`
`
`
`TREASURY DEPARTMENT
`
`
`PUBLIC HEALTH
`REPORTS
`
`ISSUED WEEKLY
`BY THE
`
`UNITED STATES, PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
`
`
`CONTAINING INFORMATION ON THE CURRENT
`PREVALENCE OF DISEASE, THE PREVENTION
`AND CONTROL OF DISEASE, AND
`RELATED SUBJECTS
`
`
`
`Page 1 of 38
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`VOLUME 43—PART 1
`NUMBERS 1-26
`
`JANUARY-JUNE, 1928
`
`#3
`
`UNITED STATES
`GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
`WASHINGTON
`1928
`
`Elysium Health Exhibit 1015
`Page 1 of 38
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`DDITIONAL COPIES
`OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM
`THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS
`U.S.GOVERNMENTPRINTING OFFICE
`WASHINGTON, D, C.
`AT
`5 CENTS PER COPY
`
`MO MATTsS MOVs LON
`
`oer
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`
`
`Vennbagi
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`WURKSS
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`Elysium Health Exhibit 1015
`Page 2 of 38
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`PUBLIC HEALTH REPORT
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`VOL. 43
`
`JUNE 8, 1928
`
`NO. 23
`
`A STUDY OF THE BLACKTONGUE-PREVENTIVE ACTION
`OF 16 FOODSTUFFS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE
`Bes OF BLACKTONGUE OF DOGS AND PELLAGRA
`
`F MAN
`
`.
`
`Page
`Page
`InneGideaeeee T38058|FE13 Qe|tee Nee ee rec ewrer 1424
`Methods and criteria_.___-
`‘
`133Agl@
`POLK livotece. _ tyeees oaeen 1428
`
`
`Maize (aud cornstarch)__
`Canned salmon
`1420
`
`Wheat:
`Hee yolk.
`1431
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`Wheat germ __
`Tomatoes
`1434
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`
`Cowpea. __-
`Carrots
`1433
`Og DOME eee eee een
`Hiutlabagas 22.82.) 8 coe
`~
`1443
`
`Relation of blacktongue to pellagra......-...
`Milk ea
`1446
`Summaryand conclusions____
`--
`Butter_.____
`1447
`Ralerences252. 8aTe 1448
`Cod-liveroil
`
`Tables_....____ 2M8 to. oe coe aa 1449
`Cottonseed oil____
`
`
`
`
`and R. D. Linu
`By JosErH GotpperGer and G. A. WHeErer, Surgeons,
`and L. M. Rogers, Passed Assistant Surgeons, United States Public Health
`Service
`
`
`CONTENTS
`
`Some of the results of our study of the problem of an experimental
`animal for pellagra were briefly summarized in a communication
`published two years ago (1), and have been presented in detail in
`two recent publications.
`In the first of
`these Goldberger
`and
`Wheeler (2) reported the production in the dog, by feeding pellagra-
`producing diets, of a pathological condition considered by them to be
`identical with the spontaneously occurring canine disease known to
`American veterinarians as blacktongue.! The clinical resemblance of
`this canine disease to pellagra in man was discussed and was consid-
`ered sostriking as to be, in itself, practically conclusive of the identity
`of these two conditions.
`In harmony with and supporting this view
`was also the suggestion of a common etiology indicated by the success-
`ful production of the canine disease by feeding with pellagra-producing
`diets.
`In the second communication, Goldberger, Wheeler, Lillie,
`and Rogers (3) reported a series of feeding experiments with yeast
`from the results of which they concluded that experimental black-
`tongue is due to a deficiency in diet that is capable of being corrected
`by something present in abundance in yeast. This demonstration of
`the presence of the blacktongue preventive in yeast, a substance in
`which the pellagra preventive (factor P-P) was also known to be
`present in abundance (4), was considered to increase somewhat the
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`June 8, 1928
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`In this connectionitis of interest !to note! that Denton
`conditions.
`(5), in a study of the tissue changes in experimental blacktongue, has
`found that the lesions of the skin, meuth, pharynx, esophagus, and
`colon in the canine disease are very similar to those in pellagra, and
`that histologically the lesions in experimental blacktongue duplicate
`those in pellagra.
