`

`PILBLIC HEALTH REPORTS
`
`'VDL. 43
`N0. 23
`JUNE 8, 1928
`
`A STUDY OF THE BLACKTONGUE-PREVENTIVE ACTION
`OF 16 FOODSTUFFS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE
`IDENTITY 0F BLACKTONGUE OF DOGS AND PELLAGRA
`OF MAN
`
`and R. D. LiLLIE
`By Josnpn Gonnnnnoss and G. A. WHEELER, Surgeons,
`and L. M. Rocnns, Passed Assistant Surgeons, Untied States Public Health
`Service
`
`
`CONTENTS
`
`Introduction .............................. . _
`Methods and 'criteria. _
`_
`Maize (and cornstarch).
`
`_
`Wheat_______,.___._____
`
`_
`Wheat germ__.._..
`Cow iea ______________ - -
`_ -
`
`_
`can _____________ _ _
`Soy
`Milk .... __
`
`
`Butter..."
`__
`Cod—Iiver oil _______________________________ _ _
`Cottonseed oi] _____________________________ __
`
`
`
`Page
`Page
`142-1
`1385
`Beef....................................... _ _
`1428
`138?
`Pork liver _________________________________ . .
`1430
`1339
`Canned salmon ____________________________ ._
`1431
`1392
`Egg yolk __________________________________ _.
`1434
`1394 Tomatoes...
`....____..-
`
`1438
`Carrots _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
`_ _ _ _ , . _ _ _ _ . . _ . . . _ _ -
`1397
`1443
`Rutahagas ____________________________. _
`1400
`__ _
`Relation of blacktongue to pen-Agra"-..
`.._ 1446
`1402
`
`Summary and conclusions _______________ ,_
`1405
`1447
`References_________________________________ __
`1420
`1448
`1422
`Tables _____________________________________ ._
`1449
`
`
`Some of the results of our study of the problem of an experimental
`animal for pellagra were briefly summarized in a communication
`published two years ago (1), and have been presented in detail in
`two recent publications.
`In the first of
`these Goldberger and
`Wheeler (2) reported the production in the dog, by feeding pellagra-
`producing diets, of a pathological condition considered by them to be
`identical with the spontaneously occurring canine disease known to
`American veterinarians as blacktongue.I The clinical resemblance of
`this canine disease to pellagra in man was discussed and was consid-
`ered so striking as to be, in itself, practically conclusive of the identity
`of these two conditions.
`In harmony with and supporting this view
`was also the suggestion of a common etiology indicated by the success-
`ful production of the canine disease by feeding with pcllagra-produeing
`diets.
`In the second communication, Goldberger, Wheeler, Lillie,
`and Rogers (3) reported a series of feeding experiments with yeast
`from the results of which they concluded that experimental black—
`tongue is due to a deficiency in diet that is capable of being corrected
`by something present in abundance in yeast. This demonstration of
`the presence of the blacktongue preventive in yeast, a substance in
`which the pellagra preventive (fact-or P-P) was also known to be
`present in abundance (4), was considered to increase somewhat the
`probability that blacktongue and pcIlagra are fundamentally identical
`
`I Synonyms: Stuttgart dog epizootic; typhus dcr Ilunde [dog typhoid); typhus of dogs; gastroenteritis
`hemorrhagica; southern canine plague: sore mouth of dogs.
`
`lo-isso°—28—~1
`
`(1385)
`
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`June a, 1923
`
`1386
`
`conditions.
`
`In this connection it is of interest to note that Danton
`
`(5)., in a study of the tissue changes in experimental biacktongue, has
`found that the lesions of the shin, mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and
`colon in the canine disease are very similar to those in pellagra, and
`that histologically the lesions in experimental blacktongue duplicate
`those in pellagra.
