, with a 6-lb. stone ball, 300 yards.
`
`1. Twisting up the skein of cord by means of the winches.
`
`2. Winding down the arm.
`
`3. Releasing the arm when fully wound down.
`
`13
`
`

`

`
`
`| H E CROSS –
`
`-
`
`MEDIAEVAL AND MODERN
`
`MILITARY AND SPORTING
`
`3ts Construction bistory and ſººn
`
`with a treatist on
`
`-
`
`THE BALISTA AND CATAPULT or
`
`º 220 11-Lus TRA Tions
`
`|
`
`-
`
`By SIR RALPH PAYNE-GALLW
`
`
`
`
`
`LONG MAN S.
`
`G. R. E. E. N.
`
`A. N. L.
`
`-
`
`39 PATER Nost E. R. Row, London
`
`NEW YORK AND BOM BA wº
`
`-
`
`1903
`
`All rights reserved
`
`-
`
`14
`
`

`

`
`
`
`
`15
`
`Digitized by Google
`
`15
`
`

`

`THE CROSS BOW
`
`MEDIAEVAL AND MODERN
`
`MILITARY AND SPORTING
`
`3ts Construction
`
`bistory amo (II)anagement
`
`WITH A TREATISE ON
`
`THE BALISTA
`
`AND CATAPULT OF THE ANCIENTS
`
`zº
`
`^,
`ſºlº
`
`220 ILLUSTRATIONS
`
`By SIR
`
`RALPH PAYNE-GALLWEY, Bº
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`:
`
`H--
`H
`
`§
`
`LONG MAN S, G RE EN, AND CO.
`
`39 PATE R N OST E R ROW, LONDON
`
`NEW YORK AND BOM BAY
`
`I903
`
`All rights reserved
`
`
`
`
`
`16
`
`

`

`
`
`6
`
`XS %
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`(87 A a
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`
`17
`
`

`

`PRE FACE
`
`IN
`
`this
`
`volume I have endeavoured to describe
`
`the
`
`history
`
`mechanism
`
`and manipulation of the crossbow; mediaeval and
`
`modern, military and sporting.
`
`Though there are numerous books essays and manuscripts which
`
`deal exhaustively with the longbow, the subject of the crossbow has
`
`not previously been treated, other than in a very cursory manner
`
`by writers on the armour and weapons of the Middle Ages.
`
`I cannot, in any language, discover a work exclusively devoted
`
`to the crossbow, though this arm was carried by hundreds of
`
`thousands of soldiers
`
`in mediaeval warfare, and has ever
`
`since
`
`been popular on the Continent for sporting or target use.
`
`In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries the longbow was the
`
`cherished weapon of the English, while the crossbow held a similar
`
`position in France Germany Italy and Spain.
`
`-
`
`The longbow, glorious as its achievements were in the hands of
`
`our ancestors, was but a hewn stick of foreign yew of no intrinsic
`
`value.
`
`On the other hand, the crossbow gave the artist, the engraver,
`
`the inlayer and the mechanic every chance of exercising their talents
`
`to the utmost.
`
`There are but one or two old English longbows in existence;
`
`there are, however, numbers of beautifully constructed mediaeval
`
`crossbows to be seen in armouries and museums; weapons which
`
`al
`
`
`
`18
`
`

`

`viii
`
`THE CROSSBOW
`
`were originally made with as much skill and nicety as a costly
`
`modern gun.
`
`I have added a treatise on the great projectile engines of the
`
`ancients, as they have not before been fully described or criticised.
`
`As some of the ancient siege engines resemble a crossbow
`
`and are supposed to have suggested its invention, I trust the
`
`details I give of the history and construction of these curious
`
`machines will be of sufficient interest to justify their inclusion.
`
`THIRKLEBY PARK,
`
`THIRSK.
`
`
`
`19
`
`

`

`C O N T E N T S
`
`PART I
`
`THE HISTORY OF THE CROSSBOW, WITH NOTES COMPARATIVE
`
`ON THE LONGBOW SHORTBOW AND HANDGUN
`
`cha-Ter
`
`I. THE MILITARY CROSSBOW
`
`.
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`II. THE SPORTING CROSSBOW
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`III. THE GENERAL DIMENSIONS OF CROSSBOWS .
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`IV. THE BOLTS USED WITH CROSSBOWS
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`W. THE RANGE OF THE MEDIAEVAL CROSSBOW AND HOW IT COMPARED IN
`
`THIS RESPECT WITH THE LONGBOW
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`VI. THE SHORTBOW AND LONGBOW IN RELATION TO THE CROSSBOW
`
`VII. THE HANDGUN IN RELATION TO THE CROSSBOW .
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`VIII. SUMMARY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MEDIAEVAL HANDGUN
`
`IX. A SUMMARY OF THE HISTORY OF THE CROSSBOW .
`
`.
`
`-
`
`-
`
`*
`
`*
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`PAGES
`
`3-IO
`
`II-I3
`
`14-15
`
`16–19
`
`20-30
`
`3 I-37
`
`38–39
`
`40-42
`
`43–53
`
`PART II
`
`THE CONSTRUCTION AND MANAGEMENT OF CROSSBOWS :
`
`MEDIAEVAL
`
`X. THE PRIMITIVE CROSSBOW, WITH A BOW OF SOLID WOOD WHICH WAS
`
`BENT BY MANUAL POWER ONLY
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`57-61
`
`XI. THE THIRTEENTH AND FOURTEENTH CENTURY CROSSBOW, WITH A
`
`COMPOSITE Bow (OF YEW, HORN AND TENDON). WHICH WAS BENT
`
`BY HAND, OR BY A THONG AND PULLEY, OR BY A METAL CLAW
`
`ATTACHED TO THE CROSSBOWMAN's BELT
`
`.
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`62–65
`
`a 2
`
`
`
`20
`
`

