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`UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION
`
`Washington, D.C.
`
`In the Matter of
`
`CERTAIN TWO-WAY RADIO
`EQUIPMENT AND SYSTEMS, RELATED
`SOFTWARE AND COMPONENTS
`THEREOF
`
`Inv. No. 337-TA-1053
`
`
`
`
`
`INITIAL DETERMINATION ON VIOLATION OF SECTION 337 AND
`RECOMMENDED DETERMINATION ON REMEDY AND BOND
`
`Administrative Law Judge MaryJoan McNamara
`
`(July 3, 2018)
`
`Appearances:
`
`For the Complainant Motorola Solutions, Inc.:
`
`
`Adam R. Alper, Esq. of Kirkland & Ellis LLP, San Francisco, California.
`
`Michael W. De Vries, Esq. of Kirkland & Ellis LLP, Los Angeles, California.
`
`Katherine M. Burke, Esq. of Kirkland & Ellis LLP, Washington, D.C.
`
`For the Respondents Hytera Communications Corp. Ltd., Hytera America, Inc., and Hytera
`Communications America (West), Inc.:
`
`E. Robert Yoches, Esq., Elizabeth A. Niemeyer, Esq., Christopher T. Blackford, Esq., and
`Yanbin Xu, Esq. of Finnegan, Henderson, Farabow, Garrett & Dunner, LLP, Washington,
`D.C.
`
`Erik R Puknys, Esq. and Nicholas D. Petrella, Esq. of Finnegan, Henderson, Farabow,
`Garrett & Dunner, LLP, Palo Alto, California.
`
`Shaobin Zhu, Esq. of Finnegan, Henderson, Farabow, Garrett & Dunner, LLP, Shanghai,
`China.
`
`Hongbiao Yu, Esq. and Yi Yu, Esq. of Finnegan, Henderson, Farabow, Garrett & Dunner,
`LLP, Reston, Virginia.
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`SELECTED SUMMARY FINDINGS
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`Pursuant to the Notice of Investigation, 82 Fed. Reg. 20635, dated May 3, 2017, this is
`
`the Initial Determination (“ID”) of the Investigation in the Matter of Certain Two-Way Radio
`
`Equipment and Systems, Related Software and Components Thereof, United States International
`
`Trade Commission Investigation No. 337-TA-1053. See 19 C.F.R. § 210.42(a).
`
`It is a finding of this ID that Complainant Motorola Solutions, Inc. (“Complainant” or
`
`“Motorola”) has proven by a preponderance of evidence that Respondents Hytera
`
`Communications Corp. Ltd., Hytera America, Inc., and Hytera Communications America
`
`(West), Inc. (collectively, “Respondents” or “Hytera”) have violated subsection (b) of Section
`
`337 of the Tariff Act of 1930, in the importation into the United States, the sale for importation,
`
`or the sale within the United States after importation of certain two-way radio equipment and
`
`systems, related software and components thereof.
`
`It is a finding of this ID that Hytera has infringed asserted claims 9, 13, 14, and 15 of
`
`U.S. Patent No. 8,116,284 (“the ’284 patent”). It is also a finding of this ID that Hytera has
`
`infringed asserted claims 1, 6, 17, and 21 of U.S. Patent No. 7,369,869 (“the ’869 patent”).
`
`Additionally, it is a finding of this ID that Hytera has infringed asserted claims 1 and 11 of U.S.
`
`Patent No. 7,729,701 (“the ’701 patent”). Moreover, it is a finding of this ID that Hytera has
`
`infringed asserted claims 7 and 8 of U.S. Patent No. 8,279,991 (“the ’991 patent”).
`
`It is finding of this ID that Hytera has not proven by clear and convincing evidence that
`
`any of the asserted claims are invalid under 35 U.S.C. § 102 as anticipated and/or under 35
`
`U.S.C. § 103 as obvious.
`
`It is a finding of this ID that one or more of Motorola’s domestic industry products have
`
`satisfied the technical industry prong of the domestic industry requirement for the ’869, ’701,
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`and ’991 patents. It is also a finding of this ID that Motorola has not satisfied the technical prong
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`of the domestic requirement for the ’284 patent.
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`It is a finding of this ID that Motorola has satisfied the economic prong of the domestic
`
`industry requirement under Section 337(a)(3)(A), (B), and/or (C).
