United States· Patent [19]
`United States· Patent [19]
`Bramm et al.
`Bramm et al.
`
`[0] Patent Number:
`[I.1] Patent Number:
`[45] Date of Patent:
`[45] Date of Patent:
`
`4,944,748
`4,944,748
`* Jul. 31, 1990
`*Jul. 31, 1990
`
`[54] MAGNETICALLY SUSPENDED AND
`[54] MAGNETICALLY SUSPENDED AND
`ROTATED ROTOR
`ROTATED ROTOR
`
`[76]
`[76]
`
`Inventors: Gunter W. Bramm, Luisen Strasse 49,
`Inventors: Gunter W. Bramm, Luisen Strasse 49,
`8000 Munchen 2, Fed. Rep. of
`8000 Munchen 2, Fed. Rep. of
`Germany; Don B. Olsen, 8832 Blue
`Germany; Don B. Olsen, 8832 Blue
`Jay La., Salt Lake City, Utah 84121
`Jay La., Salt Lake City, Utah 84121
`
`[ * ] Notice:
`[*] Notice:
`
`The portion of the term of this patent
`The portion of the term of this patent
`subsequent to May 26, 2004 has been
`subsequent to May 26, 2004 has been
`disclaimed.
`disclaimed.
`
`[21] Appl. No.: 193,180
`[21] Appl. No.: 193,180
`
`[22] Filed:
`(22] Filed:
`
`May 9, 1988
`May9, 1988
`
`Related U.S. Application Data
`Related U.S. Application Data
`[63] Continuation of Ser. No. 914,486, Oct. 12, 1986, which
`[63]
`Continuation of Ser. No. 914,486, Oct. 12, 1986, which
`is a continuation of Ser. No. 720,081, Apr. 4, 1985.
`is a continuation of Ser. No. 720,081, Apr. 4, 1985.
`
`Int. Cl.s ............................................... A61M 1/10
`Int. Cl.s ............................................... A61M 1/10
`[51]
`[51]
`[521 U.S. Cl •........................................ 623/3; 417/356;
`[52] U.S. Cl •........................................ 623/3; 417/356;
`416/111
`416/111
`[581 Field of Search ............................ 623/3; 416/111;
`[58] Field of Search ............................ 623/3; 416/111;
`417/356
`417/356
`
`[56]
`[56]
`
`References Cited
`References Cited
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`Re. 27,849 12/1973 Wortman .
`Re.27,849 12/1973 Wortman.
`1,105,967 8/1914 Davidson .
`1,105,967 8/1914 Davidson.
`1,711,045 4/1929 Davis .
`1,711,045 4/1929 Davis.
`2,263,515 11/1941 Pezzillo .
`2,263,515 11/1941 Pezzillo.
`2,319,730 5/1943 Garraway .
`2,319,730 5/1943 Garraway.
`2,500,400 3/1950 Cogswell .
`2,500,400 3/1950 Cogswell.
`2,535,695 12/1950 Pezzillo, Jr ..
`2,535,695 1211950 Pezzillo, Jr ..
`2,827,856 3/1958 Zozulin .
`2,827,856 3/1958 ZozuIin.
`3,194,165 7/1965 Sorlin .
`3,194,165 7/1965 Sorlin.
`3,433,163 3/1969 Sheets .
`3,433,163 3/1969 Sheets.
`3,647,324 3/1972 Rafferty et al ..
`3,647,324 3/1972 Rafferty et aJ ..
`3,846,050 11/1974 Laing.
`3,846,050 11/1974 Laing .
`3,938,913 2/1976 Isenberg et al ..
`Isenberg et aJ ..
`3,938,913 211976
`3,957,389 5/1976 Rafferty et al ..
`3,957,389 5/1976 Rafferty et aJ ..
`3,970,408 7/1976 Rafferty et al ..
`3,970,408 7/1976 Rafferty et aJ ..
`4,173,796 11/1979 Jarvik.
`4,173,796 11/1979 Jarvik .
`4,213,207 7/1980 Wilson .
`4,213,207 7/1980 Wilson.
`4,382,199 5/1983 Isaacson .............................. 416/111
`4,382,199 5/1983 Isaacson .............................. 416/111
`4,518,317 5/1985 Inoue .
`4,518,317 5/1985 Inoue.
`4,523,896 6/1985 Lhenry et al ..
`4,523,896 6/1985 Lhenry et aJ ..
`4,688,998 8/1987 Olsen et al. ......................... 417/356
`4,688,998 8/1987 Olsen et al. ......................... 417/356
`
`FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
`FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
`1202392 10/1965 Fed. Rep. of Germany .
`1202392 10/1965 Fed. Rep. of Germany.
`2341766 2/1975 Fed. Rep. of Germany .
`2341766 211975 Fed. Rep. of Germany.
`2420825 11/1975 Fed. Rep. of Germany .
`2420825 11/1975 Fed. Rep. of Germany .
`2457783 6/1976 Fed. Rep. of Germany .
`2457783 6/1976 Fed. Rep. of Germany.
`2515608 9/1976 Fed. Rep. of Germany .
`2515608 9/1976 Fed. Rep. of Germany .
`2177339 11/1973 France .
`2177339 11/1973 France.
`361209 7/1938 Italy.
`361209 7/1938 Italy .
`
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`"An Instrumental Approach to In Vivo Hemocompati(cid:173)
`"An Instrumental Approach to In Vivo Hemocompati(cid:173)