`

`X
`
`THE CROSSBOW
`
`charter
`
`XII.
`
`HOW THE BOW OF THE PRIMITIVE CROSSBOW WAS ATTACHED TO THE
`
`STOCK BY A BRIDLE OF CORD OR SINEW
`
`NIII.
`
`HOW THE CROSSBOWMAN PLACED THE BOLT OF HIS CROSSBOW ON THE
`
`STOCK OF HIS WEAPON SO AS TO GIVE THE BOLT A FREE LOOSE
`
`AND CORRECT FLIGHT
`
`XIV.
`
`THE VARIOUS CONTRIVANCEs EMPLOYED IN THE THIRTEENTH AND
`
`FOURTEENTH CENTURIES FOR BENDING THE BOWS OF CROSSBOWS
`
`WII ICI I WERE TOO STRONG TO BE BENT BY MANUAL POWER ONLY —
`
`THE CORD ANI) PULLEY
`
`tº at , i.e.
`
`66–69
`
`70-72
`
`73–75
`
`XV.
`
`THE VARIOUS CONTRIVANCES EMPLOYED FOR BENDING THE BOWS OF
`
`CROSSBOWS (continued)—THE CLAW AND BELT
`
`76–8o
`
`THE VARIOUS CONTRIVANCES EMPLOYED FOR BENDING THE BOWS OF
`
`CROSSBOWS (continued)—THE SCREW AND HANDLE
`
`81–83
`
`XVII.
`
`THE VARIOUS CONTRIVANCES EMPLOYED FOR BENDING THE BOWS OF
`
`CROSSBOWS (concluded)—THE GOAT'S-FOOT LEVER
`
`S4–89
`
`XVIII.
`
`THE FIFTEENTH-CENTURY MILITARY AND SPORTING CROSSBOW, WITH
`
`A THICK STEEL BOW WHICH WAS BENT BY A WINDLASS AND ROPES
`
`AND DISCHARGED A BOLT
`
`90–91
`
`XIX.
`
`THE CONSTRUCTION OF A POWERFUL CROSSBOW, SUCH AS WAS USED
`
`IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY FOR KILLING DEER WITH A HEAVY
`
`NON-POISONOUS BOLT—THE STOCK
`
`XX.
`
`THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE CROSSBOW (continued)—THE REVOLVING NUT
`
`AND ITS SOCKET .
`
`XXI.
`
`THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE CROSSBOW (continued)—THE TRIGGER AND
`
`LOCK
`
`XXII.
`
`THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE CROSSBOW (continued)—THE STEEL BOW, THE
`
`BOW-IRONS AND THE STIRRUP
`
`XXIII.
`
`THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE CROSSBOW (continued)—HOW TO FIX THE
`
`BOW TO THE STOCK
`
`XXIV.
`
`THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE CROSSBOW (continued)–THE GROOVE FOR
`
`THE BOLT
`
`XXV.
`
`THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE CROSSBOW (continued)—THE BOW-STRING
`
`XXVI.
`
`THE CONSTRUCTION of THE CROSSBOW (continued)–HOW TO FIT THE
`
`BOW-STRING TO THE BOW
`
`XXVII.
`
`NXVIII.
`
`THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE CROSSBOW (continued)—THE WINDLASS
`
`THE CONSTRUCTION
`
`OF THE CROSSBOW (concluded)—THE
`
`BOLT OR
`
`QUARREL, AND HOW IT WAS ARRANGED ON THE STOCK OF THE
`
`CROSSBOW
`
`92-94
`
`95 97
`
`98–1 od
`
`IoI - Ioa
`
`Ios I of
`
`IoS-109
`
`1 Io-1 13
`
`I 14–119
`
`120-125
`
`126–128
`
`21
`
`

`

`CONTENTS
`
`cha-TER
`
`XXIX.
`
`THE SLURBOW .
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`X1
`
`--Ges
`
`129-130
`
`XXX.
`
`THE SIXTEENTH-CENTURY SPORTING CROSSBOW, WITH A THICK STEEL
`
`BOW WHICH WAS BENT BY A CRANEQUIN
`
`-
`
`-
`
`I31-139
`
`XXXI.
`
`THE CRANEQUIN, AND HOW IT WAS APPLIED TO BEND THE STEEL
`
`BOW OF A CROSSBOW
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`I40-144
`
`XXXII.
`
`THE SIXTEENTH AND EARLY SEVENTEENTH CENTURY SPANISH SPORT.
`
`ING
`
`CROSSBow, witH A STEEL Bow OF MODERATE STRENGTH
`
`WHICH WAS BENT BY A CRANEQUIN
`
`XXXIII.
`
`THE SIXTEENTH-CENTURY STONEBOW, WITH A LIGHT STEEL BOW
`
`WHICH WAS BENT BY MANUAL POWER ONLY
`
`I45-155
`
`156–16o
`
`XXXIV.
`
`THE seveNTEENTH CENTURY STONEBow, witH A thicker stEEL Bow
`
`WHICH WAS BENT BY A LEVER FIXED IN ITS STOCK
`
`161–162
`
`xxxv.
`
`THE SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURY SPORTING AND TARGET
`
`CROSSBOW, WITH A LIGHT STEEL BOW WHICH WAS BENT BY A
`
`WOODEN LEVER
`
`163-168
`
`XXXVI.
`
`THE SIXTEENTH-CENTURY: IMPROVED LOCKS WHICH WERE FITTED TO
`
`SPORTING AND TARGET CROSSBOWS THAT DISCHARGED BOLTS .
`
`169–173
`
`PART III
`
`THE CONSTRUCTION AND MANAGEMENT OF
`
`CROSSBOWS-(continued): MODERN
`
`XXXVII.
`
`THE BULLET-SHOOTING CROSSBOW-ENGLISH
`
`XXXVIII.
`
`THE BULLET-SHOOTING CROSSBow—ENGLISH (continued)—THE BASTARD
`
`STRING.
`
`XXXIX.
`
`THE BULLET-SHOOTING CRossbow—ENGLISH (continued)—HOW TO MAKE
`
`AND FIT THE BOW-STRING
`
`XL.
`
`THE BULLET-SHOOTING-crossbow ENGLISH (concluded)—THE LOCK AND
`
`THE SIGHTS .
`
`XLI.
`
`THE LARGE bolt-shooting contine NTAL TARGET crossbow .
`
`XLII.
`
`THE SMALL BOLT-shooting target CRossbow. As Now used IN
`
`XLIII.
`
`XLIV.
`
`XLV.
`
`BELGIUM
`
`BELGIAN TARGET crossbow (continued) THE Lock
`
`BELGIAN TARGET crossbow (continued)—the sights
`
`*ELGIAN TARGET CRossbow (concluded)—THE LEveR AND How to Use
`
`IT TO BEND THE Bow
`
`177-183
`
`184–187
`
`188–194
`
`195-200
`
`201-205
`
`206-209
`
`2IO-212
`
`213-214
`
`215–218
`
`
`
`22
`
`

