reference
`set."
`"The 'must-have' PC architecture
`
`"Read Only" column
`-PC Magazine's
`
`PCMC
`SYSTEM
`ARCHITECTURE
`
`16-BIT PC CARDS
`
`SECOND EDITION
`
`INC.
`MINDSHARE,
`
`Don Anderson
`
`PC SYSTEM
`
`ARCHITECTURE
`
`S E R I E S
`
`0
`
`WESTERN DIGITAL CORPORATION, EXHIBIT 1006
`Page 1 of 446
`
`

`

`PCMCIA System
`Architecture
`
`16-Bit PC Cards
`
`
`
`Second Edition
`
`MINDSHARE, INC.
`
`DON ANDERSON
`
`TT
`
`ADDISON-WESLEY
`
`Boston • San Francisco • New York • Toronto • Montreal
`
`
`London • Munich • Paris • Madrid
`
`
`
`Capetown • Sydney • Tokyo • Singapore • Mexico City
`
`i
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`WESTERN DIGITAL CORPORATION, EXHIBIT 1006
`Page 2 of 446
`
`

`

`Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their
`
`
`
`
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`products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book,
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`and Addison-Wesley was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been
`
`
`
`
`printed in initial capital letters or all capital letters.
`
`The author and publisher have taken care in preparation of this book, but make no
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors
`
`
`
`
`or. omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in
`
`
`
`
`connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained
`herein.
`
`
`
`
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`
`
`
`
`PCMCIA system architecture: 16-bit cards/ MindShare, Inc., Don
`
`
`
`Anderson, Don, 1953-
`
`
`Anderson.
`p. cm.
`
`Includes index.
`
`
`ISBN 0-201-40991-7 (alk. paper)
`
`
`
`I.MindShare, Inc. II. Title.
`
`TK7895.P38A63 1995
`004.6'4-dc20
`
`1.PCMCIA cards (Microcomputers) 2. Computer architecture.
`
`95-44074
`CIP
`
`
`
`
`
`Copyright© 1995 by MindShare, Inc.
`
`All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
`
`
`
`
`
`
`retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
`
`
`
`mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written
`
`
`
`
`
`permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Published
`
`simultaneously in Canada.
`
`Sponsoring Editor: Keith Wollman
`
`
`
`
`
`Production Coordinator: Deborah McKenna
`
`
`Cover design: Barbara T. Atkinson
`
`
`Set in 10 point Palatino by MindShare, Inc.
`
`
`
`Text printed on recycled and acid-free paper.
`
`ISBN 0201409917
`
`7 8 9 101112 MA 06 05 04 03
`
`
`
`7th Printing May 2003
`
`The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in quantity for special sales. For more infor­
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`
`
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`
`mation, please contact Pearson Education Corporate Sales Division, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle
`
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`River, NJ 07458, (800) 382-3419, corpsales@pearsontechgroup.com
`
`ii
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`WESTERN DIGITAL CORPORATION, EXHIBIT 1006
`Page 3 of 446
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`

`

`
`
`For Doris and Darrel Anderson, my mother and father.
`
`iii
`
`WESTERN DIGITAL CORPORATION, EXHIBIT 1006
`Page 4 of 446
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`

`

`The PC System Architecture Series
`
`
`
`MindShare, Inc.
`
`Please see our web site (http://www.awprofes
`
`
`
`
`sional.com/series/mindshare) for more information on these titles.
`
`AGP Sys tem Architecture: Second Edition
`
`
`0-201-70069-7
`
`CardBus Sys tem Architecture
`
`0-201-40997
`-6
`
`Fire Wire® System Architecture: Second Edition
`0-201-48535-4
`
`InfiniBand System Architecture
`
`0-321-11765-4
`
`ISA Sys tem Architecture: Third Edition
`
`0-201-40996-8
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`PCI System Architecture: Fourth Edition
`
`
`
`
`0-201-30974-2
`
`PCI-X Sys tem Architecture
`0-201-72682-3
`
`
`PCM CIA Sys tem Architecture: Second Edition
`0-201-40991-7
`
`® Pro and Pentium
`Pentium
`0-201-30973-4
`
`
`
`® Processor System Architecture: Second Edition
`Pentium
`0-201-40992-5
`
`® II Sys tem Architecture: Second Edition
`
`Plug and Play Sys tem Architecture
`0-201.:41013-3
`
`Protected Mode Software Architecture
`
`0-201-55447-X
`
`Universal Serial Bus System Architecture: Second Edition
`
`
`
`
`0-201-30975-0
`TM System Architecture
`HyperTransport
`0-321-16845-3
`
`iv
`
`WESTERN DIGITAL CORPORATION, EXHIBIT 1006
`Page 5 of 446
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`