`In the body of this report reference will be made to differences
`between certain of the results of our study and those of an apparently
`similar study by Underhill and Mendel (6). The divergence in our
`results is of interest, since we have heretofore considered it highly
`probable that the pathological condition experimentally indueed in
`the dog by Chittenden and Underhill and studied by Underhill and
`Mendel was identical with the experimental condition studied and
`identified by us as blacktongue (2). The extensive report of their
`work (7) which has just come to our attention presents some clinical
`details which not only seem in themselves significant of a difference
`in the two pathological conditions, but also suggest that we had here-
`tofore, perhaps, underestimated the significance of certain otherclin-
`ical differences. Thus we find in this report that a ‘troublesome
`skin rash’ appears to have been commonin the condition with which
`Underhill and Mendel have worked. We have encountered none
`such in our dogs. On the other hand, while we have observed a
`pellagra-like dermatitis of the scrotum in some 40 to 50 per cent of
`attacks in our male dogs, there is no mention of the occurrenceof
`such an eruption in the condition studied by Underhill and Mendel,
`Again, in the condition studied by us—namely, blacktongue—there
`is a definitely marked febrile stage which does not seem to occur in
`the Chittenden-Underhill syndrome studied by Underhill and Men-
`del; for they nowhere make mentionof it, not even intheir fullreport.
`These clinical differences seem to us of such importancethat, in spite
`of the striking clinical similarity in certain other respects, doubt Boy
`arises as to the identity of the Chittenden-Underhill ‘pellagra-like’
`syndrome. Until this doubt is definitely resolyed one wayor another,
`it would seem premature to discuss, and we therefore do not atone
`to discuss, the differences between the results reported by Underhill
`and Mendel and those recorded by ourselves in the present and in a
`preceding communication (3).
`surat
`In the present communication we present some further rae
`our study of experimental blacktongue. These results deal with t ne
`blacktongue preventive potency of certain selected toesieee ie i
`number, with special reference to the relation of experimenta black:
`
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`1387
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`June 8, 1928
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`METHODS AND CRITERIA
`The general methods of caring for and feeding our experimental
`animals haye already been deseribed (2) (3). We may recall, how-
`ever, that the experimental diets were, as a rule, freshly prepared each
`day. The daily allowance of food was, in general, intended to be no
`more than enough for the maintenance of normal body weight. An
`exception was made in the case of young growing animals, to which
`more than this allowance wasoffered.
`It may be recalled, too, that
`it has been our practice to use our dogs repeatedly with or without
`intermediate periods of stock feeding as might be demanded by the
`purposeof the experiment.
`In stock feeding, a definite food mixture
`has been used, principally our diet No. 156,
`the composition and
`evidence of the adequacy of which have been given in a preceding
`comniunication (2),
`In testing for the blacktongue preventive we have employed both
`the curative and the preyentive procedure, singly or in combination.
`Since, as we havein a preceding communication (2), already indicated
`the clinical course of experimental blacktongue, especially in the inva-~
`sional stage, may normally be of an intermittent or relapsing char-
`acter, we attach no significance to a seemingly favorable therapeutic
`result in cases in which the treatment is begun early unless confirmed
`by the results of a preventive test. On the other hand, consistently
`unfavorable results of treatment under such favoring circumstances
`have been considered trustworthy indications of a povertyin orlack
`of the blacktongue preventive, provided that the test dose has been a
`liberal one. Our experience with experimental blacktongue has led
`us to consider the rise in temperature which occurs in the advanced
`stage of the disease as a mark of gravity (2). Only very exceptionally
`does the attack normally remit after this temperature rise has taken
`place. We have, therefore, been disposed to considerclinical recovery
`from the attack (that is, disappearance of all manifestations of the
`disease with recovery of appetite) following treatment begun at this
`advanced grave stage as significant, but have, nevertheless, always
`required confirmation by the preventive test before drawing final
`conclusions with respect
`to the presence of the preventive in the
`substance thus found to be active.
`Isolated cases of the apparent
`failure of treatment underthese unfavorable circumstances have been
`considered as without significance.