`

`X11
`
`THE CROSSBOW
`
`chapter
`
`Pagºs
`
`XLVI.
`
`THE BULLET-SHOOTING TARGET CROSSBOW WITH A BARREL– AS NOW
`
`USED IN BELGIUM .
`
`-
`
`XLVII.
`
`THE POPINJAY, witH NOTES ON THE ANCIENT COMPANIES OF CON.
`
`TINENTAL CROSSBOWMEN
`
`XLVIII.
`
`THE CROSSBOWMEN OF DRESDEN–PRIVILEGIRTE BOGENSCHUTZEN.
`
`GESELLSCHAFT
`
`XLIX.
`
`THE CHINESE REPEATING CROSSBOW
`
`ARROW-THROWING
`
`PART IV
`
`A
`
`TREATISE ON THE SIEGE ENGINES USED IN ANCIENT
`
`AND MEDIAEVAL TIMES FOR DISCHARGING GREAT
`
`STONES AND ARROWS
`
`LI.
`
`INTRODUCTORY NOTES ON THE SIEGE ENGINES USED IN ANCIENT AND
`
`MEDIAEVAL TIMES FOR DISCHARGING GREAT STONES AND ARROWS.
`
`LII.
`
`THE ANTIQUITY OF BALISTAS AND CATAPULTS
`
`LIII.
`
`THE EFFECTS OF ANCIENT SIEGE ENGINES IN WARFARE .
`
`LIV.
`
`THE DISTANCES TO WHICH ANCIENT SIEGE ENGINES CAST THEIR
`
`PROJECTILES .
`
`LV.
`
`THE CATAPULT, ITS CONSTRUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
`
`219–222
`
`223–230
`
`231–236
`
`237-242
`
`243-246
`
`249-257
`
`258-264
`
`265-275
`
`276-278
`
`279-290
`
`LVI.
`
`THE CATAPULT, ITS CONSTRUCTION AND MANAGEMENT (concluded)
`
`291–299
`
`LVII.
`
`THE BALISTA, ITS CONSTRUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
`
`LVIII.
`
`THE TREBUCHET
`
`LIX.
`
`THE SPRING ENGINE
`
`INDEX
`
`300 307
`
`308-315
`
`3.16-319
`
`321–328
`
`23
`
`

`

`I L L USTRATIONS
`
`MODEL OF ROMAN CATAPULT CONSTRUCTED BY THE AUTHOR
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`Frontispiece
`
`CROSSBOWMAN, ABOUT 1430
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`From a Drawing in the University Collection at Erlangen, reproduced in German Life in the Fourteenth and
`
`Fifteenth Centuries," by A. Schults (Vienna, 1892).
`
`HUNTERS WITH CROSSBOws
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`From Tempesta, Antonio, a Florentine painter, b. 1555; d. 1630.
`
`PART I
`
`THE HISTORY OF THE CROSSBOW
`
`NORMAN CROSSBOWMEN
`
`.
`
`-
`
`From Manuscript of Matthew Paris.
`
`CROSSBOWMEN
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`From Manuscript Froissart's 'Chronicles, Fifteenth century.
`
`CROSSBOWMEN
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`From Manuscript Froissart's
`
`Chronicles, Fifteenth Century.
`
`A SHIP OF WAR, WITH CROSSBOWMEN
`
`From Walturius, Edition 1472.
`
`ARBALESTINA
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`*rom a Glossary of Terms of Architecture, 1840.
`
`CROSSBow MEN
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`*rom Manuscript in Cotton Collection, B.M., Fifteenth Century.
`
`HOW A CROSSBow MAN should APPROACH ANIMALS BY MEANS OF A CART CONCEALED
`
`WITH FOLLAGE .
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`.
`
`.
`
`From Manuscript of Gaston Phaedus, Fourteenth Century.
`
`CROSSBOWMAN APPROACHING GAME by MEANS OF A stalking HORSE
`
`From Manuscript of Gaston Pharbus, Fourteenth Century.
`
`A STORE OF CROSSBow BOLTS SHAFTS AND HEADS
`
`-
`
`-
`
`** a Catalºgue of the Arsenal of the Emperor Maximilian /., Fifteenth Century.
`
`DIFFERENT FORMS OF CROSSBOw BOLTS.
`
`CROSSBOWMEN
`
`From Manuscript Froissare,
`
`Chronicles,' Fifteenth century.
`
`SHOOTING RABBITs WITH THE CROSSBow
`
`Reduced from Stradanus's
`
`Venationes Aerarum, 1578.
`
`ARCHER AND CROSSBOWMAN OF ABOUT 1370
`
`From Manuscript No. 281 3 in the
`
`Costume in France," 1875.
`
`Avational Library, Paris, reproduced by J. Quicherat in his
`
`History of
`
`Title
`
`-acre
`
`xxii
`
`II.
`
`12
`
`16
`
`18
`
`24
`
`
`
`24
`
`

`

`xiv
`
`THE CROSSBOW
`
`SHOOTING AT THE BUTTS WITH CROSSBOWS
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`From Manuscript Royal Library, dated 1496, reproduced by J. Strutt in
`
`his 'Sports and Pastimes of the
`
`People of England,' 1801.
`
`CROSSBOWMEN PRACTISING AT THE TARGET
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`From a Translation into Italian of 'A History of the Peoples of the Vorth,' by Olaus Magnus, . 1rchbishop of Upsala,
`
`printed at Venice, 1565.
`
`MOUNTED CROSSBOVVM.AN
`
`-
`
`From ‘A’amous Women," by G. Boccaccio, 1473.
`
`CROSSBOWMEN KILLING DEER AND WILI) BOARS
`
`From Manuscript of Gaston Pharbus, Fourteenth Century.
`
`-
`
`MOUNTED CROSSBOWMAN, WITH CRANEQUIN CRossbow AND A QUARREL IN HIS HAT .
`
`From Insignia Sacre Caesarea. Majestatis, P. Lonicerus, 1579.
`
`SHOOTING DEER WITH THE CROSSBOW
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`From Manuscript of Gaston Pharbus, Fourteenth Century.
`
`SHOOTING PARTRIDGES AS THEY FEED BY MEANS OF THE CROSSBOW AND A STALKING
`
`HORSE
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`Reduced from Stradanus's
`
`Venationes Ferarum, 1578.
`
`TABLET IN H U NSDON CHURCH
`
`-
`
`From “English Deer Parks,' by Evelyn Shirley, 1867.
`
`page
`
`32
`
`33
`
`36
`
`43
`
`47
`
`49
`
`5o
`
`-
`
`CROSSBOWMAN WITH A STON EBOW
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`From Stradanus, 1578.
`
`PART II
`
`THE CONSTRUCTION ANI) MANAGEMENT OF CROSSBOWS : MEDIAEVAL
`
`BALISTARIUS
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`From a Work on '.1/echanical Arts, by Hartman Schopper, 1568.
`
`PRIMITIVE CROSSIBOW WITHOUT A STIRRUP
`
`PRIMITIVE CROSSBOW WITH A STIRRUP
`
`A FIFTEENTH-CENTURY CROSSBOW WITH A COMPOSITE BOW WHICH WAS BENT BY A
`
`CRANEQUIN (German)
`
`A SIXTEENTH-CENTURY SPORTING CROSSBOw THAT was BENT witH A CRANEQUIN AND
`
`WHICH HAD A STEEL HOVV ATT.ACHEID TO THE STOCK BY A BRI DILE OF SINEVV
`
`*
`
`(Spanish)
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`THE BRIDLE OF SINEW WHICH WAS OF TEN USED FOR SECURING THE BOW OF A
`
`CROSSBOW TO ITS STOCK
`
`BOLTS FOR CROSSBOWS, AND HOW THEY WERE ARRANGED ON THE STOCK .
`
`CROSSBOW WITH CORD AND PULLEY
`
`CROSSBOWMEN BENDING THEIR BOVVS WITH THE CORD ANI) PULLEY
`
`Antonio Pollajuolo, 1475.
`
`COR ID AND PULLEY
`
`CROSSBOWMAN WITH A CLAW FOR BENDING HIS CROSSBOVV ATTACHED TO HIS BELT
`
`• CROSSBOWMAN BENDING HIS CROSSBOW WITH A BELT.CLAW
`
`BELT ...AND CLAW
`
`SHOOTING A WILD-BOAR WITH CROSSBOWS
`
`From Manuscript of Gaston Pharbus, Fourteenth Century.
`
`58
`
`59
`
`63
`
`66
`
`68
`
`7o
`
`73
`
`74
`
`25
`
`