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`I.
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`II.
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`III.
`
`IV.
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`V.
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`
`
`TABLE OF CONTENTS
`
`INITIAL DETERMINATION ON VIOLATION OF SECTION 337, AND
`RECOMMENDED DETERMINATION ON REMEDY AND BOND ....................... 1
`A.
`Summary of Findings .............................................................................................. 1
`BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................... 2
`A.
`Institution and Selected Procedural History ........................................................... 2
`B.
`The Parties ............................................................................................................ 13
`1.
`Complainant Motorola Solutions, Inc. (“Complainant” or “Motorola”) .. 13
`2.
`Respondent Hytera Communications Corp. Ltd. ...................................... 14
`3.
`Respondent Hytera America, Inc. ............................................................. 14
`4.
`Respondent Hytera Communications America (West), Inc. ..................... 14
`JURISDICTION, IMPORTATION, AND STANDING ............................................. 15
`A.
`The Commission Has Jurisdiction ........................................................................ 15
`1.
`Subject Matter Jurisdiction ....................................................................... 15
`2.
`Personal Jurisdiction ................................................................................. 15
`3.
`In Rem Jurisdiction ................................................................................... 15
`Motorola Has Standing in the Commission .......................................................... 20
`B.
`THE ASSERTED PATENTS ........................................................................................ 20
`A.
`U.S. Patent No. 8,116,284 (“the ’284 Patent”) ..................................................... 20
`1.
`Overview of the ’284 Patent ..................................................................... 20
`2.
`Asserted Claims of the ’284 Patent ........................................................... 25
`U.S. Patent No. 7,369,869 (“the ’869 Patent”) ..................................................... 26
`1.
`Overview of the ’869 Patent ..................................................................... 26
`2.
`Asserted Claims of the ’869 Patent ........................................................... 30
`U.S. Patent No. 7,729,701 (“the ’701 Patent”) ..................................................... 32
`1.
`Overview of the ’701 Patent ..................................................................... 32
`2.
`Asserted Claims of the ’701 Patent ........................................................... 35
`U.S. Patent No. 8,279,991 (“the ’991 Patent”) ..................................................... 36
`1.
`Overview of the ’991 Patent ..................................................................... 36
`2.
`Asserted Claims of the ’991 Patent ........................................................... 39
`THE PRODUCTS AT ISSUE ........................................................................................ 40
`
`B.
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`C.
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`D.
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`VI.
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`A.
`Hytera’s Accused Products ................................................................................... 40
`Motorola’s DI Products......................................................................................... 41
`B.
`THE ASSERTED PATENTS ........................................................................................ 41
`A.
`Level of Ordinary Skill in the Art ......................................................................... 41
`1.
`Legal Standard .......................................................................................... 41
`2.
`Definition of Person of Ordinary Skill in the Art ..................................... 42
`Claim Construction ............................................................................................... 42
`1.
`Legal Standard .......................................................................................... 42
`VII. U.S. PATENT NO. 8,116,284 ......................................................................................... 45
`A.
`Legal Standard: Direct Infringement ................................................................... 45
`1.
`Literal Infringement .................................................................................. 46
`2.
`Infringement Under the Doctrine of Equivalents ...................................... 46
`Overview of Infringement and Motorola’s and Hytera’s Disputes in Brief ......... 46
`Relevant Claim Terms .......................................................................................... 47
`The ’284 Legacy Products Infringe Claims 9, 13, 14, and 15 of the ’284 Patent . 48
`1.
`Claim 9 of the ’284 Patent ........................................................................ 48
`a)
`“A radio communication device having an assigned default
`timeslot for communicating with a talkgroup of other radio
`communication devices” ............................................................... 48
`“the radio communication device comprising: radio
`communication circuitry” ............................................................. 50
`“the radio communication device comprising: . . . a
`processor coupled to the radio communication circuitry” ............ 50
`“wherein in operation the processor: determines, from a
`signal provided by the radio communication circuitry, if the
`default timeslot is available for the radio communication
`device to communicate with the talkgroup” ................................. 51
`“when the default timeslot is unavailable the processor
`instructs the radio communication circuitry to search for an
`available timeslot” ........................................................................ 52
`“when the default timeslot is unavailable the processor
`instructs the radio communication circuitry to . . .
