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`UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
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`BEFORE THE PATENT TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD
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`ADOBE SYSTEMS INCORPORATED,
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`Petitioner,
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`v.
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`WILLIAM GRECIA,
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`Patent Owner.
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`
`
`CASE: IPR2018-00418
`
`Patent No. 8,402,555
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`
`
`DECLARATION OF DR. AVIEL RUBIN IN SUPPORT OF
`PETITION FOR INTER PARTES REVIEW OF U.S. PATENT NO. 8,402,555
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`-i-
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`Adobe, Exhibit 1002
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`

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`Declaration of Dr. Aviel Rubin in Support of Petition
`for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 8,402,555
`TABLE OF CONTENTS
`
`
`I.
`II.
`
`III.
`
`INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 8
`QUALIFICATIONS AND EXPERIENCE .................................................... 9
`A.
`Education and Experience .................................................................... 9
`1.
`Education ................................................................................... 9
`2.
`Career ......................................................................................... 9
`3.
`Publications: ............................................................................. 13
`4.
`Curriculum Vitae ...................................................................... 14
`Compensation ..................................................................................... 14
`B.
`Documents and Other Materials Relied Upon ................................... 14
`C.
`STATEMENT OF LEGAL PRINCIPLES ................................................... 14
`A.
`Claim Construction ............................................................................ 15
`1.
`Broadest reasonable interpretation ........................................... 15
`Legal Standards for Invalidity ............................................................ 16
`B.
`IV. BACKGROUND OF THE ART .................................................................. 22
`V.
`SUMMARY OF THE ’555 PATENT .......................................................... 38
`A.
`’555 Patent and Representative Challenged Claims .......................... 38
`B.
`Prosecution History of the ’555 Patent .............................................. 45
`C.
`Level of Ordinary Skill in the Art ...................................................... 46
`VI. PROPOSED CLAIM CONSTRUCTIONS .................................................. 47
`A.
`“metadata of the encrypted digital media” ......................................... 47
`B.
`“[the request comprising a membership verification token
`provided by a first user,] corresponding to the encrypted digital
`media”................................................................................................. 49
`“verified web service” ........................................................................ 50
`“the branding request is a request from one or more secondary
`users” .................................................................................................. 51
`Various “Modules” in Claims 12 and 26 ........................................... 52
`
`C.
`D.
`
`E.
`
`
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`Adobe, Exhibit 1002
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`

`

`Declaration of Dr. Aviel Rubin in Support of Petition
`for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 8,402,555
`
`VII.
`
`Other Claim Terms ............................................................................. 64
`F.
`IDENTIFICATION OF THE PRIOR ART AND SUMMARY OF
`OPINIONS .................................................................................................... 64
`Ameerally (Ex. 1004) ......................................................................... 66
`A.
`Gautier (Ex. 1005) ............................................................................. 71
`B.
`Frakes (Ex. 1006) ............................................................................... 72
`C.
`Venkataramu (Ex. 1007) .................................................................... 76
`D.
`Zweig (Ex. 1008) ................................................................................ 79
`E.
`Kondrk (Ex. 1009) .............................................................................. 82
`F.
`Linking to the iTunes Music Store (Ex. 1010) ................................... 83
`G.
`H. Modifying Content in iTunes (Ex. 1011) ............................................ 84
`VIII. MOTIVATION TO COMBINE REFERENCES ......................................... 84
`IX. GROUNDS FOR INVALIDITY OF THE ’555 PATENT .......................... 95
`A. Ground 1: Claims 1-6, 8-22, and 24-25 are obvious in view of
`Ameerally, Gautier, Frakes, Zweig, and Venkataramu ..................... 95
`Claim 1 is rendered obvious by Ameerally, Gautier,
`1.
`Frakes, Zweig, and Venkataramu ............................................ 95
`Claim 2 is rendered obvious by Ameerally, Gautier,
`Frakes, Zweig, and Venkataramu .......................................... 113
`Claim 3 is rendered obvious by Ameerally, Gautier,
`Frakes, Zweig, and Venkataramu .......................................... 116
`Claim 4 is rendered obvious by Ameerally, Gautier,
`Frakes, Zweig, and Venkataramu .......................................... 117
`Claim 5 is rendered obvious by Ameerally, Gautier,
`Frakes, Zweig, and Venkataramu .......................................... 119
`Claim 6 is rendered obvious by Ameerally, Gautier,
`Frakes, Zweig, and Venkataramu .......................................... 119
`Claim 8 is rendered obvious by Ameerally, Gautier,
`Frakes, Zweig, and Venkataramu .......................................... 122
`Claim 9 is rendered obvious by Ameerally, Gautier,
`Frakes, Zweig, and Venkataramu .......................................... 122
`
`8.
`
`
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`2.
`
`3.
`
`4.
`
`5.
`
`6.
`
`7.
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`Adobe, Exhibit 1002
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`