`

`Contents
`
`About This Book
`The Mind Share Architecture Series .................................................................................. 1
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Organization of This Book ................................................................................................. 2
`
`
`Part One: Introduction to PCMCIA .............................................................................. 2
`
`
`
`
`Part Two: Socket and Host Bus Adapter Design ......................................................... 2
`
`
`Part Three: PC Card Design .......................................................................................... 3
`
`
`
`; ...... 4 Part Four: PCMCIA Software .................................................................................
`
`
`Part Five: ExCA (QuickSwap) ....................................................................................... 5
`
`
`Part Six: An Example HBA ............................................................................................ 5
`
`
`
`
`
`Appendices ..................................................................................................................... 6
`
`Who Should Read This Book ............................................................................................. 6
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Prerequisite Knowledge ....................... .'. ............................................................................. 6
`
`
`
`Documentation Conventions ........................................................................................... · ... 6
`
`
`
`Hex Notation .................................................................................................................. 6
`
`
`
`
`Binary Notation .............................................................................................................. 7
`
`
`
`
`
`Decimal Notation ........................................................................................................... 7
`
`
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`Signal Name Representation ......................................................................................... 7
`
`
`
`
`
`Identification of Bit Fields (logical groups of bits or signals) ..................................... 7
`
`
`
`
`
`CarBus ....... , .................................................................................................................... · ....... 8
`
`
`
`
`We Want Your Feedback ..................................................................................................... 8
`
`
`
`E-Mail/Phone/FAX ........... : ................................................................................................... 8
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Mailing Address ................................................................................................................... 8
`
`Part One
`
`Introduction to PCMCIA
`
`Chapter 1 : The Problem
`The Mobile Computing Environment ............................................................................. 11
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Small Form-Factor 1/0 Expansion Devices ................................................................ .-.... 12
`
`Chapter 2: The PCMCIA Solution
`
`The Virtual Floppy Drive Subsystem ............................................................................. 13
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`The Lack of a Standard Memory Card Design ............................................................... 14
`
`
`Emergence of PCMCIA ..................................................................................................... 14
`
`V
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`WESTERN DIGITAL CORPORATION, EXHIBIT 1006
`Page 6 of 446
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`PCMCIA System Architecture
`
`............
`
`
`
`...................for 1/0-based PC Cards Added .................
`.........................
`15
`Support
`
`
`
`
`.......................................................................................................
`The PC Card Standard
`15
`
`
`
`...............................................................
`17
`........................
`Summary of PCMCIA Releases
`
`Chapter 3: Tying the Pieces Together
`
`
`
`
`Overview ............................................................................................................................. 21
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`The PC Card ......................................................................................................
`
`
`.................. 22
`
`
`
`
`Interoperability: PCMCIA Sockets and The PCMCIA Host Bus Adapter ................. 25
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Initializing the Host Bus Adapter: Socket Services ...................................................... 27
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Configuring the Card: Card Services & Enablers .......................................................... 28
`
`
`Accessing PC Cards After Configuration ..............
`
`
`
`......................................................... 29
`
`
`
`
`
`
`The Metaformat .................................................................................................................. 29
`
`
`Card Types and Dimensions ............................................................................................
`35
`
`Part Two
`Socket and Host Bus Adapter Design
`
`Chapter 4: The Physical Specifications
`
`
`
`...................................
`
`
`
`Card Types I, II, and III ............................................................
`36
`
`............ 39
`
`
`Extended Card Types I and II .....................................................
`....................
`
`................ 40
`
`
`
`The Card and Socket Connectors ...........................................................
`..........
`
`
`............ 40
`
`
`
`
`Card and Socket Keying .............................................................
`.....................
`. 42
`......
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Pin Length ..............................................................................................................
`........... 43
`
`
`
`Environmental Characteristics .....................................................
`
`.........................
`
`......... 43
`
`
`
`
`
`Connector Environmental Standards .........................................
`
`.......................
`
`............ .44
`.................
`
`
`PC Card Environmental Standards ........................
`
`......................
`47
`.........
`..............
`
`
`
`Overview ................................................................................
`...........
`...........
`
`Chapter 5: The Memory-Only Socket Interface
`
`
`
`
`...................................................
`
`
`The Memory Interface .................................
`
`48
`...................
`, ........................
`
`
`
`
`Card Power ..........................................................................................
`
`50
`
`............................
`
`
`
`
`2.x Socket .......... : .........................................
`
`..................
`Release
`50
`51
`.....
`..........
`
`Low-Voltage Socket.
`
`
`........................
`
`
`.......................................................
`.......... 51
`
`
`
`..................................
`
`Voltage Sense Pins (not used in 2.x systems) ..........
`..............
`......... 53
`
`
`
`
`The Power-Up Sequence ................................................
`................
`.......... 54
`.........
`.................
`.......
`
`Vppl and Vpp2 .................................................
`..........
`... 55
`
`.............................
`......
`
`
`
`
`
`Address Signals ......................................................................
`
`...................... 59
`
`
`
`
`
`Data Lines ...............................................................................................
`
`vi
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`WESTERN DIGITAL CORPORATION, EXHIBIT 1006
`Page 7 of 446
`
`