`In the body of this report reference will be made to differences
`between certain of the results of Our study and those of an apparently
`similar study by Underhill and Mendel (6). The divergence in our
`results is of interest, since we have heretofore considered it highly
`probable that the pathological condition experimentally induced in
`the dog by Chittenden and Underhill and studied by Underhill and
`Mendel was identical with the experimental condition studied and
`identified by us as blacktongue (2). The extensive report of their
`work (7) which has just come to our attention presents some clinical
`details which not only seem in themselves significant of a difference
`in the two pathological conditions, but aiso suggest that We had here-
`tofore, perhaps, underestimated the significance of certain other clin-
`ical differences. Thus we find in this report that a “troublesome
`skin rash ” appears to have been common in the condition with which
`Underhill and Mendel have worked. We have encountered none
`
`such in our dogs. On the other hand, while we have observed a
`pellagra-like dermatitis of the scrotum in semc 40 to 50 per cent of
`attacks in our male dogs, there is no mention of the occurrence of
`such an eruption in the condition studied by Underhill and Mendel.
`Again, in the condition studied by us—namely, blacktongue—there
`is a definitely marked febrile stage which does not seem to occur in
`the Chi‘tt-enden-Underhill syndrome studied by Underhill and Men-
`del; for they nowhere make mention of it, not even in their full report.
`These clinical differences seem to us of such importance that, in spite
`of the striking clinical similarity in certain other respects, doubt now
`arises as to the identity of the Chittenden-Underhill “pellagra-like”
`syndrome. Until this doubt is definitely resolved one way or another,
`it would seem premature to discuss, and we therefore do not attempt
`to discuss, the differences between the results reported by Underhill
`and Mendel and those recorded by ourselves in the present and in a
`preceding communication (3).
`In the present communication we present some further results of
`our study of experimental blacktonguc. These results deal with the
`blacktongue preventive potency of certain select-ed foodstuffs, 16 in
`number, with special reference to the relation of experiment-3.1 black-
`tongue of dogs to peliagra of man.
`
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`1387
`
`Jane a 1923
`
`METHODS AND CRITERIA
`
`The general methods of caring for and feeding our experimental
`animals have already been described (2) (3).
`“We may recall, how-
`ever, that the experimental diets were, as a rule, freshly prepared each
`day. The daily allowance of food was, in general, intended to be no
`more than enough for the maintenance of normal body weight. An
`exception was made in the case of young growing animals, to which
`more than this allowance was offered.
`It may be recalled, too, that
`it has been our practice to use our dogs repeatedly with or without
`intermediate periods of stock feeding as might he demanded by the
`purpose of the experiment.
`In stock feeding, a definite food mixture
`has been used, principally our diet No. 156, the composition and
`evidence of the adequacy of which have been given in a preceding
`communication (2).
`In testing for the blacktongue preventive we have employed both
`the curative and the preventive precedure, singly or in cernbination.
`Since, as we have in a preceding communication (2), already indicated
`the clinical course of experimental blacktongue, especially in the inva—
`sional stage, may normally be of an intermittent or relapsing char-
`acter, we attach no significance to a seemingly favorable therapeutic
`result in cases in which the treatment is begun early unless confirmed
`by the results of a preventive test. 0n the other hand, consistently
`unfavorable results of treatment under such favoring circun'istances
`have been considered trustworthy indications of a poverty in or lack
`of the blacktongue preventive, provided that the test dose has been a
`liberal one. Our experience with experimental blacktongue has led
`us to consider the rise in temperature which occurs in the advanced
`stage of the disease as a mark of gravity (2). Only very exceptionally
`does the attack normally remit after this temperature rise has taken
`place.
`“To have, therefore, been disposed to consider clinical recovery
`from the attack (that is, disappearance of all manifestatiOns of the
`disease with recovery of appetite) following treatment begun at this
`advanced grave stage as significant, but have, nevertheless, always
`required confirmatiOn by the preventive test before drawing final
`conclusions with respect
`to the presence of the preventive in the
`substance thus found to be active.
`Isolated cases of the apparent
`failure of treatment under these unfavorable circumstances have been
`
`considered as without significance.
`In testing the individual foodstuffs, one, or exceptionally both, of
`two types of test diet have been employed.
`In the first the com-
`ponents other than the foodstuff under investigation are believed to
`have centributed none or but an insignificant amount of the black-
`tongue preventive; in the second, some, at least, of the basic com-
`ponents may have centributed or probably did contribute a sub—
`stantial quota of
`the preventive. This difference in character of
`
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`June 3,1923
`
`1388
`
`basic diet should be kept in mind in evaluating and comparing the
`indications of preventive potency, since the results yielded by the
`former may probably be considered as due virtually entirely to the
`action of the foodstuff tested, whereas those of the latter must be
`considered as a summation effect due to the combined action of the
`basic components and of the test foodstuff.