`

`9.
`
`Declaration of Dr. Aviel Rubin in Support of Petition
`for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 8,402,555
`Claim 10 is rendered obvious by Ameerally, Gautier,
`Frakes, Zweig, and Venkataramu .......................................... 124
`10. Claim 11 is rendered obvious by Ameerally, Gautier,
`Frakes, Zweig, and Venkataramu .......................................... 126
`11. Claim 12 is rendered obvious by Ameerally, Gautier,
`Frakes, Zweig and Venkataramu ........................................... 129
`12. Claim 13 is rendered obvious by Ameerally, Gautier,
`Frakes, Zweig, and Venkataramu. ......................................... 138
`13. Claim 14 is rendered obvious by Ameerally, Gautier,
`Frakes, Zweig, and Venkataramu. ......................................... 138
`14. Claim 15 is rendered obvious by Ameerally, Gautier,
`Frakes, Zweig, and Venkataramu .......................................... 139
`15. Claim 16 is rendered obvious by Ameerally, Gautier,
`Frakes, Zweig, and Venkataramu. ......................................... 144
`16. Claim 17 is rendered obvious by Ameerally, Gautier,
`Frakes, Zweig, and Venkataramu. ......................................... 145
`17. Claim 18 is rendered obvious by Ameerally, Gautier,
`Frakes, Zweig, and Venkataramu. ......................................... 146
`18. Claim 19 is rendered obvious by Ameerally, Gautier,
`Frakes, Zweig, and Venkataramu .......................................... 146
`19. Claim 20 is rendered obvious by Ameerally, Gautier,
`Frakes, Zweig, and Venkataramu. ......................................... 148
`20. Claim 21 is rendered obvious by Ameerally, Gautier,
`Frakes, Zweig, and Venkataramu. ......................................... 149
`21. Claim 22 is rendered obvious by Ameerally, Gautier,
`Frakes, Zweig, and Venkataramu. ......................................... 150
`Ground 2: Claims 7 and 23 are obvious in view of Ameerally,
`Gautier, Frakes, Zweig, Venkataramu, and Linking to the
`iTunes Music Store ........................................................................... 151
`Claim 7 is rendered obvious by Ameerally, Gautier,
`1.
`Frakes, Zweig, Venkataramu, and Linking to the iTunes
`Music Store ............................................................................ 151
`
`B.
`
`
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`Adobe, Exhibit 1002
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`

`

`2.
`
`Declaration of Dr. Aviel Rubin in Support of Petition
`for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 8,402,555
`Claim 23 is rendered obvious by Ameerally, Gautier,
`Frakes, Zweig, Venkataramu, and Linking to the iTunes
`Music Store ............................................................................ 153
`Ground 3: Claim 26 is obvious in view of Ameerally, Gautier,
`Frakes, Zweig, Venkataramu, Kondrk, and Modifying Content
`in iTunes. .......................................................................................... 153
`
`C.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Adobe, Exhibit 1002
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`

