[4’ ULTIMATECOMPUTER REFERENCE
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`{SS
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`Designed for
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`M icrosoft‘
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`Detailed illustrations and diagrams for easy reference
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`Three new appendixes, including Y2K, file
`extensions, and Internet domains
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`Searchable text on CD-ROM
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`Extensive coverage of hardware, software, the
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`Microsoft Corp. Exhibit 1045
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`

`Microsoft®Press
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`Microsoft Corp. Exhibit 1045
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`Microsoft Corp. Exhibit 1045
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`

`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond, Washington 98052-6399
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`Copyright © 1999 by Microsoft Corporation
`All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form
`or by any means without the written permission of the publisher.
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`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`Microsoft Computer Dictionary. -- 4th ed.
`p. cm.
`Previous eds. published under title: Microsoft Press computer
`dictionary
`ISBN 0—7356-0615—3
`2. Microcomputers Dictionaries.
`1. Computers Dictionaries.
`1. Microsoft Press computer dictionary.
`QA76.15.M538
`1999
`004'.03--dc21
`
`99-20168
`CIP
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`Printed and bound in the United States of America.
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`United States and/or other countries. PANTONE is a registered trademark of Pantone, Inc. Other product and
`company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners.
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`The example companies, organizations, products, people, and events depicted herein are fictitious. No associa-
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`Microsoft Corp. Exhibit 1045
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`Microsoft Corp. Exhibit 1045
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`

`

`centralized processing
`
`CGI script
`
`centralized processing n. The location of computer
`processing facilities and operations in a single (cen-
`tralized) place. Compare decentralized processing,
`distributed processing.
`central office n. In communications, the switching
`center where interconnections between customers’
`communications lines are made.
`
`central processing unit n. See CPU.
`
`Centronics parallel interface n. A de facto standard
`for parallel data exchange paths between computers
`and peripherals, originally developed by the printer
`manufacturer Centronics, Inc. The Centronics paral—
`lel interface provides eight parallel data lines plus
`additional lines for control and status information.
`See also parallel interface.
`
`CERN \som\ n. Acronym for Conseil Européen pour
`la Recherche Nucléaire (the European Laboratory for
`Particle Physics). CERN, a physics research center
`located in Geneva, Switzerland, is where the original
`development of the World Wide Web took place by
`Tim Berners-Lee in 1989 as a method to facilitate
`communication among members of the scientific
`community. See also NCSA (definition 1).
`CERN server n. One of the first Hypertext Transfer