`

`ILLUSTRATIONS
`
`SHOOTING IBEX witH THE CROSSBOW
`
`-
`
`From Manuscript of Gaston Phoebus, Fourteenth Century.
`
`A CRossBow MAN BENDING HIS BOW WITH A BELT-CLAW AND THEN AIMING HIS
`
`CROSSBOW.
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`From Wºollet-le-Duc, Dictionnaire raisonné du Mobilier française, Paris, 1855-75.
`
`CROSSBOWMEN
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`From Manuscript Froissart's
`
`Chronicles, Fifteenth Century.
`
`SCREW AND HANDLE CROSSBOW.
`
`From lºa/turius, Edition 1472.
`
`THE CROSSBOW WHICH WAS BENT BY A SCREW AND HANDLE
`
`THE GOAT'S-FOOT LEVER
`
`How THE GOAT'S-FOOT LEVER WAS APPLIED TO BEND A SMALL CROSSBOW
`
`THE MECHANISM OF THE GOAT'S-FOOT LEVER
`
`A MILITARY CROSSBOw BEING BENT BY A GOAT'S-FOOT LEVER
`
`side AND surface view of the wooDEN stock of the crossbow, witHout ANy.
`
`OF ITS FITTINGS
`
`SIDE AND SURFACE VIEW OF THE SIGHT OF THE CROSSBOw.
`
`XV
`
`Pace
`
`79
`
`81
`
`82
`
`83
`
`84
`
`85
`
`87
`
`89
`
`92
`
`93
`
`SIDE FRONT AND PERSPECTIVE OF THE CIRCULAR STEEL OR IVORY NUT WHICH
`
`HOLDS THE BOWSTRING when THE BOW IS BENT
`
`-
`
`-
`
`95
`
`SIDE END AND SURFACE VIEW OF THE METAL SOCKET IN WHICH THE NUT
`
`Revolves
`
`SIDE AND SURFACE VIEW OF THE REVOLVING NUT IN ITS SOCKET.
`
`A NUT SECURED BY CATGUT
`
`THE HORN NUT OF THE MEDLEVAL CROSSBOW AND ITS STEEL VEDGE .
`
`SIDE AND SURFACE VIEW OF THE STOCK OF THE CROSSBOW, WITH THE NUT AND ITs
`
`SOCKET IN POSITION
`
`-
`
`SIDE VIEW OF THE TRIGGER OF THE CROSSBOW
`
`SIDE VIEW OF THE TRIGGER IN POSITION IN THE STOCK, SHOWING How THE LOCK OF
`
`THE CROSSBOW WORKS
`
`SIDE AND SURFACE VIEW OF THE NUT, SOCKET, TRIGGER, LOCK-PLATES AND TRIGGER
`
`PLATE FITTED TO THE STOCK OF THE CROSSBOW
`
`THE STEEL SCREw-PINS FOR THE LOCK-PLATES, THE PIN FOR THE TRIGGER AND THE
`
`ONE FOR THE REVOLVING NUT.
`
`-
`
`THE STEEL BOW
`
`SURFACE SIDE AND side-section of one of THE Bow-iRoNs
`
`THE STIRRUP: Its FRONT side AND Top BAR
`
`THE STIRRUP AND THE BOW-IRONS READY TO TAKE THE BOW AND TO BE FITTED
`
`WITH THE Bow To THE OPENING IN THE FORE-END OF THE STOCK.
`
`THE Two GUARDS AND THE TWO WEDGES USED FOR DRAWING UP THE BOW-IRONS
`
`WHICH FIX THE BOW TO THE STOCK
`
`FRONT AND SIDE view OF STIRRUP, BOW, BOW-IRONS, GUARDS AND WEDGES FIXED
`
`IN THEIR PLACES IN THE stock of the crossbow.
`
`THE BRASS GROOVE FITTED INTO THE SURFACE OF THE STOCK
`
`98
`
`Loo
`
`IO2
`
`Ios
`
`Io.4
`
`roo
`
`too
`
`io9
`
`IoS
`
`
`
`26
`
`