`temporarily select the available timeslot as a temporary
`selected group timeslot for the talkgroup” .................................... 53
`“when the default timeslot becomes available the processor
`instructs the radio communication circuitry to re-select the
`
`B.
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`B.
`C.
`D.
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`b)
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`c)
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`d)
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`e)
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`f)
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`g)
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`F.
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`default timeslot for communicating with the talkgroup” .............. 54
`Claim 13 of the ’284 Patent ...................................................................... 56
`a)
`“The radio communication device, as claimed in claim 9,
`wherein the signal provided by the radio communication
`circuitry is generated from information sent from a repeater
`station.” ......................................................................................... 56
`Claim 14 of the ’284 Patent ...................................................................... 57
`a)
`“The radio communication device, as claimed in claim 13,
`wherein the information sent from the repeater station is
`provided in a common announcement channel.” .......................... 57
`Claim 15 of the ’284 Patent ...................................................................... 57
`a)
`“A wireless communication system comprising” ......................... 57
`b)
`“a plurality of radio communication devices forming a
`talkgroup” ..................................................................................... 58
`“at least one repeater station through which the radio
`communication devices communicate” ........................................ 58
`“wherein each of the radio communication devices have a
`common assigned default timeslot for communicating with
`the talkgroup”................................................................................ 59
`“wherein each one of the radio communication devices:
`determines if the default timeslot is available to
`communicate with the talkgroup” ................................................. 59
`“when the default timeslot is unavailable each of the radio
`communication devices searches for an available timeslot
`and temporarily selects the available timeslot as a temporary
`selected group timeslot for the talkgroup” .................................... 60
`“when the default timeslot becomes available each of the
`radio communication devices re-select the default timeslot
`for communicating with the talkgroup” ........................................ 60
`The ’284 Redesigned Products Do Not Literally Infringe Claims 9, 13, 14, and 15
`of the ’284 Patent, But Do Infringe Under the Doctrine of Equivalents .............. 60
`1.
`Motorola Failed to Prove Literal Infringement ......................................... 62
`2.
`Motorola Proved Infringement Under the Doctrine of Equivalents ......... 68
`Domestic Industry: Technical Prong ................................................................... 70
`1.
`Legal Standard .......................................................................................... 70
`2.
`The ’284 DI Products Do Not Practice Claims 9, 13, 14, and 15 of the
`’284 Patent ................................................................................................ 71
`
`c)
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`d)
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`e)
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`f)
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`g)
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`vii
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`The ’284 DI Products Lack a “Default Timeslot” ........................ 72
`Claim 9 of the ’284 Patent ............................................................ 74
`i.
`“A radio communication device having an assigned
`default timeslot for communicating with a talkgroup
`of other radio communication devices, the radio
`communication device comprising” ................................. 74
`“radio communication circuitry” and “a processor
`coupled to the radio communication circuitry” ................ 74
`“wherein in operation the processor: determines,
`from a signal provided by the radio communication
`circuitry, if the default timeslot is available for the
`radio communication device to communicate with the
`talkgroup” ......................................................................... 75
`“when the default timeslot is unavailable the
`processor instructs the radio communication circuitry
`to search for an available timeslot and temporarily
`select the available timeslot as a temporary selected
`group timeslot for the talkgroup” ...................................... 75
`“when the default timeslot becomes available the
`processor instructs the radio communication circuitry
`to reselect the default timeslot for communicating
`with the talkgroup” ........................................................... 76
`Claim 13 of the ’284 Patent .......................................................... 76
`c)
`Claim 14 of the ’284 Patent .......................................................... 77
`d)
`Claim 15 of the ’284 Patent .......................................................... 77
`e)
`Validity ................................................................................................................. 78
`1.
`Legal Standard .......................................................................................... 78
`a)
`Generally ....................................................................................... 78
`b)
`Legal Standard: Anticipation ....................................................... 79
`None of the Asserted Claims of the ’284 Patent Are Invalid ................... 79
`a)
`Claims 9, 13, 14, and 15 of the ’284 Patent Are Not
`Anticipated By Wiatrowski (JX-0009) ......................................... 79
`Claims 9, 13, 14, and 15 of the ’284 Patent Are Not
`Anticipated By TETRA (RX-0063) .............................................. 84
`Claims 9, 13, 14, and 15 of the ’284 Patent Are Not
`Anticipated By Ito (RX-0016) ...................................................... 88
`VIII. U.S. PATENT NO. 7,369,869 ......................................................................................... 94
`
`ii.