`Protocol (HTTP) servers, developed at CERN by Tim
`Berners-Lee. The CERN server is still in wide use
`and is free of charge. See also CERN, HTTP server
`(definition 1).
`
`CERT \sort\ n. Acronym for Computer Emergency
`Response Team. An organization that provides a
`round-the-clock security consultation service for
`Internet users and provides advisories whenever new
`virus programs and other computer security threats
`are discovered.
`
`certificate authority n. An issuer of digital certifi—
`cates, the cyberspace equivalent of identity cards. A
`certificate authority may be an external issuing com-
`pany (such as VeriSign) or an internal company au—
`thority that has installed its own server (such as the
`Microsoft Certificate Server) for issuing and verify—
`ing certificates. A certificate authority is responsible
`for providing and assigning the unique strings of
`numbers that make up the “keys” used in digital cer-
`tificates for authentication and to encrypt and decrypt
`sensitive or confidential incoming and outgoing
`online information. Acronym: CA. See also digital
`certificate, encryption.
`
`Certificate in Computer Programming n. See CCP.
`
`Certificate in Data Processing 11. See CDP.
`
`certification n. 1. The act of awarding a document to
`demonstrate a computer professional’s competence in
`a particular field. Some hardware and software sup-
`pliers, such as Microsoft and Novell, offer certifica—
`tion in the use of their products; other organizations,
`such as the Institute for Certification of Computer
`Professionals (ICCP) and the Computing Technology
`Industry Association (CompTIA), offer more general
`certification. 2. The act of awarding a document to
`demonstrate that a hardware or software product
`meets some specification, such as being able to work-
`with a certain other hardware or software product. 3.
`The issuance of a notice that a user or site is trusted
`
`for the purpose of security and computer authentica-
`tion. Often certification is used with Web sites.
`
`certification authority n. An organization that as-
`signs encryption keys.
`
`CGA n. Acronym for Color/Graphics Adapter. A
`video adapter board introduced by IBM in 1981. The
`CGA is capable of several character and graphics
`modes, including character modes of 40 or 80 hori—
`zontal characters (columns) by 25 vertical lines with
`16 colors, and graphics modes of 640 horizontal pix-
`els by 200 vertical pixels with 2 colors, or 320 hori-
`zontal pixels by 200 vertical pixels with 4 colors. See
`also graphics adapter, video adapter.
`
`CGI n. 1. Acronym for Common Gateway Interface.
`The specification that defines communications be—
`tween information servers (such as HTTP servers)
`and resources on the server’s host computer, such as
`databases and other programs. For example, when a
`user submits a form through a Web browser, the
`HTTP server executes a program (often called a CGI
`script) and passes the user’s input information to that
`program via CGI. The program then returns informa—
`tion to the server via CGI. Use of CGI can make a
`
`Web page much more dynamic and add interactivity
`for the user. See also CGI script, HTTP server (defi-
`nition 1). 2. See Computer Graphics Interface.
`
`cgi-bin n. Short for Common Gateway Interface—
`binaries. A file directory that holds external applica-
`tions to be executed by HTTP servers via CGI. See
`also CGI (definition 1).
`
`CGI program n. See CGI script.
`
`CGI script n. Short for Common Gateway Interface
`script. An external application that is executed by an
`HTTP server machine in response to a request by a
`
`Microsoft Corp. Exhibit 1045
`
`
`
`Microsoft Corp. Exhibit 1045
`
`