`

`xvi
`
`THE CROSSBOVV
`
`END SECTION OF THE BRASS GROOVE AND OF THE FORE-END OF THE TOP OF THE
`
`STOCK, WITH THE GROOVE DRIVEN INTO ITS MORTICE
`
`HOW EACH END OF A CROSSBOW STRING WAS SOMETIMES STRENGTHENED BY AN
`
`AUXILI.ARY LOOP
`
`PAGE
`
`i i i
`
`THE SKEIN : THE SKEIN WRAPPED WITH FINE THREAD : THE FINISHED BOW-STRING
`
`112
`
`ONE OF THE METAL CLAMPS TO WHICH THE B.A.STARD STRING IS ATTACHED : FRONT
`
`AND SURF.ACE VIEWS
`
`-
`
`-
`
`114
`
`ONE OF THE CLAMPS SCREWED TO ONE END OF THE BOW, WITH ONE END OF THE
`
`BASTARD STRING ATTACHED TO IT : SIDE VIEW
`
`THE CROSSBOW WITH ITS BOW SUFFICIENTLY BENT BY THE BASTARD STRING TO
`
`ALLOW ITS BOVV-STRING TO BE FITTED INTO THE NOTCHES AT THE ENDS OF
`
`THE BOW
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`THE CLAMPS AND THE BASTARD STRING REMOVED, AND THE BOW FITTED WITH ITS
`
`BOW-STRING
`
`CROSSBOW FINISHED
`
`114
`
`115
`
`117
`
`118
`
`THE HANDLE END OF THE WINDL.ASS : SURF.ACE AND SIDE VIEW
`
`THE FORE-END OF THE WINDLASS : SURFACE AND SIDE VIEW .
`
`i 21
`
`THE WINDLASS ATTACHED TO THE CROSSBOW PREP.A.R.ATORY TO BENDING ITS BOW
`
`122
`
`THE CROSSBOW WITH ITS BOW BENT BY THE WINDL.ASS AND ITS BOW-STRING SECUREVO
`
`OVER THE FINGERS OF THE NUT
`
`CROSSBOWMEN–FIFTEENTH CENTURY
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`From C. Leberthais' "Ancient Tapestries of the City of Rheims,’ Paris, 1843.
`
`THE BOLT FOR THE CROSSBOW
`
`END VIEW OF THE BUTT OF THE BOLT AND THE FEATHERS
`
`SECTION OF THE METAL HEAD OF THE BOLT
`
`POSITION OF THE REVOLVING NUT BEFORE THE CROSSBOW W.AS BENT
`
`THE BOW-STRING ON THE NUT AND THE BOLT IN POSITION
`
`123
`
`124
`
`126
`
`127
`
`127
`
`127
`
`128
`
`CROSSBOW BOLT WITH FLANGES CUT IN ITS SHAFT TO TAKE THE PLACE OF FEATHERS
`
`128
`
`THE SLURBOW
`
`CROSSBOWMEN
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`From 'Costumes of Mediaeval Christendom, Hefner Alteneck, 1840-1854.
`
`A CROSSBOW WITH A CRANEQUIN FITTED TO THE STOCK PREP.A.R.ATORY TO BENDING,
`
`ITS BOW
`
`DECORATED CROSSBOW AND ITS CRANEQUIN, THE LATTER BEING IN POSITION FOR
`
`BENDING THE BOW (GERMAN, SIXTEENTH CENTURY) .
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`THE BACKSIGHT OF A SIXTEENTH-CENTURY SPORTING CROSSBOW
`
`POSITION OF THE BOLT ON THE STOCK OF A CROSSBOW WHICH HAD NO GROOVE DOVV. N.
`
`ITS CENTRE
`
`A CRANEQUIN AND ITS MECHANISM
`
`-
`
`SECTION OF THE STOCK OF THE CROSSBOW, SHOWING THE POSITION OF THE CR AN E
`
`QUIN WHEN IT IS FITTED FOR BENDING THE BOW
`
`A CRANEQUIN WITH ITS MECHANISM FITTED .
`
`A CROSSBOW HAVING ITS BOw BENT BY A CRANEQUIN
`
`v29
`
`I 32
`
`133
`
`Y 35
`
`136
`
`I-4C
`
`Y + \
`
`I-43
`
`27
`
`

`

`
`
`ILLUSTRATIONS
`
`CRANEQUIN (FRENCH, END OF FIFTEENTH CENTURY), WITH METAL LOOP FOR STOCK
`
`AND COGS ON UPPER SURFACE OF RATCHET BAR .
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`--
`
`IMPROVED CRANEQUIN (GERMAN, SIXTEENTH CENTURY)
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`A CROSSBOWMAN WITH A STONEBOW
`
`.
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`--
`
`From a Natural History of Birds," by G. Pietro Olina, 1622.
`
`XV11
`
`Pace
`
`I44
`
`I44
`
`147
`
`SPANISH CROSSBOWMEN WITH CRANEQUINS AND GOAT'S-FOOT LEVERS .
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`151
`
`From an Album containing specimens of Spanish soldiery, by Count de Clonard, Madrid, 1861.
`
`A CROSSBOWMAN WITH A STONEBOW
`
`-
`
`From a "Natural History of Birds," by G. Pietro Olina, 1622.
`
`SHOOTING BIRDS AT NIGHT WITH A STONEBOW .
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`From a 'Natural History of Birds," by G. Pietro Olina, 1622.
`
`153
`
`156
`
`A SIXTEENTH-CENTURY STONEBOW WHICH WAS BENT BY HAND
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`--
`
`I57
`
`THE PARTS OF THE LOCK OF THE PRIMITIVE STONEBOW, ITS SIGHTS AND THE MANNER
`
`OF Fixing THE BOW TO THE STOCK.
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`158
`
`THE PARTS OF THE LOCK OF THE PRIMITIVE STONEBOW AS FITTED INTO THE STOCK
`
`I59
`
`STONEBOW WITH A LEVER FIXED IN ITS STOCK (SEVENTEENTH CENTURY) .
`
`-
`
`STONEBOW WITH A LEVER FIXED IN ITS STOCK (END OF SEVENTEENTH CENTURY) .
`
`.
`
`.
`
`SMALL TARGET AND SPORTING CROSSBOW AND ITS WOODEN LEVER (GERMAN, END OF
`
`SEVENTEENTH CENTURY).
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`161
`
`162
`
`165
`
`-
`
`|
`
`|
`
`|
`
`A SMALL SPORTING CROSSBOW BEING STRUNG BY ITS WOODEN LEVER .
`
`-
`
`THE BOLT WITH FOUR FEATHERS USED WITH THE SPORTING CROSSBOW
`
`.
`
`-
`
`.
`
`.
`
`SIXTEENTH-CENTURY CROSSBow—LOCK AS IT APPEARS BEFORE THE BOw-STRING is
`
`STRETCHED TO THE NOTCH IN THE STOCK .
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`167
`
`168
`
`17o
`
`THE BOW-STRING SECURELY HELD IN THE NOTCH IN THE STOCK BY THE TOP OF THE
`
`CATCH
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`17o
`
`SURFACE VIEW OF THE STOCK, WITH THE BOW-STRING SECURED BY THE CATCH OF
`
`THE LOCK AND THE BOLT IN POSITION
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`THE LOCK COCKED
`
`"HE EFFECT OF PULLING THE TRIGGER to disch ARGE THE crossbow .
`
`-
`
`.
`
`"HE LOCK OF A sixtEENTH-cENTURY sporting crossbow of LARGE size
`
`-
`
`.
`
`-
`
`I71
`
`171
`
`172
`
`173
`
`THE CONSTRUCTION AND MANAGEMENT OF CROSSBows (continued): MODERN
`
`PART III
`
`C
`
`ROSSBOw-SHOOTING AT THE BIRD AS NOW PRACTISED IN SAXONY
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`176
`
`THE ENGLISH BULLET CROSSBOW
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`.
`
`178
`
`TH
`
`* STRING ON THE CAtch of the Lock AND THE LEver HINGED FORWARD READy
`
`TO BEND THE Bow
`
`*ENDING THE crossbow -
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`180
`
`182
`
`THE
`
`*SBOW WITH Its Bow BENT AND READy to be AIMED AND DISCHARGED .
`
`.
`
`183
`
`THE BASTARD striNG AND ITS CLAMPS
`
`184
`
`
`
`28
`
`

