PLASTICS ENGINEERING/8
`
`ENGINEERING
`TNEIIMIII’IIIS'I'IGS
`
`JAMES M. MABGIIIIS
`
`A
`
`I’IIIII’EIITIES IINII IIPI'lIGII'I'IIINS
`
`EDITED BY
`
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`

`
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`

` H i
`
`ll
`IE}
`
`- E
`
`ll
`
`M I
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`
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`Ill
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`
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`
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`m_
`an.
`
`- a
`
`.
`U3.
`
`;Jngggggé
`' TA 455
`
`‘.P5 E54
`
`1985
`
`Copy 2
`
`IE
`
`Dekker
`
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`PET_HONDA_1014-0003
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`Am. Honda v. IV II - IPR2018-00442
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`
`

`

`Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
`Main entry under title:
`
`Engineering thermoplastics .
`
`(Plastics engineering ; 8)
`Includes index»
`
`I. Margolis, James M.
`1. Thermoplastics.
`II. Series: Plastics engineering (Marcel Dekker,
`Inc.) ; 8.
`TA455.P5E54 1985
`ISBN 0—8247—7294—6
`
`620.1'923
`
`84—28720
`
`COPYRIGHT © 1985 by MARCEL DEKKER,
`RESERVED
`
`INC.
`'
`
`ALL RIGHTS
`
`Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in
`any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
`including photo-
`copying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage
`and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
`
`MARCEL DEKKER,
`
`INC.
`
`Current printing (last digit):
`10
`9
`8
`7
`6
`5
`4
`
`3
`
`270 Madison Avenue, New York, New York
`
`
`2
`
`1‘1.
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`

`ENGINEERING
`
`TH ERMOPLASTICS
`
`
`
`Am. Honda v. N 11 7-71PR2018-00442
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`

`15
`
`Torlon Poly(amide-imide)
`
`C. J. BILLERBECK Amoco Chemicals Corporation, Chicago, Illinois
`
`STEVEN J . HENKE Amoco Chemicals Corporation , Naperville,
`Illinois
`
`I. Torlon Engineering Polymers
`II. Products and Applications
`III. Fabrication
`378
`References
`381
`
`373
`374
`
`I. TORLON® ENGINEERING POLYMERS
`
`Torlon engineering polymers are a family of high-performance thermo—
`plastics manufactured by the Amoco Chemicals Corporation. These
`polymers are an offshoot of Amoco's successful development of high-
`temperature wire enamels. Torlon polymers are poly(amide—imide)
`materials resulting from the condensation reaction between trimellitic
`anhydride (TMA) and various diamines.
`Injection-moldable grades of
`Torlon polymers have been in the commercial market since 1976. Torlon
`polymers can also be extruded into various rod, film, and tubing pro—
`files by proprietary processes. Torlon has the highest strength of
`any commercial unreinforced plastic in the world, with a tensile strength
`in excess of 25,000 psi and a heat distortion temperature of 525°F at
`264 psi.
`Torlon polymers can be solid-state polymerized after fabrication, and
`this postcuring increases the molecular weight and gives superior
`
`®Trademark.
`
`373
`
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`