`

`PCL
`
`PDS
`
`currently with the CPU using a technique called bus
`mastering. The PCI specification allows for multi-
`plexing, a technique that permits more than one elec-
`trical signal to be present on the bus at one time. See
`also local bus. Compare VL bus.
`
`PCL n. See Printer Control Language.
`
`PCM n. See pulse code modulation.
`
`PCMCIA n. Acronym for Personal Computer
`Memory Card International Association. A group of
`manufacturers and vendors formed to promote a
`common standard for PC Card—based peripherals and
`the slot designed to hold them, primarily on laptop,
`palmtop, and other portable computers, as well as for
`intelligent electronic devices. PCMCIA is also the
`name of the standard for PC Cards, first introduced
`in 1990 as release 1. See also PC Card, PCMCIA slot.
`
`PCMCIA card n. See PC Card.
`
`PCMCIA connector n. The 68-pin female connector
`inside a PCMCIA slot designed to hold the 68-pin
`male connector on a PC Card. See also PC Card,
`PCMCIA slot.
`
`PCMCIA slot n. An opening in the housing of a com-
`puter, peripheral, or other intelligent electronic de-
`vice designed to hold a PC Card. Also called PC
`Card slot. See also PC Card, PCMCIA connector.
`
`PC memory card n. 1. An add-in circuit card that
`increases the amount of RAM in a system. See also
`memory card. 2. A Type I PC Card as specified by
`PCMCIA. In this context, such a card consists of
`conventional static RAM chips powered by a small
`battery and is designed to provide additional RAM to
`the system. See also PC Card. Compare flash
`memory.
`
`p-code n. See pseudocode.
`PCS 11. See Personal Communications Services.
`
`PCT n. 1. Acronym for program comprehension tool.
`A software engineering tool that facilitates the pro-
`cess of understanding the structure and/or functional—
`ity of computer programs. 2. Acronym for Private
`Communication Technology, a protocol standard
`drafted by Microsoft and submitted to the IETF for
`consideration. PCT, like the Netscape-designed SSL
`(Secure Sockets Layer), supports authentication and
`encryption for securing privacy in Internet communi-
`cations.
`
`.pcx n. The file extension that identifies bitmapped
`images in the PC Paintbrush file format.
`
`PC/XT n. The second—generation of the original IBM
`Personal Computer. The IBM PC/XT was introduced
`in 1983 and was the first of the PC computers to sup—
`port hard disks. See also IBM PC.
`PC/XT‘ keyboard n. The keyboard for the PC/XT.
`Strong, reliable, and equipped with 83 keys, the
`PC/XT keyboard offers a typist an audible click.
`See also IBM PC, PC/XT.
`
`PDA n. Acronym for Personal Digital Assistant. A
`lightweight palmtop computer designed to provide
`specific functions for personal organization (calen—
`dar, note taking, database, calculator, and so on) as
`well as communications. More advanced models also
`offer multimedia features. Many PDA devices rely on
`a pen or other pointing device for input instead of a
`keyboard or mouse, although some offer a keyboard
`too small for touch typing to use in conjunction with
`a pen or pointing device. For data storage, a PDA
`relies on flash memory instead of power-hungry disk
`drives. See also firmware, flash memory, PC Card,
`pen computer.
`
`PDC n. See Primary Domain Controller.
`
`PD-CD drive n. Short for phase change rewritable
`disc—compact disc drive. A storage device that com-
`bines a CD-RQM drive and a phase change rewritable
`disc (PD) drive, which can store up to 650 megabytes
`of data on cartridges of rewritable optical discs. See
`also phase-change recording.
`
`PDD n. Acronym for Portable Digital Document. A
`graphics file created from a document by QuickDraw
`GX under Mac OS. PDDs are stored in a form that is
`
`independent of printer resolution; they print at the
`highest resolution available on the printer used; and
`they can contain the original fonts used in the docu-
`ment. Therefore, a PDD can be printed by a com-
`puter other than the one on which it was created.
`
`.pdf n. The file extension that identifies documents
`encoded in the Portable Document Format developed
`by Adobe Systems. In order to display or print a .pdf
`file, the user should obtain the freeware Adobe Acro-
`bat Reader. See also Acrobat, Portable Document
`Format.
`
`PDL n. See page—description language.
`
`PDM n. See pulse duration modulation.
`
`PDO n. See Portable Distributed Objects.
`
`PDS n. 1. Acronym for Processor Direct Slot. An ex—
`pansion slot in Macintosh computers that is con-
`
`336
`
`Microsoft Corp. Exhibit 1045
`
`Microsoft Corp. Exhibit 1045
`
`