`

`Declaration of Dr. Aviel Rubin in Support of Petition
`for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 8,402,555
`
`
`
`LIST OF APPENDICES
`
`Appendix A
`
`Curriculum Vitae of Dr. Aviel Rubin
`
`Appendix B
`
`Appendix C
`
`Appendix D
`
`Appendix E
`
`Appendix F
`
`Steve Case: The Complete History of the Internet’s Boom, Bust
`Boom Cycle, Business Insider (Jan. 14, 2011),
`http://www.businessinsider.com/what-factors-led-to-the-
`bursting-of-the-internet-bubble-of-the-late-90s-2011-1
`
`Katie Cox, Whatever Happened to Geocities, Lycos, Netscape
`& Other Giants of Web 1.0, Consumerist (Mar. 20, 2015),
`http://consumerist.com/2015/03/20/where-did-everyone-from-
`the-90s-go-when-we-all-got-facebook-and-quit-web-1-0/
`
`John B. Horrigan, Broadband Adoption at Home in the United
`States: Growing but Slowing, Telecommunications Policy Re-
`search Conference (Sept. 24, 2005), retrieved from
`http://www.pewinternet.org/files/old-
`me-
`dia/Files/Reports/2005/PIP_Broadband.TPRC_Sept05.pdf.pdf
`
`David Goldman, Music’s lost decade: Sales cut in half, CNN
`Money, (Feb. 3, 2010), retrieved from
`http://money.cnn.com/2010/02/02/news/companies/napster_mu
`sic_industry/
`
`Michael Godwin, Digital Rights Management: A Guide for Li-
`brarians, American Library Association: Office for Information
`Technology Policy (Jan. 2006), retrieved from
`http://www.cs.yale.edu/homes/jf/Godwin-Libraries.pdf
`
`
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`
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`Adobe, Exhibit 1002
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`