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`iii.
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`iv.
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`v.
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`a)
`b)
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`C.
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`b)
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`Overview of Infringement and Motorola’s and Hytera’s Disputes in Brief ......... 94
`Relevant Claim Terms .......................................................................................... 96
`The ’869 Accused Products Infringe Claims 1, 6, 17, and 21 of the ’869 Patent . 96
`1.
`Claims 1, 17, and 21 of the ’869 Patent .................................................... 96
`a)
`“A method for scanning a TDMA channel by a subscriber
`unit in a wireless communications landscape 100, wherein
`the subscriber unit is operationally connected to at least one
`base radio over a plurality of channels, the method
`comprising the steps of” [1pre]/“In a TDMA system
`whereby the TDMA system comprises a plurality of
`subscriber units and a plurality of base radios, a method for
`scanning, the method comprising the steps of” [17pre]/“A
`system for scanning a TDMA channel by a subscriber unit in
`a wireless communications landscape 100, wherein the
`subscriber unit is operationally connected to at least one base
`radio over a plurality of channels, the system comprising”
`[21pre] ........................................................................................... 96
`“locking onto a channel of the plurality of channels by the
`subscriber unit wherein a subset of the plurality of channels
`is preprogrammed in a list in the subscriber unit” [1a]/
`“locking onto a channel preprogrammed in a list of a
`subscriber unit whereby the channel carries activity on one
`timeslot of the TDMA system” [17a]/“a receiver for locking
`onto a channel of the plurality of channels wherein a subset
`of the plurality of channels is preprogrammed” [21a] .................. 97
`“transmitting from at least one base radio a control message
`to the subscriber unit wherein the control message has a first
`information which informs the subscriber unit of activity
`present on the channel of the plurality of channels” [1b] ............. 98
`“receiving and decoding the control message for the first
`information by the subscriber unit” [1c]; “if the first
`information indicates that activity is present on the channel
`of the plurality of channels” [1d]/“receiving an activity
`update message from a base radio of the plurality of base
`radios wherein the activity update message indicates in a first
`information the activity on the channel and indicates in a
`second information at least one characteristic of the activity
`on the channel” [17b]/ “whereby the receiver obtains an
`activity update message from the channel wherein the
`activity update message indicates in a first information
`activity on the channel and indicates in a second information
`at least one characteristic of the activity on the channel”
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`c)
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`d)
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`b)
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`[21b]; “a decoder for obtaining the at least one characteristic
`from the activity update message” [21c] ...................................... 99
`“determining whether the activity is of interest to the
`subscriber unit by comparing a second information in the
`control message with a third information preprogrammed in
`the subscriber unit” [1e]/ “determining whether the activity
`is of interest to the subscriber unit by comparing the at least
`one characteristic with preprogrammed third information in
`the subscriber unit” [17c]/“a comparator which compares the
`at least one characteristic with third preprogrammed
`information indicating at least one preprogrammed
`characteristic to determine whether the activity is of interest
`to the system” [21d] .................................................................... 101
`“if the activity is of interest to the subscriber unit, then
`remaining on the channel of the plurality of channels to
`receive the activity present on the channel” [1f]/“if the
`activity is of interest, then remaining on the channel to
`receive the activity; otherwise moving to the next channel in
`the list” [17d]/“a selector to receive activity which the
`comparator determines to be of interest” [21e] ........................... 105
`Claim 6 of the ’869 Patent ...................................................................... 106
`a)
`“The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of tuning
`to the next channel in the list that is preprogrammed in the
`subscriber unit.” .......................................................................... 106
`Domestic Industry: Technical Prong ................................................................. 107
`1.
`The ’869 DI Products Practice Claims 1, 6, 17, and 21 of the ’869
`Patent....................................................................................................... 107
`a)
`Claims 1, 17, and 21 of the ’869 Patent ...................................... 107
`i.