`374 / Billerbeck and Henke
`
`properties. The postcure takes place in staged steps to 500°]? with
`curing times and temperatures dependent primarily on part thickness
`and shape.
`Torlon polymers are available in a number of grades, including glass-
`and graphiteereinforced and fluorocarbon—modified friction and wear
`grades. Newer grades of Torlon are being developed which have ex-
`cellent physical properties but are less expensive.
`
`‘
`
`ll. PRODUCTS AND APPLICATIONS
`
`Torlon 4203L contains 0.5% fluorocarbon and 3% TiOg. This material
`combines high—strength, long—term heat resistance and excellent elec—
`trical properties with the ability to mold complex shapes. Torlon 4203L
`finds use in premium markets for high—temperature electrical connec—
`tors and other demanding electrical, electronic, and aerospace
`
`TABLE 1 Properties of Torlon Polymers
`Testing
`Temperature
`OF
`
`4203
`and 4203L
`
`PROPERTIES
`
`MECHANICAL
`
`Tensde Strength,
`IO’DSI, D1708
`
`Tensile Elongation,
`%
`
`'
`
`Flexural Strength,
`IO’psi, D790
`
`Flexulal Modulus,
`10"Dsi. D790
`
`Compressive Strength,
`10’psi, 0695
`120d Impact. 11 ~1bs./
`In , D256
`
`Deilectlon Temperature
`(CD 264 [351, ”F, D648
`Coeffncrent 01 Linear
`Thermal Expanston,
`10-“ In./m_/°F, 0696
`Limiting Oxygen Index,
`rVa, D2863
`
`Specific Gravity,
`g/Crn’, D792
`Water Absorption, %,
`0570
`For more property data
`ask tor Data Sheets:
`
`1 THERMAL
`
`GENERAL
`
`73
`300
`500
`
`73
`300
`500
`73
`300
`500
`73
`300
`500
`73
`
`73
`
`73-300
`
`68
`
`26.9
`15.2
`7 5
`
`12
`17
`22
`30.7
`22.6
`10,8
`6.6
`5.2
`4.3
`25
`
`2.5
`
`525
`
`20
`
`43
`
`1.40
`
`0.28
`
`AT-B
`
`4301
`
`4275
`
`4347
`
`5030
`
`7130
`
`9040
`
`19 6
`10.6
`6.7
`
`6
`
`26.4
`20.5
`11 2
`9.2
`7 3
`5.8
`22
`
`1
`
`1 -
`
`525
`
`15
`
`42
`
`1.45
`
`0.22
`
`18,1
`13.5
`6.4
`
`6
`7
`14
`25.4
`18,3
`7.0
`10.4
`8.6
`5.8
`20
`
`1,2
`
`512
`
`13
`
`47
`
`1,46
`
`0.19
`
`14.9
`11.5
`8.4
`
`7.8
`11.3
`9.1
`25.5
`16.9
`13.2
`8.1
`6.9
`6.5
`20
`
`1.5
`
`500
`
`16
`
`42
`
`1.42
`
`0.38
`
`28.3
`19.8
`12.2
`
`5
`6
`8
`46.1
`33.5
`18.4
`16.1
`15.2
`12.2
`35
`
`2.0
`
`525
`
`10
`
`48
`
`157
`
`0.22
`
`29.8
`20.6
`10.7
`
`6
`5
`4
`45.9
`31.6
`16.5
`25.9
`21.9
`20.5
`34
`
`1.2
`
`531
`
`.
`
`6
`
`25.5
`24.0
`19.8
`
`4
`8.3
`7.7
`490
`39.5
`22.8
`21.1
`20.9
`18.3
`NA‘
`
`1.2
`
`544
`
`7
`
`49
`
`50
`
`1.42
`
`0.22
`
`1.72
`
`0126
`
`AT»6
`
`AT»?
`
`AT~10
`
`AT-11
`
`AT-14
`
`AT-12
`
`1 NA Not available
`
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`

`Torlon Poly(amide—imide)
`
`/ 375
`
`6.0
`
`5.0
`
`4.0
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`6.0
`
`5.0
`
`4.0
`
`3.0
`
`2.0
`
`1.0
`
`
`
`3.0 _ a...“
`
`Torlon 4203‘-
`
`2.0-
`
`1.0
`
`Torlon 5030
`
`—_
`
`0
`0
`0.100 1000
`
`Time,0hours
`
`FIGURE 1 Tensile creep at 200°F and 15,000 psi.
`
`applications. When Torlon engineering polymer is used for the dielec—
`tric in these connectors designs utilizing plastic retention are possible.
`Torlon 4203L has applications also in the industrial area in vanes
`and housings, and in aerospace applications where it can be used to
`replace heavier, more expensive machined metal parts. Business ma—
`chines benefit when Torlon 4203L's strength, lubricity, and thermal
`resistance are employed in moving parts. The properties of this and
`other grades of Torlon polymer are shown in Table 1 [1].
`Torlon 5030 is a glass—reinforced resin characterized by high strength
`and high modulus. The tensile strength of Torlon 5030 is in excess of
`25,000 psi and the flexural modulus is in excess of 1,500,000 psi. The
`glass reinforcement also significantly reduces creep.
`Torlon 5030 has a very high strength/weight ratio, allowing it to
`replace metal in compressors and in aerospace applications, including
`housings, structures, and equipment boxes.
`Industrial applications
`include vanes, pump housings, compressor valve plates, and wherever
`high strength and stiffness are required. Compressor valve plates
`made from Torlon 5030 have exceptionally low creep and higher tem—
`perature resistance , giving them significantly improved performance
`over steel and aliphatic polyamides.
`Torlon 7130 is reinforced with graphite fiber, giving it a modulus
`in excess of 2,500,000 psi with a tensile strength in excess of 25,000 psi.
`This material is mainly employed in aerospace applications as a metal
`
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`