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`Appendix G
`
`Appendix H
`
`Appendix I
`
`Appendix J
`
`Appendix K
`
`Declaration of Dr. Aviel Rubin in Support of Petition
`for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 8,402,555
`
`Dirk Kuhlmann and Robert A. Gehring, Trusted Platforms,
`DRM and Beyond, in Digital Rights Management: Technologi-
`cal, Economic, Legal and Political Aspects (Eberhard Becker et
`al., eds.) (Jun. 24, 2003), retrieved from http://einst-
`ig.de/sites/einst-ig.de/files/KuhlmannGehring-
`TrustedPlatformsDRMAndBeyond-20030624.pdf
`
`Sai Ho Kowk, Digital Rights Management for the Online Music
`Business, ACM SIGecom Exchanges, Vol. 3, No. 3 (Aug.
`2002), retrieved from
`http://www.sigecom.org/exchanges/volume_3_(02)/3.3-
`Kwok.pdf
`
`Austen Woods, ELCOMSOFT vs. ADOBE: How AEBPR
`Cracked Adobe’s Acrobat E-Book Reader, SANS Security Es-
`sentials, GSEC Practical Assignment v1.2d (2002), retrieved
`from https://www.sans.org/reading-
`room/whitepapers/commerical/elcomsoft-vs-adobe-aebpr-
`cracked-adobes-acrobat-e-book-reader-779
`
`Technological Protection Systems for Digitized Copyrighted
`Works: A Report to Congress, U.S. Patent and Trademark Of-
`fice (Nov. 2, 2002), retrieved from
`https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/web/offices/dcom/olia
`/teachreport.pdf
`
`S. H. Kwok & S. M. Lui, A License Management Model to
`Support B2C and C2C Music Sharing, presented at the 10th In-
`ternational World Wide Web Conference (May 1-5, 2001), re-
`trieved from
`http://www10.wwwconference.org/cdrom/posters/1008.pdf
`
`Appendix L
`
`U.S. Patent Pub. No. 2003/0004885
`
`
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`2
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`Declaration of Dr. Aviel Rubin in Support of Petition
`for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 8,402,555
`
`Appendix M
`
`J. Walker et al., Share It! - A Rights-Managed Network of Peer-
`to-Peer Set-Top-Boxes - System Architecture, in Proceedings of
`the International Broadcasting Convention (IBC) 2003 (Sept.
`2003), retrieved from
`http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.198.1
`673&rep=rep1&type=pdf
`
`Appendix N
`
`U.S. Patent Pub. No. 2002/0059144
`
`Appendix O
`
`WO Pub. No. WO 02/45316
`
`Appendix P
`
`U.S. Patent Pub. No. 2003/0078853
`
`Appendix Q
`
`U.S. Patent No. 6,824,051
`
`Appendix R
`
`U.S. Patent No. 7,496,540
`
`Appendix S
`
`U.S. Patent No. 7,483,958
`
`Appendix T
`
`Jaehong Park et al., Security Architectures for Controlled Digi-
`tal Information Dissemination, IEEE (2000)
`
`Appendix U
`
`Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 (DMCA): U.S. Cop-
`yright Office Summary, U.S. Copyright Office (Dec. 1998), re-
`trieved from https://www.copyright.gov/legislation/dmca.pdf
`
`Appendix V
`
`Hugh D’Andrade, Are Personal Copies of Digital Music Files
`“Unauthorized” or Not?, Electronic Frontier Foundation (Jan.
`11, 2008), retrieved from
`https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2008/01/are-personal-copies-
`digital-music-files-unauthorized-or-not
`
`
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`3
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`Declaration of Dr. Aviel Rubin in Support of Petition
`for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 8,402,555
`
`Appendix W
`
`Neda Ulaby, Sony Music CDs Under Fire from Privacy Advo-
`cates, NPR (Nov. 4, 2005), retrieved from
`https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=498926
`0
`
`Appendix X
`
`DVD-CCA v. Bunner and DVD-CCA v. Pavlovich, Electronic
`Frontier Foundation (Sept. 2005),
`https://w2.eff.org/IP/Video/DVDCCA_case/
`
`Appendix Y
`
`Unintended Consequences: Five Years under the DMCA, Elec-
`tronic Frontier Foundation (Mar. 3, 2003), retrieved from
`https://www.eff.org/wp/unintended-consequences-five-years-
`under-the-dmca
`
`Appendix Z
`
`Steve Jobs, Thoughts on Music (Feb. 6, 2007), retrieved from
`https://web.archive.org/web/20080107121341/http://www.appl
`e.com/hotnews/thoughtsonmusic/
`
`Appendix AA Nathan Ingraham, iTunes Store at 10: how Apple built a digital
`media juggernaut, The Verge (Apr. 26, 2013),
`https://www.theverge.com/2013/4/26/4265172/itunes-store-at-
`10-how-apple-built-a-digital-media-juggernaut
`
`Appendix AB Kirk McElhearn, Beginner’s Guide to Sharing iTunes Music,
`iLounge (Jun. 26, 2005),
`http://www.ilounge.com/index.php/articles/comments/beginner
`s-guide-to-sharing-itunes-music
`
`Appendix AC Qiong Liu et al., Digital Rights Management for Content Dis-
`tribution, Australasian Information Security Workshop 2003
`(AISW2003), Adelaide, Australia. Conferences in Research and
`Practice in Information Technology, Vol. 21 (C. Johnson et al.,
`eds.) (2003), retrieved at
`http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.12.34
`84&rep=rep1&type=pdf
`
`
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`4
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`Adobe, Exhibit 1002
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`Declaration of Dr. Aviel Rubin in Support of Petition
`for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 8,402,555
`
`Appendix AD Heng Guo, Digital Rights Management (DRM) Using XrML, in
`T-110.501 Seminar on Network Security (2001), retrieved at
`http://www.tml.tkk.fi/Studies/Tik-
`110.501/2001/papers/guo.heng.pdf
`
`Appendix AE
`
`Architecture of DRM, Microsoft (Feb. 5, 2002), retrieved at
`https://web.archive.org/web/20020205030927/http://www.micr
`osoft.com/windows/windowsmedia/wm7/drm/architecture.asp
`
`Appendix AF
`
`Adobe Ships Content Server 2.0 to Enable Simple Encryption
`and Distribution of Adobe PDF-based eBooks, Adobe (Apr. 10,
`2001), retrieved at
`http://web.archive.org/web/20010603164834/www.adobe.com/
`aboutado-
`be/pressroom/pressreleases/200104/20010410content.html
`
`Appendix AG Apple Launces the iTunes Music Store, Apple Newsroom (Apr.
`28, 2003),
`https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2003/04/28Apple-Launches-
`the-iTunes-Music-Store/
`
`Appendix AH Xbox Live, Wikipedia (last accessed Dec. 28, 2017),
`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_Live
`
`Appendix AI
`
`Eric Lempel, Amazon.com Now Offers Digital Codes for
`PlayStation Network Games and Game Content,
`Playstation.Blog (Oct. 7, 2009),
`https://blog.us.playstation.com/2009/10/07/amazon-com-now-
`offers-digital-codes-for-playstation-network-games-and-game-
`content/
`
`Appendix AJ
`
`Playstation Store, Wikipedia (last accessed Dec. 28, 2017),
`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Store
`
`Appendix AK
`
`Steam (software), Wikipedia (last accessed Dec. 28, 2017),
`
`
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`5
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`Declaration of Dr. Aviel Rubin in Support of Petition
`for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 8,402,555
`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_(software)
`
`Appendix AL Dave Taylor, How do I Put Music on My Apple iPod?, Ask
`Dave Taylor (Jul. 13, 2006),
`https://www.askdavetaylor.com/how_do_i_put_music_on_my_
`apple_ipod/
`
`Appendix AM Dave Taylor, How Do I Use a Starbucks iTunes Free Pick of
`the Week Song Card?, Ask Dave Taylor (Aug. 8, 2008),
`https://www.askdavetaylor.com/how_to_use_redeem_starbucks
`_itunes_free_pick_week_song_card/
`
`Appendix AN
`
`Jacqui Cheng, iTunes through the ages, ArsTechnica (Nov. 23,
`2012), https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2012/11/itunes-through-
`the-ages/
`
`Appendix AO
`
`Jacqui Cheng, iTunes sells 25% of all music in the US, 69% of
`digital, ArsTechnica (Aug. 18, 2009),
`https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2009/08/itunes-sells-25-of-all-
`music-in-the-us-69-of-digital/
`
`Appendix AP
`
`Tim Anderson, How Apple is changing DRM, The Guardian
`(May 14, 2008), retrieved at
`https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/may/15/drm.ap
`ple
`
`Appendix AQ
`
`Step-by-Step Guide to Register an iTunes Account without a
`Credit Card to Download Free iPhone Apps, iPhoneHacks
`(May 25, 2009), http://www.iphonehacks.com/2009/05/step-by-
`step-guide-to-register-an-itunes-account-without-a-credit-card-
`to-download-free-iphone-apps.html
`
`
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`6
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`Adobe, Exhibit 1002
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`