`In testing the individual foodstuffs, one, or exceptionally both, of
`two types of test diet have been employed.
`In the first the com-
`ponents other than the foodstuff under investigation are believed to
`
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`4
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`basic diet should be kept in mind in evaluating and comparing the
`indications of preventive potency, since the results yielded by the
`former may probably be considered as due virtually entirely to the
`action of the foodstuff tested, whereas those of the latter must be
`considered as a summation effect due to the combined action. of the
`basic components andof the test foodstuff.
`So far as our data permit, an appraisal has been made of the
`blacktongue preventive potency of each foodstuff.
`In view of the
`lack of a better practicable standard for such purpose, our appraisal
`is simply a judgment, in broad terms, of the preventive adequacyof
`such a quantity as, according to conventional practice, represents
`the daily allowance for an average adult human male.
`:
`The experimental disease in the dog and its diagnosis have been
`describedin a preceding report
`(2); we need recall only that the
`earliest distinctive buccal signs are a vivid red injection of
`the
`mucosa of the floor of the mouth or a peculiar reddening of the
`mucosa of
`the upper lip in the formof bilaterally symmetrical
`patches, or of both. We have considered the first appearance of
`these mouth lesions as marking the beginning of the attack of black-
`tongue. We have conformed to this rule in all cases, even in those
`relatively few instances in which the pellagralike dermatitis of the
`scrotum appeared in advance of the mouth lesions. Thus marked,
`the beginning of the experimental disease, when this is induced by
`feeding our basic diet No. 123 (or certain of its modifications, namely
`diets No. 209, No. 195, and No. 268), is only very exceptionally de-
`layed beyond about 60 days, after the beginning of the feeding 2).
`We have therefore been inclined to consider a very notable Be;
`longation of this period, particularly when manifested in more ce
`one of a group of test animals, as significant of the presence in the
`test diet of the blacktongue preventive in an amount that 4 Sora
`what larger than that presumably contained in our standard basic
`diet.1 Since other factors, not. yet understood, such, for np af
`self-imposed starvation or semistarvation and other Doser
`existing deficiencies or maladjustments of dietary psa? 8) oe
`and probably do influence the duration of what for conspnlenegmn
`be designated as the deprivation period, we have tried
`to e:
`due caution in the interpretation of such indications.
`ontain, we judge,
`-
`"
`7
`1 Our basic experimental diets of the type exemplified by our diet No. me OSyeante aeatualls aint
`a small smountof the blacktongue preventive derived from its magicalioe fof varifiod foodstuffs which,
`
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`1889
`MAIZE
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`Tune8, 1928
`
`The idea that the maize in thediet is in some way concertied in
`the causation of pellagra has, as is well known, been entertained by
`students of that disease almost from the timeof its first recognition,
`It seems to havearisen in part, at least, because maize constituted a
`very large part of the diet of the populations among whom,in the
`Old World, the disease was endemic.
`In the United States, maize
`also is @ conspicuous element in the diet of the population in the
`area where the disease is most prevalent. Both in the Old andin
`the New World, therefore, maize is more or less prominently asso-
`ciated with the occurrence of pellagra. While the extreme position
`of certain zeists that there is no pellagra without maize is now no
`longer tenable, the association is no doubt very common. One is
`justified in concluding, therefore, that maize is very poorin or lacks
`the pellagra preventive.
`In constructing our experimental diets, based as they are on diets
`foundin association with the occurrence of pellagra, maize was from
`the first included as a conspicuous element, The basic dict most
`frequently used by us forthe experimental production of blacktongue
`(diet No. 123, shown in Table 1) contains 400 grams of maize meal
`per 2,400 calorie ration. This is a large amount of cereal, consti-
`tuting as it does two-thirds of the weight of the dry ingredients of
`the diet. Notwithstanding this, however, as has in a preceding com-
`munication (3) already been set forth, dogs fed this diet (ineluding
`certain of its modifications) have developed blacktongue within a
`period which only exceptionally exceeded a duration of about 60
`days. This would indicate that, as measured by the requirements
`of the dog, maize containslittle if any of the blacktongue preveative.