`

`Contents
`
`PC Memory Card Transaction Definition .................................................................. 59
`PC Memory Card Status Signals ................................................................................. 60
`Card Detection ....................................................................................................... 61
`Ready Status .......................................................................................................... 62
`Write-Protect Status .............................................................................................. 62
`Low Battery Detection .......................................................................................... 63
`Bus Cycle Control ......................................................................................................... 64
`Card Reset ..................................................................................................................... 64
`PC Card Memory Transfers .............................................................................................. 65
`Attribute Memory Read Transfers .............................................................................. 65
`Attribute Memory Write Transfers ............................................................................. 67
`Common Memory Read/Write Transfers .................................................................. 68
`Common Memory Read or Write Transfer (16-Bit Hosts) ................................. 68
`Common Memory Read or Write Transfer (8-Bit Hosts) ................................... 70
`Common Memory Read/Write Timing with Wait.. ........................................... 71
`
`Chapter 6: The Memory or 1/0 Interface
`Overview ............................................................................................................................. 7 4
`The 1/0 Socket Interface ................................................................................................... 7 4
`PC Memory or I/ 0 Card Transaction Definition ...................................................... 77
`The I0IS16# Pin ............................................................................................................ 78
`The IREQ# Pin ........................... ,. .................................................................................. 78
`The INP ACK# Pin ........................................................................................................ 78
`The STSCHG# Pin ........................................................................................................ 78
`The· SPKR# Pin .............................................................................................................. 79
`1/0 Transfers ....................................................................................................................... 79
`Single Byte Access to/from 8-Bit I/0 Devices .......................................................... 80
`Word Access to/ from 8-Bit I/ 0 Devices ................................................................... 82
`Byte Accesses to/from 16-~it Register ....................................................................... 82
`Word Accesses to/from 16-Bit I/0 Registers ............................................................ 83
`
`Chapter 7: The DMA Interface
`Background ......................................................................................................................... 86
`Review of PC Compatible DMA Transfers .................................................................... 86
`A DMA Example .......................................................................................................... 87
`DMA Channels Supported by ISA .............................................................................. 90
`The DMA Socket Interface ............................................................................................... 91
`The DREQ#.Pin ............................................................................................................. 92
`The DACK/REG# Pin .................. ~ ............................................................................... 93
`The TC Pin .............. · ...................................................................................................... 93
`
`vii
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`WESTERN DIGITAL CORPORATION, EXHIBIT 1006
`Page 8 of 446
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`