`

`Declaration of Dr. Aviel Rubin in Support of Petition
`for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 8,402,555
`
`Appendix AR
`
`Peter Cohen, iTunes, Starbucks Create ‘Pick of the Week,’
`PCWorld (Apr. 15, 2008),
`https://www.pcworld.com/article/144659/article.html
`
`Appendix AS
`
`Apple and Pepsi to Give Away 100 Million Free Songs, Apple
`(Oct. 16, 2003),
`https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2003/10/16Apple-and-
`Pepsi-to-Give-Away-100-Million-Free-Songs/
`
`Appendix AT Nate Anderson, Should artists get 12% or 50% royalties from
`iTunes sales?, ArsTechnica (Mar. 2, 2009),
`https://arstechnica.com/information-
`technology/2009/03/should-artists-get-12-or-50-royalties-from-
`itunes-sales/
`
`
`7
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`Adobe, Exhibit 1002
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`

`

`Declaration of Dr. Aviel Rubin in Support of Petition
`for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 8,402,555
`
`I.
`
`INTRODUCTION
`1. My name is Dr. Aviel Rubin.
`
`2.
`
`I have been engaged by Petitioners Adobe Systems Incorporated
`
`(“Adobe”) to investigate and opine on certain issues relating to U.S. Patent No.
`
`5
`
`8,402,555 (“the ’555 Patent”) in connection with the Petition for Inter Partes Re-
`
`view. The Petition requests that the Patent Trial and Appeal Board (“PTAB” or
`
`“Board”) review and cancel Claims 1-26 of the ’555 Patent.
`
`3.
`
`I understand that Patent Owner William Grecia has asserted the ’555
`
`Patent against Petitioner in Grecia v. Adobe Sys. Inc., No. 4-16-cv-06283 (N.D.
`
`10
`
`Cal. 2016).
`
`4.
`
`In this declaration, I will first discuss the technology background re-
`
`lated to the ’555 Patent and then provide my analyses and opinions on Claims 1-26
`
`of the ’555 Patent.
`
`5.
`
`This declaration is based on the information currently available to me.
`
`15
`
`To the extent that additional information becomes available, I reserve the right to
`
`continue my investigation and study, which may include a review of documents
`
`and information that may be produced, as well as testimony from depositions that
`
`may not yet be taken.
`
`
`
`8
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`Adobe, Exhibit 1002
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`