`Incidentally, it may be noted that cornstarch would also appear to
`be very poor or lacking in the blacktongue preventive since, as pre-
`viously reported (3), two dogs fed a diet (No. 281) containing 366
`gramsof cornstarch per 2,400-calorie portion promptly developed the
`The maize meal used in our basic diet No, 123 (including its modi-
`fications) does not, however, represent quite the whole kernel, since
`a small part of the bran is removed by sifting as if for human con-
`sumption.
`It seemed desirable, therefore, to test a meal from which
`nothing had been taken away. But as it did not seemto us probable
`that the difference in the meal represented by the small amount of
`
`disease.
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`June 8, 1928
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`1390
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`EXPERIMENT 1
`
`This was a test of the blacktongue preventive action of whole white
`maize meal which was incorporated in test diets No. 149 and No.
`149A.
`(Table 2.) These diets, which are identical except that the
`butterfat of one is quantitatively replaced by cod-liveroil in the other,
`are a slight modification of a maize diet studied by McCollum, Sim-
`monds, and Pitz (8), and by them considered complete for normal
`growth of the rat to normal adult size, and for that reason selected
`by us for this study. Each contains 450 grams of whole-maize meai
`in a ration ofslightly less than 2,400 calories. Suitable portions of
`one or the other of these diets were offered daily to each of seven test
`animals, dogs 29, 40, 52, 54, 57, 65, and 73.
`Oneof these dogs served
`during two separate periods, so that eight tests in all are to be con-
`sidered. The significant details relating to each of the test animals
`are presented in the following:
`Dog 29.—Male. Acquired May 9, 1923, between which date and January 11,
`1924, served in a number of experiments and suffered four attacks of blacktongue,
`the latest of which began January 7, 1924. On a miseellaneous stock diet from
`January 11 to February 5, 1924.
`February 5, 1924: In good condition; weighs 11.1 kilograms; begins test dict
`No. 149.
`(Table 2.)
`On February 17, 1924, at the end of a period of 12 days, presented the first signs
`of an attack of blacktongue, an injection of the floor of the mouth. Further
`history not relevant.
`Dog 40.--Male. Whelped in the laboratory June 26, 1923, and reared on a
`stock diet. Up to February 20, 1924, served in a number of experiments and
`suffered two attacks of blacktongue, the later one of which began February 19,
`1924. On a stock diet for reconditioning from February 20 to March 11, 1924,
`March It, 1924: In good condition; weighs 9.2 kilograms; begins dict No. 149.
`On April 23, 1924, at the end of a period of 43 days, presented the first signs of
`an attaek of blacktongue, an injection of the floor of the mouth. Weight was
`11 kilograms. Further history not relevant.
`Dog 52.—Biich. Aequired September 25, 1923. Up to February 20, 1924,
`served in a number of experiments andsuffered two attacks of blacktongue, the
`later one of which began February 18, 1924. On a stock diet for reconditioning
`from February 20 to March 11, 1924.
`March 11, 1924: In good condition; weighs 9.7 kilograms; begins test diet No. 149.
`Qn July 31, 1924, at the end of a period of 142 days, presented thefirst signs of an
`attack of blacktongue, an injection of the floor of the mouth. Weighs 10
`kilograms, Further history not relevant.
`Dog 54.—Bitch. Acquired September 25, 1923. Up to January 11, 1924,
`served in a number of experiments and suffered an attack of blacktongue which
`began November 28, 1923. On reconditioning diets from January 11 to March
`25, 1924.
`Im good condition; weighs 8.1 kilograms; begins test diet No.
`March 25, 1924:
`149A.
`(Table 2.)
`:
`On June 5, 1924, at, the end of a period of 72 days, presented the first signs of an
`
`June 8, 1928
`1391
`Dog 67.—Male. Acquired September 25, 1923. Up to January 15, 1924,
`served in a number of experiments and suffered two attacks of blacktongue, the
`latter of which began December 13, 1923. From January 15 to February5, 1924,
`on a miscellaneous stock diet for reconditioning,
`ro 5, 1924: In good condition; weighs 9.7 kilograms; begins test diet
`o. 149.