`

`Polish notation
`
`Portable Distributed Objects
`
`Polish notation In. See prefix notation.
`
`polling n. See autopolling.
`
`polling cycle 11. The time and sequence required for a
`program to poll each of its devices or network nodes.
`See also autopolling.
`
`polygon n. Any two-dimensional closed shape com-
`posed of three or more line segments, such as a hexa—
`gon, an octagon, or a triangle. Computer users
`encounter polygons in graphics programs.
`
`polyline n. An open shape consisting of multiple con-
`nected segments. Polylines are used in CAD and
`other graphics programs. See also CAD.
`
`polymorphism n. In an object-oriented programming
`language, the ability to redefine a routine in a derived
`class (a class that inherited its data structures and
`routines from another class). Polymorphism allows
`the programmer to define a base class that includes
`
`routines that perform standard operations on groups
`of related objects, without regard to the exact type of
`each object. The programmer then redefines the rou—
`tines in the derived class for each type, taking into
`account the characteristics of the object. See also
`class, derived class, object (definition 2), object-
`oriented programming.
`
`Pong n. The first commercial video game, a table ten—
`nis simulation, created by Nolan Bushnell of Atari in
`1972.
`
`pop vb. To fetch the top (most recently added) ele-
`ment of a stack, removing that element from the
`stack in the process. Compare push (definition 1).
`
`POP \pop\ n. See point of presence, Post Office
`Protocol.
`
`POP3 \pop-thre’\ n. Acronym for Post Office Proto-
`col 3. This is the current version of the Post Office
`Protocol standard in common use on TCP/IP net-
`works. See also Post Office Protocol, TCP/IP.
`
`populate vb. 1. To put chips in the sockets of a circuit
`board. 2. To import prepared data into a database
`from a file using a software procedure rather than by
`having a human operator enter individual records.
`
`pop-up Help n. An online help system whose mes-
`sages appear as pop-up windows when the user
`clicks on a topic or area of the screen about which
`help is desired. Typically, a special form of click,
`such as clicking the right mouse button or Option—
`clicking, will activate pop-up Help, if it is available.
`See also balloon help.
`
`pop-up menu or popup menu n. In a graphical user
`interface, a menu that appears on-screen when a user
`selects a certain item. Pop—up menus can appear any—
`where on the screen and generally disappear when
`the user selects an item in the menu. Also called
`
`popup. Compare drop-down menu, pull-down menu.
`
`pop-up messages n. The messages that appear when
`pop-up Help is used.
`
`pop-up window n. A window that appears when an
`option is selected. Typically, the window remains
`visible until the mouse button is released.
`
`port1 n. 1. An interface through which data is trans-
`ferred between a computer and other devices (such as
`a printer, mouse, keyboard, or monitor), a network,
`or a direct connection to another computer. The port
`appears to the CPU as one or more memory ad-
`dresses that it can use to send or receive data. Spe—
`cialized hardware, such as in an add-on circuit board,
`places data from the device in the memory addresses
`and sends data from the memory addresses to the
`device. Ports may also be dedicated solely to input or
`to output. Ports typically accept a particular type of
`plug used for a specific purpose. For example, a se-
`rial data port, a keyboard, and a high-speed network
`port all use different connectors, so it’s not possible
`to plug a cable into the wrong port. Also called input/
`output port. 2. See port number.
`
`port2 vb. 1. To change a program in order to be able
`to run it on a different computer. 2. To move docu—
`ments, graphics, and other files from one computer
`to another.
`'
`
`portable adj. 1. Capable of running on more than one
`computer system or under more than one operating
`system. Highly portable software can be moved to
`other systems with little effort, moderately portable
`software can be moved only with substantial effort,
`and nonportable software can be moved only with
`effort similar to or greater than the effort of writing
`the original program. 2. Light enough, rugged
`enough, and free enough of encumbering external
`connections to be carried by a user.
`
`portable computer n. Any computer designed to be
`moved easily. Portable computers can be character-
`ized by size and weight . See the table.
`
`Portable Digital Document n. See PDD.
`
`Portable Distributed Objects n. Software from
`NeXT, running under UNIX, that supports an object
`model in which objects to be stored at various
`
`349
`
`Microsoft Corp. Exhibit 1045
`
`Microsoft Corp. Exhibit 1045
`
`