`

`Declaration of Dr. Aviel Rubin in Support of Petition
`for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 8,402,555
`II. QUALIFICATIONS AND EXPERIENCE
`A. Education and Experience
`1.
`Education
`
`6.
`
`I possess the knowledge, skills, experience, training and the education
`
`5
`
`to form an expert opinion and testimony in this matter. I have 22 years of experi-
`
`ence in the field of computer science, and specifically in Internet and computer se-
`
`curity, including digital rights management. I received my Ph.D. in Computer Sci-
`
`ence and Engineering from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor in 1994, with a
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`specialty in computer security and cryptographic protocols. My thesis was entitled
`
`10
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`“Nonmonotonic Cryptographic Protocols” and concerned authentication in long-
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`running networking operations.
`
`2.
`
`Career
`
`7.
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`I will discuss my current position as a professor first, followed by a
`
`synopsis of my career and work from when I received my Ph.D. to the present.
`
`15
`
`8.
`
`I am currently employed as a Professor of Computer Science at Johns
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`Hopkins University, where I perform research, teach graduate courses in computer
`
`science and related subjects, and supervise the research of Ph.D. candidates and
`
`other students. Courses I have taught include Security and Privacy in Computing
`
`and Advanced Topics in Computer Security. I am also the Technical Director of
`
`20
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`the Johns Hopkins University Information Security Institute, the University’s focal
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`point for research and education in information security, assurance, and privacy.
`
`
`
`9
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`Adobe, Exhibit 1002
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`

`Declaration of Dr. Aviel Rubin in Support of Petition
`for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 8,402,555
`
`The University, through the Information Security Institute’s leadership, has been
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`designated as a Center of Academic Excellence in Information Assurance by the
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`National Security Agency and leading experts in the field. The focus of my work
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`over my career has been computer security, and my current research concentrates
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`5
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`on systems and networking security, with special attention to software and network
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`security.
`
`9.
`
`After receiving my Ph.D., I began working at Bellcore in its Cryptog-
`
`raphy and Network Security Research Group from 1994 to 1996. During this peri-
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`od, I focused my work on Internet and computer security. While at Bellcore, I
`
`10
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`published an article titled “Blocking Java Applets at the Firewall” about the securi-
`
`ty challenges of dealing with JAVA applets and firewalls, and a system that we
`
`built to overcome those challenges.
`
`10.
`
`In 1997, I moved to AT&T Labs, Secure Systems Research Depart-
`
`ment, where I continued to focus on Internet and computer security. From 1995
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`15
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`through 1999, in addition to my work in industry, I served as Adjunct Professor at
`
`New York University, where I taught undergraduate classes on computer, network
`
`and Internet security issues.
`
`11.
`
`I stayed in my position at AT&T until 2003, when I left to accept a
`
`full time academic position at Johns Hopkins University. The University promoted
`
`20
`
`me to full professor with tenure in April, 2004.
`
`
`
`10
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`Adobe, Exhibit 1002
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`

