Designed forA AOmUaeesagala(a2
`
`Pr
`Microsoft®
`Windows NT°
`Windows'98
`
`MicresoftPreSS
`
`Detailedillustrations and diagramsfor easy reference
`
`Three new appendixes, including Y2K,file
`extensions, and Internet domains
`Searchable text on CD-ROM
`
`CD-ROM
`Included
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`Microsoft®
`
`internet
`Explorer
`
`Extensive coverage of hardware, software, the
`Internet, and more!
`
`Microsoft Corp. Exhibit 1045
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`

`MicresoftPress
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`
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`Microsoft Corp. Exhibit 1045
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`Microsoft Corp. Exhibit 1045
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`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond, Washington 98052-6399
`
`Copyright © 1999 by Microsoft Corporation
`All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproducedor transmitted in any form
`or by any meanswithout the written permission of the publisher.
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`Microsoft Computer Dictionary. -- 4th ed.
`p. cm.
`Previous eds. published undertitle: Microsoft Press computer
`dictionary
`ISBN 0-7356-0615-3
`2. Microcomputers Dictionaries.
`1, Computers Dictionaries.
`I. Microsoft Press computer dictionary.
`QA76.15.M538
`1999
`004'.03--de21
`
`99-20168
`CIP
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`Printed and bound in the United States of America.
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`Microsoft Corp. Exhibit 1045
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`Microsoft Corp. Exhibit 1045
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`

`

`centralized processing
`
`CGI script
`
`centralized processing n. The location of computer
`processing facilities and operations in a single (cen-
`iralized) place. Compare decentralized processing,
`distributed processing.
`central office . In communications, the switching
`center where interconnections between customers’
`communications lines are made.
`
`central processing unit n. See CPU.
`Centronics parallel interface n. A de facto standard
`for parallel data exchange paths between computers
`and peripherals, originally developed by the printer
`manufacturer Centronics, Inc. The Centronics paral-
`lel interface provides eight parallel data lines plus
`additional lines for control and status information.
`See also parallel interface.
`CERN\sorn\ n, Acronym for Conseil Européen pour
`la Recherche Nucléaire (the European Laboratory for
`Particle Physics). CERN, a physics research center
`located in Geneva, Switzerland,is where the original
`developmentof the World Wide Web took place by
`Tim Berners-Lee in 1989 as a method to facilitate
`communication among members ofthe scientific
`community. See also NCSA (definition 1).
`CERNserver n. Oneof the first Hypertext Transfer
`Protocol (HTTP) servers, developed at CERN by Tim
`Berners-Lee. The CERNserveris still in wide use
`andis free of charge. See also CERN, HTTPserver
`(definition 1).
`CERT\sort\ n. Acronym for Computer Emergency
`Response Team. An organization that provides a
`round-the-clock security consultation service for
`Internet users and provides advisories whenever new
`virus programs and other computer security threats
`are discovered.
`
`certificate authority 7. An issuer of digital certifi-
`cates, the cyberspace equivalentof identity cards. A
`certificate authority may be an external issuing com-
`pany (such as VeriSign) or an internal company au-
`thority that has installed its own server (such as the
`Microsoft Certificate Server) for issuing and verify-
`ing certificates. A certificate authority is responsible
`for providing and assigning the unique strings of
`numbers that make up the “keys”used in digital cer-
`tificates for authentication and to encrypt and decrypt
`sensitive or confidential incoming and outgoing
`online information. Acronym: CA.See also digital
`certificate, encryption.
`Certificate in Computer Programming n. See CCP.
`
`Certificate in Data Processing n. See CDP.
`certification n. 1. The act of awarding a documentto
`demonstrate a computer professional’s competence in
`a particular field. Some hardware and software sup-
`pliers, such as Microsoft and Novell, offer certifica-
`tion in the use of their products; other organizations,
`such asthe Institute for Certification of Computer
`Professionals (ICCP) and the Computing Technology
`Industry Association (CompTIA), offer more general
`certification. 2. The act of awarding a documentto
`demonstrate that a hardware or software product
`meets some specification, such as being able to work:
`with a certain other hardware or software product. 3.
`The issuance of a notice that a userorsite is trusted
`for the purpose of security and computer authentica-
`tion. Often certification is used with Web sites.
`
`certification authority ». An organization that as-
`signs encryption keys.
`CGA n. Acronym for Color/Graphics Adapter. A
`video adapter board introduced by IBM in 1981. The
`CGAiscapable of several character and graphics
`modes, including character modesof 40 or 80 hori-
`zontal characters (columns) by 25 vertical lines with
`16 colors, and graphics modes of 640 horizontal pix-
`els by 200 vertical pixels with 2 colors, or 320 hori-
`zontal pixels by 200 vertical pixels with 4 colors. See
`also graphics adapter, video adapter.
`CGI n. 1. Acronym for Common GatewayInterface.
`The specification that defines communications be-
`tween information servers (such as HTTP servers)
`and resources on the server’s host computer, such as
`databases and other programs. For example, when a
`user submits a form through a Web browser, the
`HTTPserver executes a program (often called a CGI
`script) and passes the user’s input information to that
`program via CGI. The program then returns informa-
`tion to the server via CGI. Use of CGI can make a
`Web page much more dynamic and add interactivity
`for the user. See also CGI script, HTTP server (defi-
`nition 1). 2, See Computer Graphics Interface.
`cgi-bin n. Short for Common Gateway Interface—
`binaries. A file directory that holds external applica-
`tions to be executed by HTTPservers via CGI. See
`also CGI(definition 1).
`CGI program n. See CGIscript.
`CGI script n. Short for Common Gateway Interface
`seript. An external application that is executed by an
`HTTPserver machinein response to a request by a
`
`80
`
`Microsoft Corp. Exhibit 1045
`
`
`Microsoft Corp. Exhibit 1045
`
`