`So far as our data permit, an appraisal has been made of the
`blacktonguc preventive potency of each foodstuff.
`In view of the
`lack of a better practicable standard for such purpose, our appraisal
`is simply a judgment, in broad terms, of the preventive adequacy of
`such a quantity as, according to conventional practice, represents
`the daily allowance for an average adult human male.
`The experimental disease in the dog and its diagnosis have been
`described in a preceding report
`(2); we need recall only that the
`earliest distinctive buecal signs are a vivid red injection of
`the
`mucoaa of the floor of the mouth or a peculiar reddening of
`the
`mucosa of
`the upper lip in the form of bilaterali}r symmetrical
`patches, or of both. We have considered the first appearance of
`these mouth lesions as marking the beginning of the attack of black-
`tongue. We have conformed to this rule in all cases, even in those
`relatively few instances in which the peilagralike dermatitis of the
`scrotum appeared in advance of the mouth lesions. Thus marked,
`the beginning of the experimental disease, when this is induced by
`feeding our basic diet No. 123 (or certain of its modifications, namer
`diets No. 209, No. 195, and No. 268), is only very exceptionall}r de-
`layed beyond about 60 days after the beginning of the feeding (2).
`Vile have therefore been inclined to consider a very notable pro-
`longation of this period, particularly when manifested in more than
`one of a group of test animals, as significant of the presence in the
`test diet of the blaclrtongue preventive in an amount that is some—
`what larger than that presumably contained in our standard basic
`diet.1 Since other factors, not yet understood, such, for instance, as
`sell-imposed starvation or semistarvation and other possibly co-
`existing deficiencies or maladjustments of dietary essentials, ma}r
`and probably do influence the duration of what for convenience may
`be designated as the deprivation period, we have tried to exercise
`due caution in the interpretation of such indications.
`
`1 Our basic experimental diets of the type exemplified by our diet No. 123 (Table 1) contain, we judge,
`a small amount of the blacktengue preventive derived from its natural—food components, principally corn
`meal and cowpeas. We have the impression that the “synthetic” type ofdict ef'purifled foodstuffs which,
`presumably, is entirely free of the blacktong-ue preventive, is not w satisfactory an experimental diet, prin-
`cipally because 0! a more unfavorable effect on appetite leading to earlier and more marked self-imposed
`starvation or semistarvation.
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`1389
`
`MAIZE
`
`June 3,1923
`
`The idea that the maize in the diet is in some way concerned in
`the causation of pellagra has, as is Well known, been entertained by
`students of that disease almost from the time of its first recognition.
`It seems to have arisen in part, at least, because maize constituted a
`very large part of the diet of the populations among whom, in the
`Old World, the disease was endemic.
`In the United States, maize
`also is a conspicuous element in the diet of the population in the
`area where the disease is most prevalent. Both in the Old and in
`the New World, therefore, maize is more or less prominently asso—
`ciated with the occurrence of pellagra. While the extreme position
`of certain zeists that there is no pellagra without maize is now no
`longer tenable, the association is no doubt very common. One is
`justified in concluding, therefore, that maize is very poor in or lacks
`the pellagra preventive.
`'
`In constructing our experimental diets, based as theyr are on diets
`found in association with the occurrence of pellagra, maize was from
`the first included as a conspicuous element. The basic diet most
`frequently used by us for the experimental production of blacktongue
`(diet No. 123, shown in Table 1) contains 400 grams of maize meal
`per 2,400 calorie ration. This is a large amount of cereal, consti-
`tuting as it does two-thirds of the weight of the dry ingredients of
`the diet. Notwithstanding this, however, as has in a preceding com—
`munication (3) already been set forth, dogs fed this diet (including
`certain of its modifications) have developed blacktongue within a
`period which only exceptionally exceeded a duration of about 60
`days. This would indicate that, as measured by the requirements
`of the dog, maize contains little if any of the blacktongue preventive.