`

`Portable Document Format
`
`port replicator
`
`locations on a network can be accessed as though
`they were at a single location. Acronym: PDO.
`Portable Document Format n. The Adobe specifica—
`tion for electronic documents that use the Adobe Ac—
`
`robat family of servers and readers. Acronym: PDF.
`See also Acrobat, .pdf.
`
`portable language n. A language that runs in the
`same way on different systems and therefore can be
`used for developing software for all of them. C,
`FORTRAN, and Ada are portable languages be-
`cause their implementations on different systems
`are highly uniform; assembly language is extremely
`nonportable.
`
`Portable Network Graphics n. See PNG.
`
`portal n. A Web site that serves as a gateway to the
`Internet. A portal is a collection of links, content, and
`services designed to guide users to information they
`are likely to find interesting—news, weather, enter-
`tainment, commerce sites, chat rooms, and so on.
`Yahoo!, Excite, MSN.com, and Netscape NetCenter
`are examples of portals. See also home page (defini-
`tion 1), Web site.
`
`port enumerator n. In Windows, part of the Plug and
`Play system that detects I/O ports and reports them to
`the configuration manager. See also plug and play
`(definition 2).
`
`port expander n. A hardware mechanism used for
`connecting several devices to a single port. Although
`several devices might be connected, only one can use
`the port at any given moment.
`
`port number n. A number that enables IP packets to
`be sent to a particular process on a computer con-
`nected to the Internet. Some port numbers, called
`“well-known” port numbers, are permanently as-
`signed; for example, e-mail data under SMTP goes to
`port number 25. A process such as a telnet session
`receives an “ephemeral” port number when it starts;
`data for that session goes to that port number, and the
`port number goes out of use when the session ends.
`A total of 65,535 port numbers are available for use
`with TCP, and the same number are available for
`UDP. See also IP, Simple Mail Transfer Protocol,
`socket (definition 1), TCP, UDP. Compare IP address.
`
`portrait mode n. A vertical print orientation in which
`a document is printed across the narrower dimension
`of a rectangular sheet of paper. This is the print mode
`typical of most letters, reports, and other such docu—
`ments. Compare landscape mode.
`
`portrait monitor n. A monitor with a screen shape
`higher than it is wide. The proportions (but not nec-
`essarily the size) of the screen are usually the same
`as for a sheet of 8‘/2-by-11-inch paper. Compare land-
`scape monitor.
`
`port replicator n. A device that enables easy connec—
`tion of portable computers to less portable devices,
`such as printers, monitors, and full-sized keyboards.
`Instead of having to connect each such device indi-
`vidually to a portable computer, a user can plug it
`permanently into a port replicator and use it simply
`by plugging the computer into a single socket, also
`on the port replicator. Port replicators are comparable
`
`Table P.1 Portable Computers
`Comments
`
`Power source
`
`Type
`
`Approximate weight
`
`Transportable
`
`15—30 lb.
`
`House current
`
`Laptop
`
`8—15 lb.
`
`House current or batteries
`
`Ultralight
`
`2—8 lb.
`
`Batteries or transformer
`
`pack
`
`Sometimes called luggable;
`usually has floppy and hard
`drives; standard CRT screen.
`
`Can be held on the lap; usually
`has a floppy drive or hard disk;
`uses flat LCD or plasma screen.
`
`Easy to carry in a briefcase;
`sometimes uses RAM drive or
`
`EPROM instead of floppy or hard
`drive; thinner models are known
`as notebook computers.
`
`Batteries or transformer
`Less than 2 lb.
`Handheld
`Also called palmtop or palm-
`size; can be held in one hand.
`pack
`
`350
`
`Microsoft Corp. Exhibit 1045
`
`Microsoft Corp. Exhibit 1045
`
`

`

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`The Comprehensive
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`Standard for Business,
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`School, Library, and Home
`
`MICROSOFT COMPUTER DlCTIONARY’ Fourth
`Edition, remains the authoritative source
`
`of definitions for computer terms,
`-
`-
`concepts, and acronyms. Written in a
`clear, easy—to—understand style, this
`.
`.
`.
`Fourth Edition defines over 8,000 terms
`,
`and has been fully updated to include
`
`the latest technologies you will
`
`encoumer at home and at Work_
`including Y2K, networks, ecommercey
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`Included on CD-ROM
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`Fully searchable verswns of
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`cybercultu re, enterprise computing,
`component terminology, Windows® 98,
`and UNIX. As an added bonus, the
`dictionary extensively covers computer
`industry acronyms, jargon, and slang— “The Microsoft Press
`.
`.
`Com ter Dicti nar
`is the
`Often the most confusmg terms in the
`perfggt way to 2,63: up 3
`puzzling word or phrase in
`high—tech world.
`computer culture. "
`
`I
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`—Michae| Heim, Ph.D.,
`author of Electric Language and
`Virtual Realism
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`“The must-’l’iave computer
`resource.
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`Microsoft Corp. Exhibit 1045
`
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