`376 / Billerbeck and Henke
`
`substitute. Uses include housings, bushings, gears, and support
`brackets. The combination of the high specific stiffness and specific
`strength (strength or stiffness divided by density) of this grade make
`it an extremely attractive substitute for metal alloys in those aerospace
`applications. Cost savings have been made in substituting Torlon 7130
`for metals, since the injection—molding fabrication process is less ex-
`pensive than metal machining. This material and variations of it con—
`taining PTFE also have applications in pump and compressor vanes
`where the modulus and friction and wear properties of the material
`are utilized. Creep resistance data for Torlon 4203L, 5030, and 7130
`are seen in Fig. 1 [2] . The outstanding creep resistance of the re—
`inforced grades is seen in this illustration.
`
`TABLE 2 Wear Testing Results
`
`Material
`
`10,000 PV—P = 50 pSi x V 2: 200 fpm
`TORLON 4275
`TORLON 4301
`TORLON 4347
`Fluorocarbon Grade 191 (carbon filled pTFE)
`Fluorosint2 (mica filled pTFE)
`Vespel3 SP21 lpolvmidel
`
`45,000 PV~P = 50 pSi X V = 900 fpm
`
`TORLON 4275
`TORLON 4301
`TORLON 4347
`Vespel 3 SP21
`OFL 4036‘ (modified PPS)
`OFL 4536‘ (modified PPS)
`
`50,000 PV-—P =- 1,000 psi
`>< V : 50 fpm
`
`!< w
`Wear Factor,
`10‘10 in.“ min./ft-lb-hr
`Static
`Kinetic
`
`Coefficients
`
`8
`17
`6
`5
`170
`6
`
`40
`53
`42
`43
`470
`740
`
`0.02
`0.06
`0.02
`0.02
`0.02
`0.12
`
`0.07
`0.13
`0.08
`0.02
`016
`0.10
`
`0.19
`0.27
`0.19
`0.06
`0.13
`0.40
`
`0.15
`0.14
`0.13
`0.28
`£0.33
`0.21
`
`.
`
`
`
`0.11
`0.14
`31
`”ORLON 4275
`0,12
`0.11‘
`41
`"ORLON 4301
`0.11
`0.08
`24
`”ORLON 4347
`0.13
`0.14
`36
`Vespela SP21
`0.13
`0.14
`300
`OFL 4036‘
`OFL 4536‘
`660
`0.21
`0.13
`
`Suppliers
`3 DuPont»P|astic Products and Resins
`inc.
`1 Fluorocarbon Company,
`
`2The Polymer Corporation ‘ LNP Corporation
`
`'
`
`The fluorocarbons have very low coeffiCients of friction but are limited by their mechanical properties, especially their relatively
`low creep resistance. The TORLON bearing grades compare favorably with filled fluorocarbons in wear resistance while
`offering superior mechanical properties.
`
`Torlon’s wear rates, under the conditions tested, are similar to those of the more expensive polyimide—Vespel SP21. Torlon
`also offers more design freedom than the polyimides because of its injection moldability. The modified polyphenylene sulfide
`compounds tested were decidedly inferior in wear resistance to the Torlon materials. The test conditions apparently exceeded
`the design limits of the these materials.
`
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`