`

`PCL
`
`PDS
`
`currently with the CPU using a techniquecalled bus
`mastering. The PCI specification allows for multi-
`plexing, a technique that permits more than one elec-
`trical signal to be present on the busat onetime. See
`also local bus. Compare VL bus.
`PCL n. See Printer Control Language.
`PCM an. See pulse code modulation.
`PCMCIA nx. Acronym for Personal Computer
`Memory Card International Association. A group of
`manufacturers and vendors formed to promote a
`commonstandard for PC Card—based peripherals and
`the slot designed to hold them, primarily on laptop,
`palmtop, andother portable computers, as well as for
`intelligent electronic devices. PCMCIAisalso the
`nameof the standard for PC Cards, first introduced
`in 1990 as release 1. See also PC Card, PCMCIA slot.
`
`PCMCIAcard n. See PC Card.
`
`PCMCIA connector n. The 68-pin female connector
`inside a PCMCIAslot designed to hold the 68-pin
`male connector on a PC Card. See also PC Card,
`PCMCIAslot.
`
`PC/XT n. The second-generation ofthe original IBM
`Personal Computer. The IBM PC/XTwasintroduced
`in 1983 and wasthefirst of the PC computers to sup-
`port hard disks. See also IBM PC,
`PC/XTkeyboard n. The keyboard for the PC/XT.
`Strong,reliable, and equipped with 83 keys, the
`PC/XT keyboard offers a typist an audible click.
`See also IBM PC, PC/XT.
`PDA ». Acronym for Personal Digital Assistant. A
`lightweight palmtop computer designed to provide
`specific functions for personal organization (calen-
`dar, note taking, database, calculator, and so on) as
`well as communications. More advanced models also
`offer multimedia features. Many PDA devices rely on
`a pen orother pointing device for input instead of a
`keyboard or mouse, although someoffer a keyboard
`too small for touch typing to use in conjunction with
`a pen or pointing device. For data storage, a PDA
`relies on flash memory instead of power-hungry disk
`drives. See also firmware, flash memory, PC Card,
`pen computer.
`PDC a. See Primary Domain Controller.
`PCMCIAslot n. An opening in the housing of a com-
`PD-CD drive n. Short for phase change rewritable
`puter, peripheral, or other intelligent electronic de-
`disc—compact disc drive. A storage device that com-
`vice designed to hold a PC Card. Also called PC
`bines a CD-ROM drive and a phase change rewritable
`Card slot. See also PC Card, PCMCIAconnector.
`disc (PD) drive, which can store up to 650 megabytes
`PC memorycard n. 1, An add-in circuit card that
`of data on cartridges of rewritable optical discs. See
`increases the amount of RAM inasystem. See also
`also phase-change recording.
`memory card. 2. A Type I PC Card as specified by
`PDD 2. Acronym for Portable Digital Document. A
`PCMCIA.In this context, such a card consists of
`graphicsfile created from a document by QuickDraw
`conventional static RAM chips powered by a small
`GX under Mac OS. PDDsarestored in a form that is
`battery and is designed to provide additional RAM to
`independentofprinter resolution; they print at the
`the system. See also PC Card. Compare flash
`highest resolution available on the printer used; and
`memory.
`they can contain the original fonts used in the docu-
`ment. Therefore, a PDD can be printed by a com-
`puter other than the one on which it wascreated.
`-pdf n. The file extension that identifies documents
`encoded in the Portable Document Format developed
`by Adobe Systems. In order to display or print a .pdf
`file, the user should obtain the freeware Adobe Acro-
`bat Reader. See also Acrobat, Portable Document
`Format.
`
`p-code n. See pseudocode.
`PCS n. See Personal Communications Services.
`PCT n. 1. Acronym for program comprehension tool.
`A software engineering tool that facilitates the pro-
`cess of understanding the structure and/or functional-
`ity of computer programs. 2. Acronym for Private
`Communication Technology, a protocol standard
`drafted by Microsoft and submitted to the IETF for
`consideration. PCT, like the Netscape-designed SSL
`(Secure Sockets Layer), supports authentication and
`encryption for securing privacy in Internet communi-
`cations.
`
`PDL 2. See page-description language.
`PDM =». See pulse duration modulation.
`PDO 2».See Portable Distributed Objects.
`
`.pex n. Thefile extension that identifies bitmapped
`images in the PC Paintbrushfile format.
`
`PDS n. 1. Acronym for Processor Direct Slot. An ex-
`pansion slot in Macintosh computersthat is con-
`
`336
`
`Microsoft Corp. Exhibit 1045
`
`Microsoft Corp. Exhibit 1045
`
`