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`Declaration of Dr. Aviel Rubin in Support of Petition
`for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 8,402,555
`
`12.
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`I serve, or have served, on a number of technical and editorial adviso-
`
`ry boards. For example, I served on the Editorial and Advisory Board for the In-
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`ternational Journal of Information and Computer Security. I also served on the Ed-
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`itorial Board for the Journal of Privacy Technology. I have been Associate Editor
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`5
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`of IEEE Security and Privacy Magazine, and served as Associate Editor of ACM
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`Transactions on Internet Technology. I am currently an Associate Editor of the
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`journal Communications of the ACM. I was an Advisory Board Member of
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`Springer’s Information Security and Cryptography Book Series. I have served in
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`the past as a member of the DARPA Information Science and Technology Study
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`10
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`Group, a member of the Government Infosec Science and Technology Study
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`Group of Malicious Code, a member of the AT&T Intellectual Property Review
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`Team, Associate Editor of Electronic Commerce Research Journal, Co-editor of
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`the Electronic Newsletter of the IEEE Technical Committee on Security and Priva-
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`cy, a member of the board of directors of the USENIX Association, the leading ac-
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`15
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`ademic computing systems society, and a member of the editorial board of the
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`Bellcore Security Update Newsletter.
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`13.
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`I have spoken on information security and electronic privacy issues at
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`more than 50 seminars and symposia. For example, I presented keynote addresses
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`on the topics “Security of Electronic Voting” at Computer Security 2004 Mexico
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`20
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`in Mexico City in May 2004; “Electronic Voting” to the Secure Trusted Systems
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`
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`11
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`Adobe, Exhibit 1002
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`

`

`Declaration of Dr. Aviel Rubin in Support of Petition
`for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 8,402,555
`
`Consortium 5th Annual Symposium in Washington, D.C. in December 2003; “Se-
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`curity Problems on the Web” to the AT&T EUA Customer conference in March,
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`2000; and “Security on the Internet” to the AT&T Security Workshop in June
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`1997. I also presented a talk about hacking devices at the TEDx conference in Oc-
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`5
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`tober 2011 and also another TEDx talk on the same topic in September 2015.
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`14.
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`I was founder and President of Independent Security Evaluators (ISE),
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`a computer security consulting firm, from 2005-2011. In that capacity, I guided
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`ISE through the qualification as an independent testing lab for Consumer Union,
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`which produces Consumer Reports magazine. As an independent testing lab for
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`10
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`Consumer Union, I managed an annual project where we tested all of the popular
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`anti-virus products. Our results were published in Consumer Reports each year for
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`three consecutive years. I am currently the founder and managing partner of Har-
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`bor Labs, a software and networking consulting firm.
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`15. As is apparent from the above description, virtually my entire profes-
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`15
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`sional career has been dedicated to issues relating to digital rights management and
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`information and network security. Moreover, through my consulting work and my
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`work at AT&T and Bellcore, I am familiar with the practical aspects of designing,
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`analyzing, and deploying rights management and security applications in network
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`environments.
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`
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`12
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`Adobe, Exhibit 1002
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`

`

`Declaration of Dr. Aviel Rubin in Support of Petition
`for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 8,402,555
`
`3.
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`Publications:
`
`16.
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`I am a named inventor on ten United States patents, all in the infor-
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`mation security area. The patent numbers and titles as well as my co-inventors are
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`listed on the attached curriculum vitae. (See Appx. A.)
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`5
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`17.
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`In March 2004, I was asked by the Federal Trade Commission to
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`submit a report commenting on the viability and usefulness of a national do not e-
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`mail registry. I submitted my report entitled “A Report to the Federal Trade
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`Commission on Responses to Their Request for Information on Establishing a Na-
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`tional Do Not E-mail Registry” on May 10, 2004.
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`10
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`18.
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`I have also testified before Congress regarding the security issues with
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`electronic voting machines and in the United States Senate on the issue of censor-
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`ship. I also testified in Congress on November 19, 2013 about security issues re-
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`lated to the government’s Healthcare.gov web site.
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`19.
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`I am author or co-author of five books regarding information security
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`15
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`issues: Brave New Ballot, Random House, 2006; Firewalls and Internet Security
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`(second edition), Addison Wesley, 2003; White-Hat Security Arsenal, Addison
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`Wesley, 2001; Peer-to-Peer, O’Reilly, 2001; and Web Security Sourcebook, John
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`Wiley & Sons, 1997. I am also the author of numerous journal and conference
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`publications.
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`
`
`13
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`Adobe, Exhibit 1002
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`