`Incidentally, it may be noted that cornstarch would also appear to
`be very poor or lacking in the blacktongue preventive since, as pre-
`vioasly reported (3), two dogs fed a diet (No. 281) containing 366
`grams of cornstarch per 2,400—calorie portion premptly developed the
`disease.
`
`The maize meal used in our basic diet No. 123 (including its modi-
`fications) does not, however, represent quite the whole kernel, since
`a small part of the bran is removed by sifting as if for human con—
`sumption.
`It seemed desirable, therefore, to test a meal from which
`nothing had been taken away. But as it did not seem to us probable
`that the difl‘erence in the meal represented by the small amount of
`bran removed in sifting would of itself appreciably influence the result
`of feeding, and as we wished, if possible, to determine whether the
`maize kernel contains an appreciable amount of the blacktongue pre~
`ventivo, it was determined to work with a diet containing as large an
`amount of whole meal as possible and yet one that so far as could then
`be judged was adequate for maintenance in all other respects. With
`these considerations in mind we carried out Experiment I.
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`June 3,1923
`
`1390
`
`EXPERIMENT I
`
`This was a test of the black tongue preventive ac t-ion of Whole White
`maize meal which was incorporated in test diets No. 149 and No.
`14911.
`(Table 2.) These diets, which are identical except that the
`butterfat of one is quantitatively replaced by cod-liver oil in the other,
`are a slight modification of a maize diet studied by McCollum, Sim—
`monds, and Pits (8), and by them considered complete for normal
`growth of the rat to normal adult size, and for that reason select-ed
`by us {or this study. Each contains 450 grains of whole-maize meal
`in a ration of slightly less than 2,400 calories. Suitable portions of
`one Or the other of these diets were offered daily to each of seven test
`animals, dogs 29, 40, 52, 54, 57, 65, and 73. One of these dogs served
`during two separate periods, so that eight tests in all are to be con-
`sidered. The significant details relating to each of the test animals
`are presented in the following:
`
`Dog 99.—Male. Acquired May 9, 1923, between which date and January 11,
`1924, served in a number of experiment-s and suffered four attacks of blacktongue,
`the latest of which began January 7, 1924. On a miscellaneous stock diet from
`January 11 to February 5, 1924.
`Februar),r 5, 1924: In good condition; weighs 11.1 kilograms; begins test dict
`No. 149.
`(Table 2.}
`On February 17, 1924, at the end of a period of 12 days, presented the first signs
`of an attack of blacktongue, an injection of the floor of the mouth. Further
`history not relevant.
`Dog 40.—Male. Whelped in the laboratory June 26, 1923, and reared on a
`stock diet- Up to February 29, 1924, served in a number of experiments and
`suffered two attacks of blacktonguc, the later one of which began February 19,
`1924. On a stock diet for reconditioning. from February 20 to March 11, 1924.
`March 11, 1924: In good condition; weighs 9.2 kilograms; begins diet No. 149.
`On April 23, 1924, at the end of a period of 43 days, presented the first signs of
`an attack of blacktongue, an injection of the floor of the mouth. Weight was
`11 kilograms. Further history not relevant.
`Deg 52,—«Bitch. Acquired September 25, 1923. Up to February 20, 1924,
`served in a number of experiments and suffered two attacks of blacktonguc, the
`later one of which began February 18, 1924. On a stock diet for reconditioning
`from February 20 to March 11, 1924.
`March 11, 1924: In good Condition; weighs 9.7 kilograms; begins test diet No. 149.
`On July 31, 1924, at the end of a period of 142 days, presented the first signs of an
`attack of blacktongue, an injection of the floor of the mouth. Weighs 10
`kilograms. Further history not relevant.
`Dog 54.—Bitch. Acquired September 25, 1923. Up to January 11, 1924,
`served in a. number of experiments and suffered an attack of blacktongue which
`began November 28, 1923. On reconditioning diet-s from January 11 to March
`25, 1924.
`March 25, 1924: In good condition; weighs 8.1 kilograms; begins test diet No.
`149A.
`(Table 2.)
`On June 5, 1924, at the end of a period of 72 days, presented the first signs of an
`attack of blacktongue, an injection of the floor of the mouth and a slight
`reddening of the mucusa of the upper lip on each side. Weighs 8 kilograms.