`TABLE 3 Chemical Resistance of Torlon 4203
`
`Torlon Poly(amide—imide)
`
`/ 377
`
`Chemical
`Acids
`Acetic (10%)
`GIaCIaI Acetic
`Acetic Anhydrlde
`Lactic
`.
`Benzene Sulfonic
`Chrome (10%)
`Formlc (88%)
`Hydrochloric (10%)
`Hydrochloric (37%)
`Phosphoric (35%)
`Sulfuric'(30%)
`.
`33588
`Ammonium Hydroxide (28%)
`Sodium Hydroxide (15%)
`.
`Sodium Hydroxide (30%)
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`V
`
`V
`V
`
`.
`.,
`
`.
`.
`
`,
`
`,
`
`Percent“)
`Retained
`TONSile
`Strength
`.
`.
`100
`.
`1OO
`100
`100
`28
`100
`66
`100
`95
`.100
`.100
`
`‘
`
`81
`43
`7
`
`V
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`V
`V
`V
`
`,
`
`.
`
`t
`.
`
`.
`.
`
`.
`
`t
`
`.
`
`.
`V
`..
`
`.
`.
`
`.
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`V
`
`V
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`.
`
`V
`.
`.
`
`.
`
`V
`
`.
`
`.
`...
`
`.
`
`.
`.
`.
`
`.
`.
`
`V
`
`.
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`.
`
`Aqueous Solutions
`(10% unless otherwisernoted)
`. VlOO
`Aluminum Sulfate.
`.
`.
`V VlOO
`Ammonium Chloride
`.
`V
`, 98
`Ammonium Nitrate
`100
`Ammonium Sulfate
`.1OO
`.
`.
`V
`.
`.
`Barium Chloride
`. .lOO
`Bromine (saturated solution, 120°F). V
`. .100
`Calcium Chloride
`.
`. 96
`V
`V
`,
`.
`,
`Calcium Nitrate _
`. 99
`........
`.
`.
`Ferric Chloride
`.
`.1OO
`.
`.
`.
`.
`..
`Magnesmm Chloride
`100
`V
`V
`V
`Potasswm Permanganate. V
`V
`.
`.
`. .100
`Sodium Bicarbonate .............
`Silver Chloride
`V .................. 100
`Sodium Carbonate
`,
`,
`..... 100
`Sodium Chloride .................... 100
`Sodium Chromate.
`.
`............. 100
`Sodium Hypochlorlte .
`..
`.
`....
`.
`..1OO
`Sodium Sulfate
`. 100
`Sodium SulfideV .
`_______________ 84
`.
`Sodium Sulfite.
`.
`.
`.........
`.
`. .100
`.
`.
`.
`.
`Water .
`.
`..................... 100
`Chemical
`
`V
`.
`.
`.
`.
`
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`
`.
`.
`
`.
`.
`
`.
`
`V
`
`,
`
`.
`
`V
`
`Alcohols
`9
`2-Aminoethanol .....................
`Amyl Ethanol
`-
`77777
`.
`.
`.
`.
`. WOO
`BUtY' Ethano' ----------------------- 100
`Cyclohexanol ........................ 100
`Ethylene Glycol ....................... 100
`,
`Amines
`Aniline .............................. 97
`naButylamine......“......“..
`...... 100
`Dimethylaniline ....................... lOO
`Ethylenediamine VVVVV
`V
`VVVVVV
`V
`V
`V
`V
`V
`7
`Morpholine ......... ‘ ................. 100
`Pyridine ............................ 43
`
`Percent (1)
`Retained
`Tensile
`Strength
`V
`V 100 '
`.......
`............... lOO
`................. lOO
`,,,,,,,
`100
`.
`.
`..
`V
`..... 84
`,.
`...
`.....
`V
`.
`V
`.100
`
`Aldehydes & Ketones
`Acetophenone. .
`.
`t
`Benzaldehvde.
`.
`.
`,Cyclohexanone. .
`Formaldehyde (37%)V .
`Furfural ......
`..
`Methyl Ethyl Ketone.
`.
`_
`(””0“”)?th Organ'cs
`. .100
`.
`Acetyl Chloride (120°F) .........
`Benzyl Chloride (120°F). .
`V
`V
`........ 100
`Carbon TetrachlorideV
`lOO
`.
`.
`.
`Chlorobenzene.
`.....
`.,
`.
`..... 100
`27Chloroethanol ............. V
`..... 100
`Chloroform (120°F) ,.
`..
`....
`...
`.
`.VlOO
`Epichlorohydrin.
`.
`................
`lOO
`Ethylene Chloride. .
`V
`V
`.
`.
`V
`.......... 100
`
`V
`
`.
`
`Esters
`V VlOO
`.
`......
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`Amyl acetate
`............ lOO
`t
`V
`,
`.
`V
`.
`V
`. V.
`Butyl acetate .
`Butyl phthalate ...................... 100
`Ethyl acetate ............. t
`.
`..... 100
`
`.
`
`‘
`
`Ethers
`........ 100
`V
`V
`Butyl Ether ..............
`Cellosolve ............ ‘ .............. 100
`p-Dioxane (120°F) .................. 100
`Tetrahydrofuran V
`100
`
`Hydrocarbons
`Cyclohexane ......................... 100
`Diesel fuel
`V
`V
`V
`V
`V
`V
`V
`V
`V
`V 99
`Gasoline (120°F). .
`.................. 100
`Heptane ............................ 100
`Mineral Oil -------------------------- lOO
`MOtOr Oil.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.V
`VVVVV
`V
`V
`V
`100
`Stoddard Solvent ..................... 100
`Toluene ............................. 100
`leene
`.
`V
`,. .
`......... 100
`Nitriles
`Acetonitrile .......................... 100
`
`Benzonitrlle .......................... 100
`Nitro Compounds
`Nitrobenzene ........................ 100
`Nitromethane ........................ 100
`
`Miscellaneous
`Cresyldiphenyl Phosphate V ............ lOO
`Sulfolane ............................ 100
`Triphenylphosphite .................... 100
`
`(1) After 24-hour exposure at 93°C (200°F)
`unless otherwise noted.
`
`The friction and wear grades of Torlon polymers include grades 4301,
`4275, and 4347. These grades all exhibit attractive friction and wear
`properties at high PV.
`(The PV is the product of the applied pressure
`and velocity and is an indication of the severity of bearing service.)
`'
`The high glass-transition point of Torlon, coupled with its toughness,
`
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`