`

`Polish notation
`
`Portable Distributed Objects
`
`Polish notation n. See prefix notation.
`polling n. See autopolling.
`polling cycle n, The time and sequence required for a
`program to poll eachof its devices or network nodes.
`See also autopolling.
`polygon 7, Any two-dimensional closed shape com-
`posed of three or more line segments, such as a hexa-
`gon, an octagon,or a triangle. Computer users
`encounter polygons in graphics programs.
`polyline n. An open shapeconsisting of multiple con-
`nected segments. Polylines are used in CAD and
`other graphics programs. See also CAD.
`polymorphism n. In an object-oriented programming
`language, the ability to redefine a routine in a derived
`class (a class that inherited its data structures and
`routines from anotherclass). Polymorphism allows
`the programmerto define a base class that includes
`routines that perform standard operations on groups
`of related objects, without regard to the exact type of
`each object. The programmerthen redefines the rou-
`tines in the derived class for each type, taking into
`accountthe characteristics of the object. See also
`class, derived class, object (definition 2), object-
`oriented programming.
`Pong n. The first commercial video game, a table ten-
`nis simulation, created by Nolan Bushnell of Atari in
`1972.
`
`pop vb. To fetch the top (most recently added) ele-
`ment of a stack, removing that element from the
`stack in the process. Compare push (definition 1).
`POP \pop\ n. See point of presence, Post Office
`Protocol.
`
`pop-up menu or popup menu 7. In a graphical user
`interface, a menu that appears on-screen when a user
`selects a certain item. Pop-up menuscan appear any-
`where on the screen and generally disappear when
`the user selects an item in the menu. Also called
`popup. Compare drop-down menu, pull-down menu.
`pop-up messages n. The messages that appear when
`pop-up Helpis used.
`pop-up window n. A window that appears when an
`option is selected. Typically, the window remains
`visible until the mouse button is released.
`port’ n. 1. Aninterface through which data is trans-
`ferred between a computer and other devices (such as
`a printer, mouse, keyboard, or monitor), a network,
`or a direct connection to another computer. The port
`appears to the CPU as one or more memory ad-
`dresses that it can use to send or receive data. Spe-
`cialized hardware, such as in an add-oncircuit board,
`places data from the device in the memory addresses
`and sends data from the memory addresses to the
`device. Ports may also be dedicated solely to input or
`to output. Ports typically accept a particular type of
`plug used for a specific purpose. For example, a se-
`rial data port, a keyboard, and a high-speed network
`port all use different connectors, so it’s not possible
`to plug a cable into the wrongport. Also called input/
`output port. 2, See port number.
`port? vb, 1. To change a program in order to be able
`to run it on a different computer. 2. To move docu-
`ments, graphics, and other files from one computer
`to another.
`
`portable adj. 1. Capable of running on more than one
`computer system or under more than one operating
`POP3 \pop-thré‘\ n. Acronym for Post Office Proto-
`system. Highly portable software can be moved to
`col 3. This is the current version of the Post Office
`other systems with little effort, moderately portable
`Protocol standard in common use on TCP/IP net-
`software can be moved only with substantial effort,
`works. See also Post Office Protocol, TCP/IP.
`and nonportable software can be moved only with
`effort similar to or greater than the effort of writing
`populate vb. 1. To put chips in the sockets of a circuit
`the original program. 2. Light enough, rugged
`board. 2. To import prepared data into a database
`enough, and free enough of encumbering external
`fromafile using a software procedurerather than by
`connections to be carried by a user.
`having a humanoperatorenter individual records.
`portable computer 7. Any computer designed to be
`pop-up Help n. An online help system whose mes-
`movedeasily. Portable computers can be character-
`Sages appear as pop-up windowswhenthe user
`ized by size and weight. Seethetable.
`clicks on a topic or area of the screen about which
`help is desired. Typically, a special form ofclick,
`Portable Digital Document n. See PDD.
`such as clicking the right mouse button or Option-
`clicking, will activate pop-up Help,ifit is available.
`See also balloon help.
`
`Portable Distributed Objects n. Software from
`NeXT, running under UNIX,that supports an object
`model in which objects to be stored at various
`
`349
`
`Microsoft Corp. Exhibit 1045
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`Microsoft Corp. Exhibit 1045
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`