`Further history not relevant.
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`1391
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`June 8, 1923
`
`Dog 57.—Male. Acquired September 25, 1923. Up to January 15, 1924,
`served in a number of experiments and suffered tw0 attacks of blacktengueI the
`latter of which began December 13, 1923. From January 15 to February 5, 1924,
`on a miscellaneous stock diet for recanditioning.
`February 5, 1924: In good condition; weighs 9.7 kilograms; begins test diet
`No. 149.
`
`On February 23, 1924, at the end of a period of 18 days, presented the first signs of
`blacktongue, an injection of the floor of the mouth, of the mucosa of the
`cheeks, and of
`the anterior faucial pillars. Weighs 10 kilograms. Begins
`reconditioning diet.
`February 25, 1924: Redness of mucosa of the floor and cheeks is less pronounced.
`February 26, 1924: Redness has practically completely faded. Weighs 9.9
`kilograms.
`March 25, 1924: In geod condition; weighs 10.1 kilograms; begins test. diet No.
`149A.
`
`On April 11, at the end of a period of 17 days, presented the beginning signs of an
`attack of blacktongue, an injection of the floor of the mouth. Further history
`not relevant.
`
`Dog lid—Bitch. Acquired January 28, 1924. Kept on a miscellaneous stock
`diet to February 5, 1924.
`February 5,1924: In good condition; weights 6.7 kilograms; begins test diet
`No. 149.
`
`April 22: Weighs 7.7 kilograms.
`On April 27, 1924, at the end of a period of 77 days, presented the first signs of an
`attack of blacktongue, a reddening of the mucosa of the floor of the mouth.
`Further history not relevant.
`Dog ?'3.—Bitch. Acquired March 19, 1924. On stock diet up to April 1, 1924.
`April 1, 1924: In good condition; weighs 7.7 kilograms; begins test diet No. 14911.
`July 8, 1924: W’eighs 10.2 kilograms.
`On July 12, 1924, or 102 days after beginning the test, this animal presented an
`injection of the mucosa of the floor of the mouth suggestive of a beginning
`attack of blacktongue. Two days later this was no longer perceptible, nor was
`there any reappearance of signs of blacktongue during a further period of
`observation of 38 days which ended August 19, 1924, on which date this
`experiment was discontinued.
`
`Results and conclusions-“Six of the seven dogs developed black-
`tongue in from 12 to 142 days after beginning the test. The seventh
`(dog 73) presented evanescent evidence very suggestive but not con—
`clusive of blacktongue at
`the end of a period of 102 days. The
`observation of this animal was discontinued at the end of 140 days,
`so that the possibility is not excluded that a definite attack of black-
`tongue would have developed had the observation period been longer.
`One of the test animals (dog 57) served during two separate periods
`and developed an attack of blacktongue in each. Thus the six
`animals in which definite evidence of blacktongue developed experi-
`enced,
`in all, seven attacks.
`Six of these appeared at the end of
`periods of not over 77 days in duration, and the seventh (dog 52)
`at the end of a period of 142 days.
`The unusually long interval before the development of the attack
`in one and the occurrence of but evanescent indications of an attack
`
`in another of the experimental animals, even though the observa-
`
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`June s, 1923
`
`1392
`
`tion period in the latter was but 140 days, suggest, by contrast with
`our experience with basic diet No. 123 (including certain of its
`modifications (3)), that the test diets under consideration may have
`possessed slight preventive properties. The difference is not very
`notable and, such as it is, can not be attributed, altogether at least,
`to the character and increased quantity of the maize, since one of
`the test diets (No. 149), unlike our standard basic diet (No. 123),
`contained some butter, which, as will presently be seen, while a poor
`source is not entirely devoid of the preventive factor, a fact that was
`not
`fully appreciated when this experiment was planned. This
`experiment is therefore not conclusive. Notwithstanding this, how-
`ever, the evidence quite clearly indicates that, at best, this cereal is
`a very poor source of the blacktongue preventive.
`Recalling the indications of its poverty in or lack of the pellagra
`preventive it would appear that maize, if it contains any, is a poor
`source of the preventive for both blacktongue and pellagra.