`

`XV111
`
`-
`
`THE CROSSBOW
`
`THE CLAMPS FOR THE B.A.S.T.ARD STRING OF THE ENGLISH BULLET CROSSBow
`
`THE CROSSBOW BENT SUFFICIENTLY BY THE BAST.ARD STRING FOR THE SKEIN OR
`
`BOW-STRING TO BE FITTED TO IT
`
`HOW TO FIX A BASTARD STRING TO A LIGHT STEEL BOW
`
`THE SKEIN OF THE BOW-STRING
`
`PAGE
`
`185
`
`186
`
`187
`
`188
`
`ONE END OF THE SKEIN ON ITS PEG ; SIDE AND SURFACE VIEW
`
`-
`
`-
`
`189
`
`FITTING THE SKEIN OVER THE ENDS OF THE BOW WHEN THE LATTER IS SU FFICIENTLY
`
`BENT BY THE B.A.STARD STRING FOR THIS PURPOSE
`
`A CROSS-TREE
`
`ONE OF THE CROSS-TREES IN POSITION IN THE BOW-STRING
`
`ONE OF THE ENDS OF THE BOW-STRING
`
`THE PIECE OF ROUND WOOD AS HELD BY THE FINGERS AG.AINST THE BOW-STRING:
`
`SIDE AND SURFACE VIEW .
`
`190
`
`190
`
`191
`
`191
`
`THE PIECE OF WOOD WITH THE LOOPS FORMED ON IT : SIDE AND SURFACE VIEW
`
`-
`
`192
`
`THE PIECE OF WOOD T.AKEN AWAY AND THE LOOPS. W. R.APPEL) WITH SILK :
`
`SIDE AND
`
`SURFACE VIEW
`
`-
`
`THE LOOPS WRAPPED WITH WHIPCORD : SIDE AND SURF.ACE VIEW .
`
`THE LOOP FINISHED
`
`THE LEATHER POCKET FITTED TO THE LOOP : FRONT .\ND B.ACK VIEW .
`
`SECTION OF LOOP AND LEATHER POCKET WITH BULLET IN POSITION IN THE POCKET
`
`THE BOW-STRING AS IT SHOULD APPEAR WHEN FINISHED : FRONT VIEW .
`
`THE PIECES OF THE LOCK
`
`THE LOCK WITH ITS WORKING AND OTHER PARTS FITTED, AND ONE OF THE
`
`SIDE-PLATES OF ITS CASING REMOVED TO SHOW THE INTERIOR ACTION OF THE
`
`LOCK
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`THE FRAME OF THE FORE-SIGHT, WITH ITS SMALL SKEIN OF
`
`THREAD STRETCHED
`
`BETWEEN TWO METAL RINGS
`
`-
`
`-
`
`THE FORE-SIGHT, WITH THE SIGHTING BEAD ON ITS SKEIN
`
`THE BACK-SIGHT
`
`LARGE CONTINENTAL TARGET CROSSBOW : SIDE VIEW .
`
`LARGE CONTINENTAL TARGET CROSSBOW
`
`THE FORE-SIGHT.
`
`-
`
`LARGE CONTINENTAL TARGET CROSSBOW BEING BENT BY ITS GO.AT’S-FOOT LEVER .
`
`THE BELGIAN TARGET CROSSBOW
`
`PERSPECTIVE VIEW OF THE CATCH FOR THE BOW-STRING
`
`THE PARTS OF THE LOCK AS FITTED INSIDE THE STOCK OF THE CROSSBOW
`
`THE LOCK WITH THE FINGERS OF THE CATCH HOOKED OVER THE STRETCHED BOVV"
`
`STRING
`
`-
`
`192
`
`192
`
`193
`
`193
`
`193
`
`193
`
`195
`
`196
`
`197
`
`198
`
`198
`
`2O1
`
`~~~
`
`2O4
`
`2O8
`
`2 I r
`
`- - -
`
`29
`
`

`

`
`
`ILLUSTRATIONS
`
`
`
`THE CATCH SEPARATE FROM THE LOCK AND THE PROJECTION THAT FORMS PART
`
`OF IT .
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`SURFACE VIEW OF THE SMALL LOCK AND ITS SPRINGS
`
`THE FORE-SIGHT
`
`THE METAL LEVER FOR BENDING THE BOW
`
`THE LEVER ExTENDED READY FOR USE.
`
`BENDING THE BOW OF THE BELGIAN TARGET CROSSBOW
`
`THE TARGET-SHOOTING BOLT FOR THE BELGIAN CROSSBOW
`
`SECTION OF THE BARREL OF A BULLET-SHOOTING BELGIAN CROSSBOW
`
`BULLET CROSSBOW WITH A BARREL
`
`METHOD OF FASTENING THE BOw. TO THE STOCK BY A METAL SCREw-STRAP.
`
`Pac-E
`
`212
`
`212.
`
`213
`
`215
`
`216
`
`217
`
`218
`
`219
`
`22O.
`
`221
`
`PENDANT OF A COLLAR PRESENTED TO COMPANY OF CROSSBOWMEN OF ENKHUIZEN
`
`222
`
`THE COMPANY OF ST. GEORGE
`
`.
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`After a Fresco in an ancient Chapel of St. John and St. Paul at Ghent.
`
`From L-4. Deſaunay, 1879.
`
`MEDAL OF THE GRAND Association of CRossBow MEN OF BRUSSELS, 1560
`
`From L-4. Delaunay, 1879.
`
`SHOOTING AT THE POPINJAY
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`*rom an Illustrated Manuscript of about 1320 in the British Museum, reproduced by J. Strutt in
`
`Sports and
`
`Partimes of the People of England,' 1801.
`
`-
`
`CHARLES II. OF ENGLAND visiting THE COMPANY OF CRossbow MEN OF ST. GEORGE
`
`AT BRUGES .
`
`223
`
`224
`
`225
`
`226
`
`
`
`"ainted by Eugène Legendre, and now at Bruges.
`
`From 1-A. Delaunay, 1879.
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`PORTRAIT OF A KING of the BIRD of the company of St. GEORGE AT BRUssels
`
`(SEVENTEENTH CENTURY).
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`*rom 1-4. Delaunay, 1879.
`
`*PAL CAST TO COMMEMORATE THE success of the INFANTA is ABELLA with the
`
`CROSSBOW IN 1615
`
`From L-4. Delaunay, 1879.
`
`* STONE CAPITAL of A pillar in the church of st. SERNIN AT Toulouse
`
`From L-4. Delaunay, 1879.
`
`CROSSBow SHOOTING AT DRESIDEN IN 1612
`
`After J. Kellerthaler.
`
`THE DRESDEN BIRD
`
`PRESIDEN cRoss-Bow. BOLT (KRONENBOLZEN) .
`
`SI
`
`DE VIEw of THE CHINESE REPEATING CROSSBow
`
`-------
`
`---
`
`SURF.
`
`º * 9. THE CHINESE REPEATING crossbow, showing the opening at
`
`----
`
`-
`
`THE TOP OF ITS MAGAZINE
`
`THE A
`
`*10N OF THE TRIGGER of the chinese REPEATING CROSSBOW
`
`-
`
`- “L-L-L-
`
`THE
`
`*TION OF THE CHINEse REPEATING CROSSBOW
`
`-
`
`THE MAG,
`* of THE CHINESE REPEATING crossbow with its sides R.E.Moved
`
`*Row THRowing
`
`PART OF THE
`HE HEAD-END; OF THE CENTRE; AND OF THE BUTT-END OF A HAZEL ARRow
`
`227
`
`228
`
`23o
`
`231
`
`235
`
`236
`
`238
`
`238
`
`239
`
`240
`
`242
`
`245
`
`246
`
`
`
`30
`
`