`“A method for scanning a TDMA channel by a
`subscriber unit in a wireless communications
`landscape 100, wherein the subscriber unit is
`operationally connected to at least one base radio
`over a plurality of channels, the method comprising
`the steps of” [1pre]/“In a TDMA system whereby the
`TDMA system comprises a plurality of subscriber
`units and a plurality of base radios, a method for
`scanning, the method comprising the steps of”
`[17pre]/ “A system for scanning a TDMA channel by
`a subscriber unit in a wireless communications
`landscape 100, wherein the subscriber unit is
`operationally connected to at least one base radio
`over a plurality of channels, the system comprising”
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`[21pre] ............................................................................. 107
`“locking onto a channel of the plurality of channels
`by the subscriber unit wherein a subset of the
`plurality of channels is preprogrammed in a list in the
`subscriber unit” [1a]/ “locking onto a channel
`preprogrammed in a list of a subscriber unit whereby
`the channel carries activity on one timeslot of the
`TDMA system” [17a]/ “a receiver for locking onto a
`channel of the plurality of channels wherein a subset
`of the plurality of channels is preprogrammed” [21a] .... 108
`“transmitting from at least one base radio a control
`message to the subscriber unit wherein the control
`message has a first information which informs the
`subscriber unit of activity present on the channel of
`the plurality of channels” [1b] ........................................ 109
`“receiving and decoding the control message for the
`first information by the subscriber unit” [1c]; “if the
`first information indicates that activity is present on
`the channel of the plurality of channels”
`[1d]/“receiving an activity update message from a
`base radio of the plurality of base radios wherein the
`activity update message indicates in a first
`information the activity on the channel and indicates
`in a second information at least one characteristic of
`the activity on the channel” [17b]/“whereby the
`receiver obtains an activity update message from the
`channel wherein the activity update message
`indicates in a first information activity on the channel
`and indicates in a second information at least one
`characteristic of the activity on the channel” [21b]; “a
`decoder for obtaining the at least one characteristic
`from the activity update message” [21c] ........................ 110
`“determining whether the activity is of interest to the
`subscriber unit by comparing a second information in
`the control message with a third information
`preprogrammed in the subscriber unit” [1e]/
`“determining whether the activity is of interest to the
`subscriber unit by comparing the at least one
`characteristic with preprogrammed third information
`in the subscriber unit” [17c]/“a comparator which
`compares the at least one characteristic with third
`preprogrammed information indicating at least one
`preprogrammed characteristic to determine whether
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`xi
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`the activity is of interest to the system” [21d] ................ 111
`“if the activity is of interest to the subscriber unit,
`then remaining on the channel of the plurality of
`channels to receive the activity present on the
`channel” [1f]/“if the activity is of interest, then
`remaining on the channel to receive the activity;
`otherwise moving to the next channel in the list”
`[17d]/“a selector to receive activity which the
`comparator determines to be of interest” [21e] ............... 112
`“wherein the operation of the receiver, the decoder,
`the comparator, and the selector are controlled by a
`processor” [21f] .............................................................. 112
`Claim 6 of the ’869 Patent .......................................................... 113
`i.
`“The method of claim 1 further comprising the step
`of tuning to the next channel in the list that is
`preprogrammed in the subscriber unit.” .......................... 113
`Validity ............................................................................................................... 114
`1.
`Legal Standard: Indefiniteness ............................................................... 114
`2.
`None of the Asserted Claims of the ’869 Patent Are Invalid ................. 114
`a)
`Claims 1, 6, 17, and 21 of the ’869 Patent Are Not
`Anticipated By Wan (RX-0077) ................................................. 114
`Claims 1, 17, and 21 of the ’869 Patent Are Not Indefinite ....... 129
`b)
`IX. U.S. PATENT NO. 7,729,701 ....................................................................................... 133
`A.
`Overview of Infringement and Motorola’s and Hytera’s Disputes in Brief ....... 133
`B.
`Relevant Claim Terms ........................................................................................ 134
`C.
`The ’701 Accused Products Infringe Claims 1 and 11 of the ’701 Patent .......... 136
`1.
`Claim 1 of the ’701 Patent ...................................................................... 136
`a)
`“In a conventional TDMA communications system, wherein
`the conventional TDMA communications system comprises
`at least one base station and at least one mobile station, a
`method of accessing a de-keyed base station comprising”
`[1pre]; “de-keying a base station in the conventional TDMA
`communications system” [1a] ..................................................... 136
`“starting a timer in the base station when the base station de-
`keys” [1b] .................................................................................... 144
`“receiving a transmission from a mobile station” [1c]; “re-
`keying and repeating the transmission, if the transmission is
`received with proper synchronization before expiration of the
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`D.