`
`WHEAT
`
`The important place among the cereals held by wheat and a desire
`to compare it with maize led us to test its blacktongue preventive
`potency. The following experiment was accordingly carried out.
`
`EXPERIMENT 2
`
`For the present purpose, wheat ground in this laboratory into a
`meal was, without sifting, incorporated in a diet, No. 128, the com-
`position of which is shown in Table 3. This, as may be seen by refer-
`ence to Table 1, is essentially diet No. 123, the maize meal of which
`has been quantitatively replaced by the ground wheat, of which there
`are, therefore, 400 grams in each 2,400-calorie portion. Some of this
`diet was daily offered to each of eight test animals—dogs 5, 9, 13, 14,
`29, 38, 44, and 47. The significant details relating to each are briefly
`as follows:
`
`Dog {ii—Bitch. Acquired November 8, 1921. Has served in a number of
`experiments and has suffered two attacks of blacktongue, the later one of which
`began August 28, 1923. On stock diet from September 8, 1923, to January 29,
`1924. Whelped a litter of seven pups November 25, 1923, six of which sur-
`vived and were weaned in good condition January 17, 1924.
`(Table 3.)
`January 29, 1924: In good condition; begins diet No. 128.
`On August 2, 1924, at the end of a period of 186 days, presented the first signs
`of blacktongue, a reddening of the mucosa of the cheeks. To this there was
`added on August 3 a reddening of the mucosa of the floor of the mouth and of
`that of the upper lip on the left side. Further history is not relevant.
`Dog 9.——Ma1e. Acquired April 1, 1923. Has served in a number of experi—
`ments and has suffered four attacks of blacktongue of which the latest began
`February 12, 1924. On stock diet from February 13, to March 11, 1924.
`March 11, 1924: In good condition; begins diet No. 128.
`
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`1393
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`June 8,1928
`
`On July 31, 1924, at the end of a period of 142 days, presented the first signs of an
`attack of blacktongue, a reddened patch on the mucosa of the upper lip, in the
`region of the canines, on each side, and a slight reddening of the mucosa. of the
`floor of the mouth. Further history is not relevant.
`Deg I‘d—Male. Acquired April 7, 1923. Up to November 28. 1923, served
`in several experiments and suffered three attacks of blacktongue, of which the
`latest began November 24, 1923. On a reconditioning diet from November 28
`to December 11, 1923.
`December 11, 1923: In good condition; begins diet No. 128.
`On February 20, 1924, or at the end of a period 0171 days, presented an injection
`of the floor of the mouth which was slightly more pronounced the next day,
`February 21. This reddening then persisted without notable change for some
`48 hours, then rapidly faded so that the mouth was normal on February 25.
`On July 11, or at the end of an additional period of 142 days, presented renewed
`signs of blacktongue, an erytliematous patch on the mucosa of the upper lip
`on each side in the region of the canines and a slight reddening of the floor of the
`mouth. Further historj.r not relevant.
`Dog 12;.-'“l\1fiilc. Acquired April 7, 1923. Up to November 28, 1923, served
`in several experiments and suffered four attacks of blacktongue, of which the
`latest began October 30, 1923. On a reconditioning diet from November 28 to
`December 11, 1923.
`December 11, 1923: In good condition; begins diet No. 128.
`On June 24, 1924, or at the end of a period of 196 days, presented the first signs
`of an attack of blacktongue, a slight reddening of the mucosa of the floor
`of the mouth. Further historgyr not relevant.
`Dog 29__—1tialc_ Acquired May 9, 1923. Up to November 27, 1923, served
`in several experiments and suffered three attacks of blacktongue, of which the
`latest began October 18, 1923. On a reconditioning diet from November 27
`to December 11, 1923.
`December 11, 1923: In good condition; begins diet No. 128.
`On January 7, 1924-, at the end of a period of 27 days, presented the first signs of
`an attack of blacktongue, a reddening of the mucosa of the floor of the mouth.
`Dog 38.—wl\-1alc. Whelped in the laboratory June 26, 1923. Up to February
`20, 1924, served in several experiments and suffered two attacks of blacktongue,
`the second one of which began February 14, 1924. On a reconditioning diet from
`February 20 to March 11, 1924.
`March 11, 1924: In good condition; begins diet No. 128.