`378 / Biller‘beck and Henke
`
`make it an outstanding friction and wear matrix. The friction and
`wear performance of Torlon compounds at various PVs are seen in
`Table 2. Torlon polymers compare very favorably with competitive
`materials. They are injection moldable, while the polyimides are not,
`and have better heat resistance and creep than PTFE. Friction and
`wear grades of Torlon polymers possess strengths in excess of 14,000
`psi and heat—distortion temperatures of over 500°F. These grades are
`used in a wide variety of lubed and nonlubed bushings and bearings.
`In nonlubed service , they can withstand exceedingly high—wear con—
`ditions without failure.
`In lubed service, PVs of several hundred
`thousand have been demonstrated. These materials have been used
`
`successfully in a seawater-driven hydraulic motor. Friction and wear
`properties of Torlon polymers compared to other materials are seen
`in Table 2 [3] .
`
`Torlon 9040 is a new, lower cost version of Torlon with 40% glass
`fiber reinforcement. Properties are similar to those of Torlon 5030,
`although at a significantly lower price. Outstanding properties in—
`clude a tensile strength of greater than 25,000 psi and a modulus in
`excess of 1,500,000 psi. This grade will be used in high—performance
`applications where strength, modulus, and heat distortion are a prime
`consideration. Electrical applications are targeted for use with this
`material. New grades are being developed in the Torlon 9000 series,
`both glass reinforced and for friction and wear applications.
`For all Torlon polymers, chemical resistance is outstanding and
`Table 3 [4] shows chemical resistance to various solvents. Overall,
`Torlon polymers resist attack by most common hydrocarbons and
`chlorinated solvents. However, Torlon is not recommended for use in
`steam or with strong caustics.
`
`Ill. FABRICATION
`
`The same factors which lead to the high strength of Torlon also cause
`some processing differences and special fabrication equipment is re—
`quired. Torlon has a high melt viscosity and is reactive in the melt
`state. This prevents use of increasing temperature to decrease Vis—
`cosity. Torlon is best fabricated with heavy—duty, high rate injection—
`molding equipment. The high rate is preferentially obtained by use
`of hydraulic accumulators. Torlon is shear sensitive and low—compres—
`sion ratio screws are recommended. Screws of compression ratio be—
`tween 1.0/1.0 and 1.5/1.0 give the best results. A check valve
`should be used.
`0
`
`Torlon resin must be dried before fabrication. Torlon has low mold
`
`shrinkage and at least 0.50 draft is required in the injection mold;
`Torlon will not accept undercuts. Typical injection—molding conditions
`are seen in Table 4 [5] .
`
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`
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`
`