`On February 23, 1924, at the end of a period of 18 days, presented thefirst signs of
`blacktongue, an injection of the floor of the mouth, of the mueosa of the
`cheeks, and of the anterior faucial pillars. Weighs 10 kilograms. Begins
`reconditioning diet.
`February 25, 1924: Redness of mucosa of the floor and cheeksis less pronotticed.
`February 26, 1924: Redness has practically completely faded. Weighs 9.9
`kilograms.
`March25, 1924: In good condition; weighs 10.1 kilograms; begins test diet No.
`149A.
`On April 11, at the end of a period of 17 days, presented the beginning signs of an
`attack of blacktongue, an injection of the floor of the mouth. Further history
`not relevant.
`:
`Dog 65.—Bitch. Acquired January 28, 1924. Kept on a miscellaneous stock
`diet to February 5, 1924.
`February 5, 1924: In good condition; weights 6.7 kilograms; begins test diet
`No. 149.
`April 22: Weighs 7.7 kilograms.
`OnApril 27, 1924, at the endof a period of 77 days, presented the first signs of an
`attack of blacktongue, a reddening of the mucosa of the floor of the mouth.
`Further history not relevant.
`Onstock diet up to April 1, 1924.
`Dog 73.—Bitch. Acquired March 19, 1924.
`April 1, 1924: In good condition; weighs 7.7 kilograms; begins test diet No. 149A.
`July 8, 1924: Weighs 10.2 kilograms.
`On July12, 1924, or 102 days after beginning the test, this animal presented an
`injection of the mucosa of the floor of the mouth suggestive of a. beginning
`attack of blacktongue. Two days later this was no longer perceptible, nor was
`there any reappearance of signs of blacktongue during a further period of
`observation of 88 days whieh ended August 19, 1924, on which date this
`experiment was discontinued.
`Resulis and conclusions—Six of the seven dogs developed black-
`tongue in from 12 to 142 days after beginning the test. The seventh
`(dog 73) presented evanescent evidence very suggestive but not con-
`clusive of blacktongue at
`the end of a period of 102 days. The
`observation of this animal was discontinued at the end of 140 days,
`so that the possibility is not excluded that a definite attack of black-
`tongue would have developed had the observation period been longer.
`One of the test animals (dog 57) served during two separate periods
`and developed an attack of blacktongue in each. Thus the six
`animals in which definite evidence of blacktongue developed experi-
`enced,
`in all, seven attacks.
`Six of these appeared at the end of
`periods of not over 77 days in duration, and the seventh (dog 52)
`at the end of a period of 142 days.
`
`Page 6 0
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`
`tion period in the latter was but 140 days, suggest, by contrast with
`our experience wilh basie diet No. 123 (including certain of its
`modifications (3)), that the test diets under consideration may have
`possessed slight preventive properties. The difference is not very
`notable and, such as it is, ean not be attributed, altogether at least,
`to the character and increased quantity of the maize, since ono of
`the test diets (No, 149), unlike our standard basic diet (No. 123),
`contained some butter, which, as will presently be seen, while a poor
`source is not entirely devoid of the preventive factor, a fact that was
`not fully appreciated when this experiment was planned.
`This
`experiment is therefore not conclusive, Notwithstanding this, how-
`ever, the evidence quite clearly indicates that, at best, this cereal is
`a very poor source of the blacktongue preventive.
`Reealling the indications of its poverty in or lack of the pellacra
`preventive if would appear that maize, if it contains any, is a poor
`source of the preventive for both blacktongue andpellagra,
`WHEAT
`The important place among the cereals held by wheat and a desire
`to compare it with maize led us to test its blackiongue preventive
`potency. The following experiment was accordingly carried out,
`
`
`
`EXPERIMENT 2
`
`For the present purpose, wheat ground in this laboratory into a
`meal was, without sifting, incorporated in a diet, No. 128, the com-
`position of which is shown in Table 3. This, as may be seen by refer-
`ence to Table 1, is essentially dietNo. 123, the maize moal of which
`has been quantitatively replaced by the ground wheat, of which there
`are, therefore, 400 grams in each 2,400-calorie portion. Some of this
`diet was daily offered to eachof eight test animals—dogs 5, 9, 13,14,
`29, 38, 44, and 47. The significant details relating to each arebriefly
`as follows:
`Dog 6.—Bitch. Acquired November 8, 1921, Hag served in a numberof
`experiments and has suffered two aftaeks of blacktongie, the lnter one of which
`began August 28, 1923. On stock diet from September 8, 1923, to January 29,
`1924, Whelped a litter of seven pups November 25, 1923, six of which sur-
`vived and were weaned in good condition January 17, 1924,
`January 29, 1924: In good condition; begins diet No. 128.