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`E.
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`timer” [1d] ................................................................................... 147
`Claim 11 of the ’701 Patent .................................................................... 151
`a)
`“The method of claim 1 further comprising requiring a
`wakeup message from the mobile station before re-keying
`the base station at expiration of the timer.” ................................ 151
`Domestic Industry: Technical Prong ................................................................. 152
`1.
`The ’701 DI Products Practice Claims 1 and 11 of the ’701 Patent ....... 153
`a)
`Claim 1 of the ’701 Patent .......................................................... 153
`i.
`“In a conventional TDMA communications system,
`wherein the conventional TDMA communications
`system comprises at least one base station and at least
`one mobile station, a method of accessing a de-keyed
`base station comprising” [1pre] ...................................... 153
`“de-keying a base station in the conventional TDMA
`communications system” [1a]; “starting a timer in the
`base station when the base station de-keys” [1b] ............ 155
`“receiving a transmission from a mobile station” [1c];
`“re-keying and repeating the transmission, if the
`transmission is received with proper synchronization
`before expiration of the timer” [1d] ................................ 156
`Claim 11 of the ’701 Patent ........................................................ 158
`i.
`“The method of claim 1 further comprising requiring
`a wakeup message from the mobile station before re-
`keying the base station at expiration of the timer.” ........ 158
`Validity ............................................................................................................... 159
`1.
`Legal Standard: Obviousness ................................................................. 159
`2.
`None of the Asserted Claims of the ’701 Patent Are Invalid ................. 162
`a)
`Samsung (RX-0036) in Combination with Kansal (RX-0039)
`or Rosen (RX-0037) Does Not Render Obvious Claims 1 and
`11 of the ’701 Patent ................................................................... 162
`U.S. PATENT NO. 8,279,991 ....................................................................................... 170
`A.
`Overview of Infringement and Motorola’s and Hytera’s Disputes in Brief ....... 170
`B.
`Relevant Claim Terms ........................................................................................ 171
`C.
`The ’991 Accused Products Infringe Claims 7 and 8 of the ’991 Patent ............ 172
`1.
`Claim 7 of the ’991 Patent ...................................................................... 173
`a)
`“In a time division multiple access (TDMA) system having a
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`plurality of timeslots, a method comprises the steps of” ............ 173
`“knowing a first set of synchronization patterns associated
`with a desired timeslot and a second set of synchronization
`patterns associated with each of the other timeslots in the
`TDMA system, wherein the first set of synchronization
`patterns is mutually exclusive from the second set of
`synchronization patterns, and each set comprising at least
`two different synchronization patterns as a function of at
`least one of a payload type and a source of the transmission” .... 174
`“preparing to transmit a particular payload type in a
`timeslot” ...................................................................................... 175
`“determining whether the timeslot is a current desired
`timeslot for the TDMA system” ................................................. 177
`“if the timeslot is the current desired timeslot, selecting a
`synchronization pattern selected from the first set of
`synchronization patterns based on the one of the particular
`payload type and a particular source of the transmission;
`otherwise selecting a synchronization pattern selected from
`the second set of synchronization patterns based on the one
`of the particular payload type and the particular source of the
`transmission”............................................................................... 178
`“transmitting a burst in the timeslot having embedded the
`synchronization pattern that was selected” ................................. 179
`Claim 8 of the ’991 Patent ...................................................................... 179
`a)
`“The method of claim 7 wherein the current desired timeslot
`at a first time is different than the current desired timeslot at
`a second time.” ............................................................................ 179
`Domestic Industry: Technical Prong ................................................................. 180
`1.
`The ’991 DI Products Practice Claims 12 and 16 of the ’991 Patent ..... 180
`a)
`Claim 12 of the ’991 Patent ........................................................ 181
`i.
`“In a time division multiple access (TDMA) system
`having a plurality of timeslots, a method comprises
`the steps of”..................................................................... 181
`“selecting a channel having a desired frequency and a
`desired timeslot, wherein each timeslot has a set of
`synchronization patterns associated therewith, each
`set of synchronization patterns are mutually exclusive
`of each other, and each set of synchronization
`patterns comprises at least two different
`synchronization patterns as a function of at least one
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