`

`XX
`
`THE CROSSBOW
`
`PART IV
`
`ANCIENT AND MEDIAEVAL SIEGE ENGINES
`
`A TREBUCHET OR SLING ENGINE
`
`From l'alturius, Edition of 1472.
`
`THE CAPTURE OF A FORTRESS
`
`From Polybius, Edition of 1727.
`
`page
`
`249
`
`A SPRING ENGINE WITH A SLING LIKE THAT OF A TREBUCHET ATTACHED TO ITS
`
`ARM, WHICH CAST TWO STONES AT THE SAME TIME.
`
`252
`
`From ‘Al Codice Atlantico," Leonardo da Vinci, 1445–1520.
`
`A TREBUCHET WITH ITS ARM WOUND DOWN BY MEANS OF LARGE HOLLOW WHEELS
`
`WITH MEN WORKING INSIDE THEM ON THE PRINCIPLE OF THE TREADMILL
`
`From Viollet-le-Duc, Dictionnaire raisonné de l'Architecture, Paris, 1861.
`
`A FORTIFIED TOWN BEING BOMBARDED BY A CATAPULT
`
`From Polybius, Edition of 1727.
`
`A SIEGE
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`From Polybius, Edition of 1727.
`
`A SMALL CATAPULT ON WHEELS FOR USE AS LIGHT FIELD ARTILLERY
`
`From Polybius, Edition of 1727.
`
`A SIEGE CROSSBOW IN THE FORM OF AN IMMENSE STONEBOW
`
`From ‘Il Codice Atlantico," Leonardo da Vinci, 1445–1520.
`
`A BALISTA FOR THROWING LARGE STONES
`
`From Vegetius, Edition of 1607.
`
`A SIEGE CATAPULT
`
`-
`
`From Polybius, Edition of 1727.
`
`A STATIONARY BALISTA FOR USE IN A SIEGE .
`
`From Polybius, Edition of 1727.
`
`CASTING A DEAD HORSE INTO A BESIEGED TOWN BY MEANS OF A TREBUCHET
`
`From 'Il Codice Atlantico, Leonardo da I inci, 1445–1520.
`
`A TREBUCHET ON WHEELS
`
`From Père Daniel, Edition of 1721.
`
`BESIEGING A FORTIFIED Town witH A BATTERY OF CAT.APULTS AND BALIST.AS
`
`From Polybius, Edition of 1727.
`
`A SIEGE CATAPULT
`
`From an Illustrated Manuscript, Fifteenth Century (No. 7239), Bibl. Nat., Paris.
`
`THE SURFACE VIEW OF THE FRAMEWORK, THE ARM, AND THE SKEIN CF TVISTED
`
`258
`
`262
`
`264
`
`27.4
`
`277
`
`CORD OF A CATAPULT
`
`-
`
`-
`
`SIDE W IEW OF THE CATAPULT
`
`-
`
`-
`
`THE FRONT END OF THE CATAPULT
`
`THE AFTER END OF THE CATAPULT
`
`THE WINCHES OF THE CATAPULT
`
`A SIEGE CATAPULT
`
`-
`
`From Polybius, Edition of 1727.
`
`31
`
`