`

`Torlon Poly(amide—imide) / 379
`
`TABLE 4 Typical Injection—Molding Conditions
`Machine Conditions
`Barrel Temperatures
`3 Zone Control
`Feed Zone
`— 580°F
`Middle Zone — 620°F
`Front Zone — 650°F
`Nozzle Zone — 700°F
`
`2 Zone Control
`Feed Zone
`- 610°F
`Front Zone
`—— 650°F
`Nozzle Zone — 790°):
`
`Injection Speed
`Injection speed valve should be open to maximum.
`
`Injection Pressure
`Injection pressure should be at maximum. When the cavity is full or resistance is seen on the feed gauge, Cut the boost pump
`using the high timer and drop to holding pressure (2000 to 4000 psi). Always fill cavity by controlling the high timer. Timer should
`be capable of controlling within .01 second. Maintain 1/4 inch to 1/2 inch cushion.
`
`Beck Pressure
`Minimum back pressure should be used. (50 psi, gauge)
`
`Screw Speed
`Screw speed should be as fast as possible as long as good feed characteristics are maintained, intermittent feed and screw
`slippage is to be avoided due to shear sensitivity of TORLON and subsequent material degradation.
`
`Mold Closed Time
`Mold closed time should be as short as possible. Sprue breakage, sticking or warpage of the part, and foaming or blistering in
`thick sections are indications of not enough mold closed time.
`
`Cycle Time
`Total cycle time should be as short as possible to reduce residence time of the material in the barrel. Excessive residence time
`or barrel temperatures will cause TORLON to cure in the barrel and reduce flow properties. Darkening of the material followed
`by a decrease .in shot size are symptoms of these problems. and should this occur, purge of the material in the barrel is
`mandatory.
`
`Shutdown Procedures
`When molding is to be interrupted for 15 minutes or longer, material must be purged from the machine using cracked cast
`acrylic or polysulfone. Cast acrylic is preferred because less purge is needed to remove TORLON and less TORLON is needed
`to remove cast acrylic on startup. Acrylic should be starve fed into the feed throat of the machine. Addition of too much
`acrylic at one time may cause thermal degradation to occur and reduce the purge material to a liquid. When purge is clean,
`empty barrel and leave the screw forward.
`
`Mold Temperature
`Stationary and moving half should be maintained at 390°F to 425°F measured at or near the cavity using a surface pyrometer.
`Electric cartridge heaters may be used for small parts. Thick. large volume parts may require oil to remove heat. Flameproof
`Masonite orTr‘ansite sheet approximately 1/4 inch thick should be used between mold and platens to insulate mold and reduce
`heat loss into' the body of the molding machine. Toggle clamp adjustment must he made after mold temperatures are reached.
`
`The response of Torlon 4203L to fabrication conditions is seen in
`Figs. 2 and 3. Figure 2 [6] shows that higher injection pressure
`significantly improves the Torlon flow. Figure 3 [7] shows that once
`the optimum flow temperature of Torlon 4203L is exceeded, the flow
`actually decreases as temperatures increase. Therefore, high rate
`accumulators and high rates of fill give the best injection—molded
`Torlon parts.
`.
`Finally, postcure is an important step in processing Torlon. The
`postcure is essentially a solid-state polymerization. Both the tensile
`strength and elongation more than double during postcure and the
`heat distortion temperature increases about 50°F. Postcure ovens
`which have very good temperature control are required.
`If hot spots
`
`Am. Honda V. IV 11 - IPR2018-00442
`
`PET_HONDA_1014-0012
`
`Am. Honda v. IV II - IPR2018-00442
`PET_HONDA_1014-0012
`
`