`

`Portable Document Format
`
`port replicator
`
`port number n. A numberthat enables IP packets to
`locations on a network can be accessed as though
`be sent to a particular process on a computer con-
`they were at a single location. Acronym: PDO.
`nected to the Internet. Some port numbers, called
`Portable Document Format n. The Adobespecifica-
`“well-known” port numbers, are permanently as-
`tion for electronic documents that use the Adobe Ac-
`signed; for example, e-mail data under SMTP goesto
`robat family of servers and readers. Acronym: PDF.
`port number 25. A process suchasatelnet session
`See also Acrobat, .pdf.
`receives an “ephemeral” port number whenit starts;
`portable language n. A languagethat runsin the
`data for that session goes to that port number, and the
`same way on different systems and therefore can be
`port number goes out of use when the session ends.
`used for developing software for all of them. C,
`A total of 65,535 port numbersare available for use
`FORTRAN,and Adaare portable languages be-
`with TCP, and the same numberare available for
`cause their implementations on different systems
`UDP.See also IP, Simple Mail Transfer Protocol,
`are highly uniform; assembly languageis extremely
`socket(definition 1), TCP, UDP. Compare IP address.
`nonportable.
`portrait mode n. A vertical print orientation in which
`Portable Network Graphics n. See PNG.
`a documentis printed across the narrower dimension
`portal n. A Web site that serves as a gateway to the
`of a rectangular sheet of paper. This is the print mode
`Internet. A portal is a collection of links, content, and
`typical of mostletters, reports, and other such docu-
`services designed to guide users to information they
`ments. Compare landscape mode.
`are likely to find interesting—news, weather, enter-
`portrait monitor n. A monitor with a screen shape
`tainment, commercesites, chat rooms, and so on.
`higher thanit is wide. The proportions (but not nec-
`Yahoo!, Excite, MSN.com, and Netscape NetCenter
`essarily the size) of the screen are usually the same
`are examplesofportals. See also home page (defini-
`as for a sheet of 8/4-by-11-inch paper. Compare land-
`tion 1), Website.
`scape monitor.
`port enumerator x. In Windows, part of the Plug and
`port replicator n. A device that enables easy connec-
`Play system that detects I/O ports and reports them to
`tion of portable computers to less portable devices,
`the configuration manager. See also plug and play
`such asprinters, monitors, and full-sized keyboards.
`(definition 2).
`Instead of having to connect each such device indi-
`port expander n. A hardware mechanism used for
`vidually to a portable computer, a user can plug it
`connecting several devices to a single port. Although
`permanently into a port replicator anduse it simply
`several devices might be connected, only one can use
`by plugging the computer into a single socket, also
`the port at any given moment.
`on the port replicator. Port replicators are comparable
`
`Table P.1 Portable Computers
`Comments
`
`Type
`Transportable
`
`Approximate weight
`15-30 Ib.
`
`Power source
`
`House current
`
`Sometimescalled luggable;
`usually has floppy and hard.
`drives; standard CRT screen.
`
`Laptop
`
`8-15 |b.
`
`House current or batteries
`
`Ultralight
`
`2-8 lb.
`
`Batteries or transformer
`
`pack
`
`Can be held on the lap; usually
`has a floppy drive or hard disk;
`uses flat LCD or plasmascreen.
`Easy to carry in a briefcase;
`sometimes uses RAM drive or
`EPROMinstead of floppy or hard
`drive; thinner models are known
`as notebook computers.
`Batteries or transformer
`Less than 2 Ib.
`Handheld
`Also called palmtop or palm-
`size; can be held in one hand.
`pack
`
`350
`
`Microsoft Corp. Exhibit 1045
`
`Microsoft Corp. Exhibit 1045
`
`

`

`
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