`

`ILLUSTRATIONS
`
`THE SKEIN OF CORD IN VARIOUS STAGES .
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`xxi
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`PAGE
`
`293
`
`THE METAL SLIP-HOOK THAT PULLS DOWN THE ARM AND ALSO RELEASES IT
`
`-
`
`-
`
`294
`
`THE METAL CATCH FOR A SMALL CATAPULT
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
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`295
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`CATAPULT COMPLETED .
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`-
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`-
`
`-
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`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
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`-
`
`-
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`-
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`r
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`A CATAPULT FOR FIELD SERVICE
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.298
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`299
`
`From Pºollet-le-Duc, Dictionnaire raisonné de l'Architecture, Paris, 1861.
`
`ROMAN BALISTA, WITH ITS BOW-STRING OVER THE CATCH OF THE LOCK AND AN ARROW
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`--
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`3oo
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`ON THE STOCK
`
`.
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`-
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`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
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`-
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`A BALISTA FOR THROwing STONE BALLS
`
`.
`
`-
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`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
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`From Ramelli, Edition of 1588.
`
`FORE-END OF A BALISTA WITHOUT ITS STOCK : FRONT VIEW .
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`FORE-END OF A BALISTA AND ITS STOCK : SIDE VIEW .
`
`-
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`-
`
`-
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`-
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`-
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`-
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`FORE-END OF A BALISTA AND ITS STOCK : SURFACE VIEW
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
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`-
`
`SURFACE AND SIDE VIEWS OF THE STOCK OF A BALISTA
`
`.
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`302
`
`304
`
`305
`
`305
`
`306
`
`.
`
`307
`
`THE CLAWS OF THE WINDLASS of THE BALISTA HookED over THE Bow-striNG .
`
`THE TREBUCHET
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`-
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`-
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`-
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`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
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`-
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`-
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`-
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`-
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`THE ACTION OF THE TREBUCHET .
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
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`-
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`A TREBUCHET WITH ITS ARM BEING wound Down .
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`From Violet-le-Duc, Dictionnaire raisonne de "Architecture, Paris, 1861.
`
`308
`
`31o
`
`3II
`
`THE ARM OF THE TREBUCHET AND ITs countERPoise : FRONT AND SIDE view
`
`--
`
`312
`
`TREBUCHETS THRowing BARRELs Filled witH EARTH IN to the ditch outside A
`
`FORTRESS, SO AS TO ENABLE THE BESIEGERs to PASS over it AND APPLY THEIR
`
`SCALING LADDERS TO THE WALLS
`
`.
`
`-
`
`-
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`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`313
`
`From Ramelli, Edition of 1588.
`
`.
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`.316
`
`A SPRING ENGINE .
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`* Violet-le-Duc, Dictionnaire raisonne de l'A rchitecture, Paris, 1861.
`
`A SPRING ENGINE
`
`.
`
`.
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`317
`
`*rom Vºgetius, Edition of 1607.
`
`**ING ENGINE .
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`sis
`
`From Vegetius, edition of 1607.
`
`CROSSBOWMAN
`
`319
`
`From 'Ancient 7.*Aestries.' A. Jubinal, Paris, 1838.
`
`NOTE BY AUTHOR
`
`... Cºsbows and their details I have drawn chiefly from examples in my own collection, and the
`. Plans of siege engines from large and small models which I have constructed.
`**torial Illustrations from Mediæval books and Manuscripts have been most admirably copied
`.." originals—for subsequent reproduction herein—by Mr. W. Woodrow of the British Museum
`
`--
`
`fro
`
`y.
`
`
`
`32
`
`

`

`
`
`*~2.72
`
`-
`
`xxii
`
`*
`
`HUNTERS WITH CROSSBOWS.
`
`From Tempesta, Antonio, a Florentine painter, b. 1555; d. 1630.
`
`33
`
`

`

`
`
`PART I
`
`THE HISTORY OF THE CROSSBOW
`
`WITH NOTES COMPARATIVE ON
`
`THE LONGBOW, SHORTBOW, AND HANDGUN
`
`CHAPTER
`
`I.
`
`THE Military Crossbow
`
`II.
`
`The Sporting Crossbow
`
`PAGES
`
`3-IO
`
`II-I3
`
`I4-15
`
`16–19
`
`20-3o
`
`3I-37
`
`38–39
`
`40-42
`
`THE GENERAL DIMENsions of Crossbows
`
`-
`
`-
`
`THE Bolts used with Crossbows
`
`The RANGE of the Mediæval Crossbow and how it compared in this
`
`RESPECT WITH THE LONGBow
`
`The Shortbow AND Longbow in Relation to the Crossbow
`
`THE HAND-GUN IN Relation to the Crossbow
`
`SUMMARy of the Development of the Mediæval Hand-gun
`
`III.
`
`IV.
`
`V.
`
`VI.
`
`VII.
`
`VIII.
`
`IX.
`
`A SUMMARy of the History of the Crossbow
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`43-53
`
`
`
`34
`
`

`

`THE NOMENCLATURE OF THE CROSSBOW.
`
`The MEDIAEvaL CRossbow was called by many names, most of which were derived from the
`
`word Balista. The Balista was a great siege engine on wheels that was used by the ancients, and
`
`which in appearance and mechanism resembled a crossbow, though so much larger in size,
`
`Chapter LVII.
`
`THE CROSSBow MAN was KNowN. As —
`
`Arbalista
`
`Arcubalistarius
`
`Arbalistarius
`
`Arcubalistus
`
`Arbalistator
`
`Balistarius
`
`Arbalistanus
`
`Balistrarius
`
`Arbalistrius
`
`Balistrator
`
`THE CROSSBow—
`
`Arbalet
`
`Arbalist
`
`Arblast
`
`Alablaste
`
`Arbalista
`
`Alblast
`
`Arbaliste
`
`Arbelaste
`
`Arcubalist
`
`Arowblaste
`
`Arcubalista
`
`Arblat
`
`Arcubalistus
`
`Arbalestel ”
`
`Manu-balista
`
`CROSSBow SHOOTING—
`
`Arbalestry
`
`Alblastrye
`
`tfº
`
`w
`
`THE NAME OF THE CROSSBOW IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES AT THE PRESENT DAY :
`
`France
`
`| Arbalète
`
`Belgium
`
`Italy—Baléstra
`
`Spain—Ballésta
`
`Germany
`
`Austria |Aminº
`
`Denmark—Flitsbue
`
`Sweden—Armbost
`
`Portugal—Bésta
`
`Norway—Krydsbue
`
`Russia—Samostrel
`
`1 To avoid needless repetition, the names are here spelt with an ‘i,' as Arbalist.
`
`They were, however, just as
`
`commonly spelt with an ‘e,' as Arbalest.
`
`It will be seen that in some cases the same word stands for a Crossbowman and a
`
`Crossbow.
`
`In Mediaeval English the Crossbowman was known as Alblaster, Alblastere, Allblawster, Arbalaster, Arbalister, Arblaster,
`
`Arowblaster, Awlblaster; all these words being corruptions of the Latin.
`
`* In old French, a small crossbow.
`
`35
`
`

`

`
`
`CHAPTER I
`
`THE MILITARY CROSS BOW
`
`
`
`England as a military and sporting arm by
`
`the Norman invaders in Ioë6.
`
`Early in the twelfth century, the construc
`
`tion of this weapon, the bow of which was not
`
`yet formed of steel, was so much improved
`
`that it became very popular in both English
`
`and Continental armies.
`
`The wounds caused by the crossbow in
`
`warfare were, however, considered so barbarous,
`
`FIG. I.-Norman Crossbowmen.
`
`that its use, except against infidels, was inter
`
`From Manuscript of Matthew Paris.
`
`dicted by the second
`
`Lateran
`
`Council,
`
`in
`
`1139, under penalty of an anathema, as a
`
`weapon hateful to God and unfit for Christians.
`
`This prohibition was con
`
`firmed, at the close of the same century, by Pope Innocent III.
`
`Conrad III. of
`
`Germany, 1138– 152, also forbad the crossbow in his army and kingdom.
`
`The employment of crossbowmen, nevertheless, again became common
`
`in English and Continental armies in the reign of Richard I.,
`
`I 189–1199,
`
`and the death