`

`100
`
`80
`
`60
`
`40
`20
`
`0
`_20
`
`‘40
`
`—60
`
`~80
`
`—-100
`32
`
`380 / Biller'beck and Henke
`
`E(D
`E’ E
`. E
`g o
`E a:
`OJ
`:2 3°
`— 2
`2 o
`D.
`m o\°
`
`o o
`
`
`
`18
`
`20
`
`22
`
`24
`
`26
`
`3O
`
`.
`28
`
`Injection pressure, 103 psi
`
`FIGURE 2 Effect of injection pressure on flow.
`
`a, e
`g GE)
`D. E
`E e
`L.—
`3 a:
`2 3°
`: (U
`2 e
`a o
`U) o\
`
`100
`
`80
`
`6°
`40
`20
`O
`
`20
`
`40
`
`60
`
`80
`
`100
`
`
`
`100
`
`80
`
`6°
`40
`20
`
`O
`20
`
`'
`
`—40
`
`~60
`
`~80
`
`"'100
`
`550
`
`‘
`
`600
`
`650
`
`700
`
`Cylinder temperature, °F
`
`FIGURE 3 Effect of cylinder temperature on flow.
`
`Am. Honda V. IV 11 - IPR2018-00442
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`
`Am. Honda v. IV II - IPR2018-00442
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`
`

`

`Torlon Poly(am’ide—imide)
`
`/ 381
`
`500
`
`400
`
`300
`
`200
`
`.E
`E
`00
`.E
`
`3 c
`o "F
`"" £
`>249:
`
`
`
`Wearfactor,
`
`100
`
`*Cure schedule
`
`1 day 300°F
`1 day 420°F
`1 day 470°F
`As indicated 500°F
`
`500
`
`400
`
`300
`
`200
`
`100
`
`10
`
`FIGURE 4 Effect of postcure on wear resistance of Torlon 4301.
`
`Cure time* (days at 500°F)
`
`If the oven is too cool, opti—
`occur in the oven, shrinkage will result.
`Postcure also has a very significant
`mum properties are not achieved.
`effect on friction and wear properties as shown in Fig. 4 [8] .
`The Torlon family of amide—imides possesses extremely desirable
`physical properties and these properties can be translated into useful
`Processing the material
`products Via the injection—molding process.
`New grades
`requires specialized equipment to obtain optimum results.
`of Torlon are being developed which promise easier processing and
`even better cost effectiveness.
`
`REFERENCES
`
`0
`
`c
`
`ooqcnmx-bwwp—n
`
`Amoco
`Amoco
`Amoco
`Amoco
`Amoco
`Amoco
`Amoco
`Amoco
`
`Chemicals
`Chemicals
`Chemicals
`Chemicals
`Chemicals
`Chemicals
`Chemicals
`Chemicals
`
`Technical
`Technical
`Technical
`Technical
`Technical
`Technical
`Technical
`Technical
`
`Bulletins, TAT—24a, p. 5.
`Bulletins, TAT—24a, p. 7.
`Bulletins, TAT-15, p. 2.
`Bulletins, TAT—24a, p. 9.
`Bulletins, TAT-1.
`Bulletins, TAT—12, p. 2.
`Bulletins, TAT—12, p. 2.
`Bulletins, TAT—15, p. 4.
`
`Am. Honda V. IV 11 - IPR2018-00442
`
`PET_HONDA_1014-0014
`
`Am. Honda v. IV II - IPR2018-00442
`PET_HONDA_1014-0014
`
`