`(Table 3.)
`‘oat
`On August 2, 1924, at the end of a period of 186 days,. presented the a signs
`of blacktongue, a reddening of the mucosa of the cheeks,
`To this bheére Lp
`added on August 3 a reddening of the mucosa of the floor of the euoueh and
`o
`that of the upper lip on the left side. Further history is not paerens bats,
`Dog 9.—Male. Acquired April 1, 1923, Has served in a number o ater
`ments and has suffered four attacks of blacktongue of whichthe latest
`began
`February 12, 1924. On stock diet from February 13, to March 11, 1924.
`
`June 8, 1923
`1393
`On July 31, 1924, at the end of a period of 142 days; presented thefirst signs of an
`attackof blacktongue, a reddened patch on the mucosa of the upper lip, in the
`region of the canines, on each side, and a slight reddening of the mucosa of the
`floor of themouth, Further history ig not relevant.
`Dog 18.—Male. Aequired April 7, 1923, Up to November 28, 1923, served
`in several experiinents and suffered three attacks of blacktongue, of which the
`latest began November 24,1923. On a reconditioning dict from November 28
`to December 11, 1923.
`'
`December 11, 1928: In good condition; begins diet No. 198.
`On February 20, 1924, or af the end of a period of 71 days, presented an injection
`of the floor of the mouth which was slightly more Pronounced the next day,
`February 21, This reddening then persisted without notable change for some
`48 hours, then rapidly faded so that the mouth was normal on February 25.
`On July 11, or at the end of anadditional period of 142 days, presented renewed
`, 4n erythematous pateh on the mucosa of the upper lip
`on eachside in the region of the canines anda slight reddening of the floor of the
`mouth. Vurther history not relevant.
`Dog 14.—Male, Aequired April 7, 1923. Up to November 28, 1923, served
`in several experiments and suffered four attacks of blacktongute, of which the
`latest began October 30,1923. Ona reconditioning diet from November 28 to
`December 11, 1923,
`December 11, 1923: Tp go0d condition; begins diet No, 128,
`
`of the mouth, Purthey history not relevant.
`Dog 29.—Male. Acquired May 9, 1923. Up to November 27, 192
`in several experiments and suffered three att
`3, served
`acks of blacktongue, of which the
`latest began Oetober 18, 1923. On a recon
`ditioning diet from November 27
`to December 11, 1993.
`December11, 1928: In Sood condition; begins diet No. 128.
`On January 7, 1924, at the end of @ period of 27 days, presented the first signs of
`an attack of blacktongue, a reddening of the mucosa of the floor of the mouth,
`Dog 388.—Male, Whelped in the laboratory June 26, 1923. Lp to February
`20, 1924, served in several experiments and suffered two attacks of blacktongue,
`the-seeond one of which began Vebruary 14,1924. Ona reconditioning diet from
`February 20 to March 11, 1924,
`Mareh 11, 1924: In good condition; beging diet No. 128,
`OmJune 24, 1924, at the end of a period of 105 days, presented the first signs
`of an attack of blacktongne, a reddening of the floor of the mouth, Turther
`Dog,44.-—Male, Whelpedin the laboratory June 26, 1923. Upto: December
`27, 1923, served in one experiment and suffered an attack of blacktongue whith
`began October 28, 1923. On a reconditioning diet from December 27, 1923,
`to January 29, 1924.
`January 29, 1924: Tn good condition; begins diet No. 128.