`

`Declaration of Dr. Aviel Rubin in Support of Petition
`for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 8,402,555
`
`4.
`Curriculum Vitae
`20. Additional details of my education and employment history, recent
`
`professional service, patents, publications, and other testimony are set forth in my
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`current curriculum vitae, attached to this declaration as Appx. A.
`
`B. Compensation
`21.
`
`I am being compensated for the services I am providing in this decla-
`
`ration. The compensation is not contingent upon my performance, the outcome of
`
`this inter partes review or any other proceedings, or any issues involved in or re-
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`lated to this inter partes review or any other proceedings.
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`C. Documents and Other Materials Relied Upon
`22.
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`In forming my opinions, I have relied on information and evidence
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`identified in this declaration, including the ’555 Patent, its prosecution history, its
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`child patent 8,533,860 and that patent’s prosecution history, the prior art references
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`listed in the Grounds of Petitioners’ challenges, and other references listed in the
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`5
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`10
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`15
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`Appendices and the body of this Declaration. I have also relied on knowledge ac-
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`quired during my 22 years’ experience in the field of computer science, specifical-
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`ly my experience regarding digital rights management and information and net-
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`work security.
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`III. STATEMENT OF LEGAL PRINCIPLES
`23.
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`I am not an attorney and offer no legal opinions. For purposes of this
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`20
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`Declaration, I have been informed about certain aspects of the law for my analyses
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`
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`14
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`Adobe, Exhibit 1002
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`

`

`and opinions. I set forth my understanding of the law regarding patent claim con-
`
`Declaration of Dr. Aviel Rubin in Support of Petition
`for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 8,402,555
`
`struction and invalidity below.
`
`A. Claim Construction
`1.
`Broadest reasonable interpretation
`I am informed that for inter partes review, a claim term in an unex-
`
`24.
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`5
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`pired patent must be given its broadest reasonable interpretation (BRI) in light of
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`the patent specification and file history as it would have been understood by one of
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`ordinary skill in the art at the time of the invention. I understand that the words of
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`a claim are generally given their plain and ordinary meaning, which is the meaning
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`10
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`that the term would have to a person of ordinary skill in the art at the time of the
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`invention based upon that person reading the term in the context of the claim in
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`which it appears and the context of the entire patent, including the specification. I
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`also understand that a term’s meaning must be determined based upon a complete
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`understanding of what the inventor actually invented and intended to be covered by
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`15
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`the claim in which the term appears. In order to determine the plain and ordinary
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`meaning, one must consider the written description and the prosecution history.
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`Additionally, the inventor may use terms in a manner other than in their ordinary
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`meaning by clearly, deliberately, and precisely stating that special definition in the
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`patent specification or in the file history. I further understand that, under the legal
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`20
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`principle of claim differentiation, two different claims in the same patent (and in
`
`
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`15
`
`Adobe, Exhibit 1002
`
`

`

`Declaration of Dr. Aviel Rubin in Support of Petition
`for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 8,402,555
`
`particular, an independent claim and one of its dependent claims) should not be in-
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`terpreted in a way that would render them identical in scope, if that result can pos-
`
`sibly be avoided.
`
`2.
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`Means-plus-function claims
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`5
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`25. Where an element in a claim is expressed as a means or step for per-
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`forming a specified function without the recital of associated structure, material, or
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`acts in the claim, the claim shall be construed to cover the corresponding structure,
`
`material, or acts described in the specification and equivalents thereof.
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`26.
`
`I further understand that where the means-plus-function terms are
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`10
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`computer implemented, the structure, material or acts must include an algorithm
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`for performing the claimed function.
`
`B.
`27.
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`Legal Standards for Invalidity
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`I have been informed that a person is not entitled to a patent for an in-
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`vention if the invention was patented or described in a printed publication in this or
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`15
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`a foreign country more than one year prior to the date of the application for patent
`
`in the United States. I am also informed that a person may not receive a patent for
`
`an invention if the invention was known or used by others in this country or pa-
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`tented or described in a printed publication in this or a foreign country before the
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`invention by the applicant. I am also informed that if each element of a patent
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`20
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`claim is disclosed by such a prior patent or publication, either explicitly or inher-
`
`
`
`16
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`Adobe, Exhibit 1002
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`

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`ently, the claim is invalid because it is deemed “anticipated” by the prior patent or
`
`Declaration of Dr. Aviel Rubin in Support of Petition
`for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 8,402,555
`
`publication.
`
`28. With respect to an inherent dis