`

`appendix _
`List of Companies and Products
`
`Company
`
`Allied Corporation
`
`Amoco Chemicals Corp oration
`
`Bor g' Warner Corp oration
`
`Celanese Corporation
`
`Ciba—Geig’y Corporation
`
`Dow Chemical Company
`
`E. I. du Pont de Nemours 8:
`
`Company, (Inc.)
`
`Product(s)
`
`Capron
`Petra
`
`Torlon
`
`Cycolac
`Prevex (PPE)
`
`Celanex
`Celcon
`
`XU 218
`
`ABS
`Polycarbonate
`
`Delrin
`
`Pyralin
`Rynite
`Vespel
`Zytel (Minlon)
`
`383
`
`Am. Honda V. IV 11 - IPR2018-00442
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`PET_HONDA_1014-0015
`
`Am. Honda v. IV II - IPR2018-00442
`PET_HONDA_1014-0015
`
`

`

`384 / Appendix
`
`Company
`
`GAF Corporation
`
`General Electric Company
`
`ICI PLC
`
`Mobay Chemical Company
`
`Monsanto Company
`
`NASA
`
`Phillips Petroleum Company
`Rhone—l’oulenc
`
`Union Carbide Corporation
`
`‘
`
`Product(s)
`
`Gafite
`
`Lexan
`Noryl
`Ultem
`Valox
`
`(Xenoy)
`
`Victrex
`
`Merlon
`Petlon
`
`Lustran
`Skybond
`Vydyne
`
`Larc~TPI
`T hermid 6 00
`
`Ryton
`Kerimid
`
`Ardel
`Udel
`
`Upjohn Company
`
`Polyimide 2080
`
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`
`

`

`about the book .
`
`LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
`
`\\ \\ l“ l \\\
`
`\\\\ ll \\
`
`0013417 679 9-
`“MM-m;
`«an MAwr-
`
`This timely reference fills a large void in the range of information on engineering thermo-
`plastics. It is the only comprehensive data source to examine the benefits and applica-
`tions of major, high-performance engineering thermoplastics.
`
`Organized into separate chapters for each specific type of plastic, Engineering Thermo—
`plastics thoroughly details the properties, advantages, and applications of each thermo- ‘
`plastic, facilitating comparisons between different types .
`.
`. addresses subjects, such as
`the selection of the proper thermoplastic for each individual application, which are
`current and important to both research and commercial development .
`.
`. provides you
`with the “inside” information and expertise of contributors who represent the leading
`
`plastics manufacturers.
`
`This authoritative volumewedited by an expert with 25 years of industry and consulting
`experience—is mandatory reading for plastics, design, materials, chemical, and mechanical
`engineers and managers in plastics, resins, and metals industries; automotive, appliance,
`electronics, building products, and related manufacturing industries; and organic and
`polymer chemists. The book is also ideal reading for advanced undergraduate and grad:
`uate plastics engineering, chemical engineering, and mechanical engineering students.
`
`about the editor .
`
`JAMES M. MARGOLIS is Managing Director of Margolis Marketing & Research Company,
`New York City, a consulting firm dedicated to technical and economic evaluation and
`planning services for the plastics industry. The editor, a graduate of the Massachusetts
`Institute of Technology, has written and edited numerous books, including Medical and
`Hospital Plastic Products: A Special Report on New Applications and Research (Marcel
`Dekker, Inc.), is a Director of the Materials and Engineering Sciences Division of the
`American Institute of Chemical Engineers, and is active in a number of other technical
`societies. He has lectured extensively on industrial plastics for over 20 years and is Sem-
`inar Instructor on Engineering Thermoplastics for the Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc.
`
`Printed in the United States ofAmerica
`
`ISBN: O——8247—7294-—6
`
`morcel dekker, inC./ new york - bosel
`
`Am. Honda V. IV 11 - IPR2018-00442
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`PET_HONDA_1014-0017
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`Am. Honda v. IV II - IPR2018-00442
`PET_HONDA_1014-0017
`
`