`PCMCIA System Architecture
`
`OMA with PC Card ........................................................................................................... 93
`OMA Transfer Timing (PC Compatible) ........................................................................ 94
`DMA Bus Cycle ............................................................................................................ 94
`Changes to Socket Services .............................................................................................. 98
`Changes to Card Services .................................................................................................. 99
`
`Chapter 8: The ATA Interface
`The AT A Inter£ ace ........................................................................................................... 101
`The ATA Interface ....................................................................................................... 103
`Differences Between Standard ATA and PCMCIA ATA ....................................... 105
`ATA System Resource Requirements ........................................................................ 105
`Supporting Two Drives ............................................................................................. 106
`
`Chapter 9: The AIMS Interface
`The AIMS Inter£ ace ......................................................................................................... 107
`The AIMS Register Set .................................................................................................... 109
`The Block Transfer ......... · ................................................................................................. 109
`The AIMS Commands ..................................................................................................... 110
`Accessing the AIMS Registers ....................................................................................... 112
`
`Chapter 10: The PC Card Host Bus Adapter
`Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 113
`Host Bus Adapter Functions ........................................................................................... 115
`The Socket Inter£ ace ................................................................................................... 116
`Maximum Number of HBAs ..................................................................................... 116
`Maximum Number of Socket Per HBA .................................................................... 117
`Data Buffers/ Transceivers ............................................................................................. 117
`· Card Detection .................................................................................................................. 117
`Power Switching ....... · ....................................................................................................... 119
`V cc Power Controls .................................................................................................... 119
`V cc and 2.1 Compliant HBAs ............................................................................. 119
`V cc and Low Voltage Sockets ............................................................................. 120
`Vppl and Vpp2 Control ............................................................................................ 120
`Address Translation ........................................................................................................ 121
`Memory Address Mapping ....................................................................................... 121
`Direct Mapping .................................................................................................... 121
`Remapping the Host Address to PC Cards with Fixed Addresses ................ 122
`System Address Space Smaller Than Socket Address Space ........................... 124
`System Address Space Larger Than Socket Address Space ............................ 125
`
`viii
`
`WESTERN DIGITAL CORPORATION, EXHIBIT 1006
`Page 9 of 446
`
`

`

`Contents
`
`Memory Address Windows ............................................................................... 126
`Overlapping Memory Windows ........................................................................ 127
`I/0 Address Mapping ............................................................................................... 130
`Direct Mapped I/0 Addresses .......................................................................... 130
`Overlapping I/ 0 Windows ................................................................................ 130
`Other Information Associated with Address Windows .................................. 132
`Socket Transfer Timing and Control.. ........................................................................... 133
`Interface Control ........................................................................................................ 133
`Socket Access Timing ................................................................................................. 134
`Stretching Socket Access Timing .............................................................................. 134
`Word or Byte Access .................................................................................................. 134
`PC Card I/0 Device Size (I0IS16#) .......................................................................... 135
`Card Interrupt Steering and Handling .......................................................................... 135
`Level Mode Interrupts ............................................................................................... 137
`Pulse Mode Interrupts ..................... / ........................................................................ 138
`Card Event Notification (The Status Change Interrupt) ............................................. 139
`OMA Support ................................................................................................................... 139
`Power Conservation Modes ............................................................................................ 141
`Card Lock Mechanism ..................................................................................................... 141
`Error Detection and Correction (EDC) .......................................................................... 141
`
`Part Three
`PC Card Design
`
`Chapter 11: The Card Information Structure (CIS)
`Overview ........................................................................................................................... 145
`The Card Information Structure (CIS) .......................................................................... 147
`Tuples .......................................................................................................................... 148
`Tuple Format ....................................................................................................... 148
`A Sample Tuple ................................................................................................... 149
`The Configuration Table ............................................................................................ 151
`The Configuration Entry Tuple .......................................................................... 151
`Interpreting the Configuration Table ................................................................. 154
`Multiple Function PC Cards ............................................................................... 157
`Devices Commonly Used for the CIS ....................................................................... 158
`CIS Access Timing ...................................................................................................... 158
`Summary of Layer 1 Tuples ................................ : ...................................... · ..................... 158
`
`ix
`
`WESTERN DIGITAL CORPORATION, EXHIBIT 1006
`Page 10 of 446
`
`