`On August 13, 1924, at the end of a period of 197 days, presented the first signs
`of an attack of blacktongue, reddened patches on the mucosa of the upper
`lip on each side, Further history not relevant,
`Dog 47,.—Male, Acquired August 18, 1923. Up to November28, 1923, served
`in an experiment and suffered an attack of blacktongue, which began September
`28, 1923. Ona reconditioning diet from November 27 to December 20, 1923.
`
`history not relevant,
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`On January 7, 1924, at the end of a period of 18 days, presented the first signs
`Maen dogs 54, 61, 65, 70, 71, 78, 86, 87, and 88. The significant
`of an attack of blacktongue, a reddening of the floor of the mouth. Turther
`etails relating to each are presentedin the following:
`i
`history not relevant.
`here Acquired September 25, 1923. Up to June 17, 1924, served
`Results and conclusions.—Asis ovident, all eight of the test animals
`a experiments and suffered two attacka of blacktongue of which the
`developed blacktongue..It is noteworthy, however, that in but two
`ris e i an ‘ 1924. ae diet for reconditioning from June 17 to
`of the dogs did the attack have its onset at the end of periods shorter
`23,
`1924,
`expermental
`diet, which include
`:
`sl tiki Maceo
`;
`ch included some wheat germ, from,
`than 71 days.
`Infive of the cight animals thefirst signs of the attack
`Greeao = ee one begins wheat-germ diet No. 197.
`(Table 3.)
`made their appearance at the end of periods varying between 105 and
`er
`19,1925, at
`the end of 136 days, this animal
`y
`ight
`|
`197 days—that is, after periods very definitely longer than is the
`ae aiggestive reddening of the mucosa of the floor of the mouth, which bis
`te
`presented a slight }
`4
`rule in the case of dogs fed diet No. 123. This delay in the develop-
`ss a as no longer perceptible 24 hours later. No further evidence miggoctsYh
`ment of the disease would appearto indicate that diet No. 128 had
`= parescheeared during the remainder of the pertod of observation mhioh
`exercised appreciable but incomplete blacktongue preventive action
`ended May 26, 1926.
`Tn good condition at the end of one year
`th
`te
`pes
`¥y
`on
`the wheat
`and, therefore, that whole wheat contains the blacktongue preven tive,
`Dog 61—Male. Whel
`i
`but in small amount. Compared with the result of the experiment
`-
`petl in the laboratory November 4, 1923,
`7
`ae _ served inone experiment andsuffered one attack of meektbiighetick
`with whole maize, the outcome of the test of whole wheat suggests
`Sars sre 32s On reconditioning diet from May 27 to July 23 1924
`that this is probably a slightly better source of the blacktongue
`a
`July
`23, 1924, to May 26; 1925, on an experimental diet, which i
`if I
`considerable amount of wheat germ.
`sehgl
`preventive than is the maize.
`eee 26, siete In. good condition; begins wheat-germ diet No, 197
`WHEAT GERM
`at canbe 5, 1926, or at the end of a period of 224 days, there ers noted the
`3 8 weia ee attack of hlacktongue, which ended in death on Janvary20 1 926
`* og
`:
`itch. Acquired January 28, 1924, Up to May 27, 1924 sevyvedI
`Feetaeaoe es an attack of blacktongue, Onstock dietfor reron-
`oning
`irom May 27'to July 23,1924, On an experi
`al
`di
`iol
`dnthudd
`Miia germ fromJuly 23, 1924, to May26, 1925 Neee
`ay 26, 1925: In good condition: be i
`2
`i
`i
`197
`)
`gins wheat-germ diet No.
`3
`:
`g
`et
`No, 197,
`;
`€ ee aa at the end of 253 days, this animal presented a slight but
`; ae sie reddening of the mucosa of the floor of the mouth and of the che kk
`wi mn
`» however, had completely faded 24 hours later. Noturther evidence n
`aeainineieeesrpssee during theremainderof theperiadof haeesaon
`th
`ended May £
`iti
`ee ee F
`In good condition at the end of one year on the
`Dog 70.—Male. Whelped in the laho
`if
`E
`oratory November 25, 1923. Up to
`May
`Iped
`|
`:daqiheocesM6 and suffered an attack of binehtania ye
`13,
`May
`|
`On stoek diet for revenditionin
`14
`to
`J
`1924.