`On June 24, 1924, at the end of a period of 105 days, presented the first signs
`of an attack of blacktengue, a reddening of the floor of the mouth. Further
`history not relevant.
`D99 44--—Male. Whelped in the laboratory June 26, 1923. Up to December
`27, 1923, served in one experiment and suiiered an attack of blacktongue which
`began October 28, 1923. On a reconditioning diet from December 27, 1923,
`to January 29, 1924.
`January 29, 1924: In good condition; begins diet No. 128.
`On August 13, 1924, at the end of a period of 197 days, presented the first signs
`of an attack of blacktongue, reddencd patches on the mucosa of the upper
`lip on each side. Further history not relevant.
`
`Dog M’s—Male. Acquired August 18, 1923. Up to Kovernber 28, 1923, served
`in an experiment and suffered an attack of blacktongue, which began September
`28, 1923. On a reconditioning diet from November 27 to December 20, 1923.
`December 20, 1923: In good condition; begins diet No. 128.
`
`Elysium Health Exhibit 1005
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`June 8, 1928
`
`On January 7, 1924, at the end of a period of 18 days, presented the first signs
`of an attack of blacktongue, a. reddening of the floor of the mouth. Further
`historyr not relevant.
`
`Results and conclusions.—As is evident, all eight of the test animals
`developed blacktongue.
`It is noteworthy, however, that in but two
`of the dogs did the attack have its onset at the end of periods shorter
`than 71 days.
`In five of the eight animals the first signs of the attack
`made their appearance at the end of periods varying bet-ween 105 and
`197 days—that is, after periods Very definitely longer than is the
`rule in the case of dogs fed diet No. 123. This delay in the develop-
`ment of the disease would appear to indicate that diet No. 128 had
`exercised appreciable but incomplete blacktongue preventive action
`and, therefore, that whole wheat contains the blacktongue preventive,
`but in small amount. Compared with the result- of the experiment-
`with whole maize, the outcome of the test of whole wheat suggests
`that this is probably a slightly better source of the blaclttongue
`preventive than is the maize.
`WHEAT GERM
`
`While the preceding experiment with whole wheat was under way,
`tests were made of the blaelitongue—producing potency of a number
`of diets in which were included varying amounts of commercial
`wheat germ as a source of “vitamin B.” The results of one of these
`tests which happened to be with a diet that included an unusually
`large quantity of the wheat germ, suggested rather strongly that this
`germ might possess definite blacktongue-preventive act-ion. This
`led us to carry out the following experiment:
`
`EXPERIMENT 3
`
`the blacktongue-preventive action of ether—
`This was a test of
`extraeted wheat germ. The wheat germ was a commerciai product
`from which we had extracted the fat by percolation with ether
`(U. S. P.) at air temperature.1
`It was incorporated in a diet, No.
`197,
`the composition of which is shown in Table 4. As may be
`seen, each 2,400 calorie port-ion contains 180 grams of the extracted
`germ.
`It may be noted, too, that it contains a considerable amount
`of cornstarch; not-ably less, however, as was noted in the preceding
`section in connection with maize, than has been found to be lacking
`in appreciable blachtongue-preventivc action. This diet
`is some-
`what similar to our basic. diet No. 123 (Table 1), from which it diifers
`not-ably, however,
`in that the wheat germ and the starch of
`the
`former completely replace the'corn meal and cowpeas of the latter.
`
`Suitable portions of the diet were daily offered to each of nine test
`
`1 Various batches of this ether-extracted wheat germ were found by Assistant Chemist C. G, Iiemsburg,
`in the Division of Chemistry oi the Hygienic Laboratory, to contain from 0.02 lo 0.34 per cent of “ether
`extract."
`
`Elysium Health Exhibit 1005
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`June 8. 1923
`
`animals, dogs 54, 61, 65, 70, 71, 78, 86, 87, and 88. The significant
`details relating to each are presented in the following:
`
`Dog. (iii—Bitch. Acquired September 25, 1923. Up to June 17, 1924, served
`in several experiments and suffered two attacks of blacktongue of which the
`second began June 5, 1924. On stock diet for reconditioning from June 17 to
`July 23, 1924. On an experiment