`

`PCMCIA System Architecture
`
`Chapter 12: Function Configuration Registers
`Configuration Registers .................................................................................................. 163
`Configuration Option Register ...................................................... · ............................ 164
`Card Configuration and Status Register .................................................................. 166
`Status Change ...................................................................................................... 166
`Size of Host Expansion Bus ................................................................................ 168
`Audio Enable ....................................................................................................... 168
`Power Conservation Mode ................................................................................. 168
`Interrupt Pending ................................................................................................ 169
`Pin Replacement Register .......................................................................................... 169
`Socket and Copy Register .......................................................................................... 170
`Extended Status Register ........................................................................................... 171
`I/ 0 Base Registers ...................................................................................................... 172
`1/0 Limit Register ...................................................................................................... 173
`
`Chapter 13: An SRAM Card Example
`An SRAM Card Example ................................................................................................ 175
`The SRAM CIS ................................................................................................................. 177
`Device Information Tuple .......................................................................................... 178
`Level 1 Version/ Product Information Tuple ......................................................... 178
`Checksum Tuple ......................................................................................................... 179
`Termination Tuple ...................................................................................................... 179
`
`Chapter 14: A Flash Card Example
`An Example Flash Card Implementation ...................................................................... 181
`A Flash Memory CIS Example ....................................................................................... 183
`Device Information Tuple .......................................................................................... 184
`Device Geometry Tuple ............................................................................................. 184
`JED EC Device Identifier (ID) Tuple .......................................................................... 185
`Level 1 Version / Product Information Tuple ......................................................... 185
`Configuration Tuple ................................................................................................... 186
`Termination Tuple ...................................................................................................... 186
`Flash Card Configuration Registers .......................................................................... 187
`. Configuration Option Register ........................................................................... 187
`Configuration Status Register ............................................................................ 187
`
`X
`
`WESTERN DIGITAL CORPORATION, EXHIBIT 1006
`Page 11 of 446
`
`

`

`Contents
`
`Chapter 15: A FAX/Modem Example
`An Example FAX/Modem Card ...................................................................................... 189
`FAX/Modem Resource Requirements ........................................................................... 191
`A FAX/Modem CIS Example .......................................................................................... 191
`Device Information Tuple .......................................................................................... 192
`Level 1 Version / Product Information Tuple ......................................................... 192
`Card Manufacturer Identification (ID) Tuple .......................................................... 192
`Function Identification Tuple .................................................................................... 193
`Function Extension Tuples ........................................................................................ 194
`Configuration Tuple ................................................................................................... 194
`Configuration Table ................................................................................................... 195
`No-Link Tuple ............................................................................................................ 196
`Termination Tuple ...................................................................................................... 196
`FAX/Modem Configuration Registers ..................................................................... 196
`Configuration Option Register···························:··············································· 196
`Configuration Status Register ............................................................................ 197
`Pin Replacement Register ................................................................................... 197
`
`Chapter 16: An ATA PC Card Example
`An ATA PC Card Example .............................................................................................. 199
`AT A System Resource Requirements ........................................................................... 201
`Supporting. Two Drives ................................................................................................... 201
`The ATA Card's CIS ........................................................................................................ 202
`Disk Device Function Extensions ....................................................................... 202
`IPL from a PCMCIA ATA Drive ............................................................................... 204
`An Example ATA Card CIS ............................................................................................ 205
`Device Information Tuple .......................................................................................... 206
`Level 1 Version / Product Information Tuple ......................................................... 206
`Configuration Tuple ................................................................................................... 206
`Configuration Table ................................................................................................... 207
`Function Identification Tuple .................................................................................... 207
`Function Extension Tuples ................................................ /, ......................................... :·· 208
`No-Link Tuple ............................................................................................................ 208
`Termination Tuple ...................................................................................................... 208
`Configuration Registers ............................................................................................. 208
`
`xi
`
`WESTERN DIGITAL CORPORATION, EXHIBIT 1006
`Page 12 of 446
`
`

`

`PCMCIA System Architecture
`
`Chapter 17: A Multiple Function PC Card Example
`Overview ........................................................................................................................... 209
`An Example Multiple Function PC Card ...................................................................... 210
`An Example CIS ............................................................................................................... 210
`Configuration Registers .................................................................................................. 214
`Configuration Option Register .................................................................................. 215
`Card Configuration and Stat~s Register .................................................................. 216
`I/0 Base Registers ...................................................................................................... 217
`I/0 Limit Register ......................................................................