`3
`:
`Ba
`i
`b
`:
`;
`g from May 14 to
`:
`eat ) On an experimental diet, which included wheat gern frei Jul aie a
`o May 26, 1925.
`,
`¥ 23, 1924,
`one
`1925: In good condition; begins wheat-germdiet No. 197,
`oe ee aa i 1925, or at the end of a period of 112 days, presented the first
`: os . - a of hlacktongue, reddened lesions on the niucosn of the upper
`P Opposite
`the canines, and an injection of the floor of the mouth
`Further
`ustory not-relevant,
`inie
`ee erein the laboratory November 25, 1923.
`Reared on
`‘eHancous stock diets.
`nan experi
`bal
`di
`hich
`in
`led when
`gi
`feaah aly We toe ioe ee imental diet, which ineluded wheat germ,
`ae 26, 1028: Bh good condition; begins wheat-germ diet No, 197
`‘ay 26, ‘me Completes one year on the wheat-germ diet im good condition: has
`Renee 7 ee evidence of blacktongue durin2 the year
`
`the blacktongue-preventive action of ether-
`This was a test of
`extracted wheat germ. The wheat germ was a commercial product
`from which we had extracted the fat by percolation with ether
`(U. S. P.) at air temperature.’
`It was incorporated: in a diet, No.
`197,
`the composition of which is shown in Table 4. As may be
`seen, each 2,400 calorie portion contains 180 grams of the extracted
`germ.
`It may be noted, too, that it contains a considerable amount
`of cornstarch; notably less, however, as was noted in the preceding
`section in connection with maize, than has been found to be lacking
`in appreciable blacktongue-preventive action. This diet is some-
`what similar to ourbasic diet No. 123 (Table 1), from whichit differs
`notably, however,
`in that the wheat germ and the starch of
`the
`former completely replace the corn meal and cowpeas of the latter.
`
`June8, 1928
`
`1394
`
`While the preceding experiment with whole wheat was under way,
`tests were made of the blacktongue-producing potency of a number
`of diets in which were included varying amounts of commercial
`wheat germ as a source of “vitamin B.”” The results of one of these
`tests which happened to be with a diet that included an unusually
`large quantity of the wheat germ, suggested rather strongly that this
`germ might possess definite blacktongue-preventive action. This
`led us to carry out the following experiment:
`
`EXPERIMENT 3
`
`26,
`
`
`
`Elysium Health Exhibit 1015
`Page 8 of 38
`
`

`

`
`
`June 8, 1928
`
`1396
`
`On August 11, 1925, at the endof a period of 77 days, presented the first signs of
`an attack of blacktongue, which ended in death during the night of August
`22-23, 1925.
`Dog 86.—Bitch. Whelpedin the laboratory October 12, 1924, On stock diet
`to April 28, 1925.
`Irom April 28 to May 26, 1925, on an experimental dict which
`included wheat germ.
`(
`May 26, 1925:
`In good condition; begins wheat-germdiet No. 197.
`On December 27, 1925, at the end of 215 days, presented a suggestive reddening
`of the mucosa of the floor of the mouth which gradually faded during the suc-
`ceeding 48 hours. Presented no other evidence of blacktongue at any time
`during a further period of observation which ended May 26, 1926.
`In good
`condition at the close of the year on the wheat-germdiet.
`Dog 87.—Bitch. Whelped in the laboratory October 12, 1924. Onstock diet
`up to April 28, 1925. From April 28 to May 26, 1925, on an experimental diet
`which included wheat germ,
`:
`May26, 1925: In good condition; beging wheat-germdiet No. 197.
`May 26, 1926: Completes one year on the wheat-germdiet.
`Is in good condi-
`tion. Has presented no recognizable evidence of blacktongue at any time dur-
`ing this feeding period.
`:
`Dog 88.—Male. Whelped in the laboratory October 12, 1924. On stock dict
`to April 28, 1925. From April 28 to May 26, 1925, o