`bility Assessment: Development of the Intravascular
`bility Assessment: Development of the Intravascular
`Magnetic Suspension of A Test Device", by D. M.
`Magnetic Suspension of A Test Device", by D. M.
`Lederman, R. D. Cumming, H. E. Petschek, T. H.
`Lederman, R. D. Cumming, H. E. Petschek, T. H.
`Chiu, E. Nyilas, and E. W. Salzman, vol. 283, pp.
`Chiu, E. Nyilas, and E. W. Salzman, vol. 283, pp.
`524-535, Feb. 10, 1977,24894.
`524-535, Feb. 10, 1977, 24894.
`Primary Examiner-Randall L. Green
`Primary Examiner-Randall L. Green
`Assistant Examiner-Stephanie L. Iantorno
`Assistant Examiner-Stephanie L. Iantorno
`Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Dunlap, Codding, Peterson &
`Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Dunlap, Codding, Peterson &
`Lee
`Lee
`ABSTRACT
`[57]
`ABSTRACT
`[57]
`The impellor of a blood pump is supported by perma(cid:173)
`The impellor of a blood pump is supported by perma(cid:173)
`nent magnets on the impellor and pump housing and
`nent magnets on the impellor and pump housing and
`stabilized by an electromagnet on the housing. A con(cid:173)
`stabilized by an electromagnet on the housing. A con(cid:173)
`trol circuit supplies current to the electromagnet to
`trol circuit supplies current to the electromagnet to
`maintain the axial position of the impellor at a control
`maintain the axial position of the impellor at a control
`position in which the impellor is in mechanical equilib(cid:173)
`position in which the impellor is in mechanical equilib(cid:173)
`rium under permanent magnet forces and static axial
`rium under permanent magnet forces and static axial
`forces on the impellor to minimize energy consumption
`forces on the impellor to minimize energy consumption
`in the support of the impellor. The impellor is rotated
`in the support of the impellor. The impellor is rotated
`magnetically and stator coils in the housing are supplied
`magnetically and stator coils in the housing are supplied
`with electric currents having a frequency and amplitude
`with electric currents having a frequency and amplitude
`adjusted in relation to blood pressure at the pump inlet
`adjusted in relation to blood pressure at the pump inlet
`to match the flow characteristics of the pump to physio(cid:173)
`to match the flow characteristics of the pump to physio(cid:173)
`logical characteristics of the natural heart. A cavity is
`logical characteristics of the natural heart. A cavity is
`formed in the impellor to match the average specific
`formed in the impellor to match the average specific
`gravity of the impellor and portions of the suspension
`gravity of the impellor and portions of the suspension
`and drive systems thereon to the specific gravity of
`and drive systems thereon to the specific gravity of
`blood to further minimize power consumption by the
`blood to further minimize power consumption by the
`pump. A valve member can be formed on the impellor
`pump. A valve member can be formed on the impeller
`to mate with a restriction in the pump inlet for pumps
`to mate with a restriction in the pump inlet for pumps
`used to assist the pumping action of the natural heart.
`used to assist the pumping action of the natural heart.
`
`10 Claims, 14 Drawing Sheets
`10 Claims, 14 Drawing Sheets
`
`54
`54
`
`Am. Honda v. IV II - IPR2018-00443
`PET_HONDA_1008-0001
`
`

`

`u.s. Patent
`U.S. Patent
`
`Jul. 31, 1990
`Jul. 31, 1990
`?11+3
`c~3
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`Sheet 1 of 14
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`Am. Honda v. IV II - IPR2018-00443
`PET_HONDA_1008-0002
`
`

`

`u.s. Patent
`U.S. Patent
`
`Jul. 31, 1990
`Jul. 31, 1990
`
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`Sheet 2of14
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`Am. Honda v. IV II - IPR2018-00443
`PET_HONDA_1008-0004
`
`

`

`u.s. Patent
`U.S. Patent
`
`Jul. 31, 1990
`Jul. 31, 1990
`
`Sheet 4 of 14
`Sheet 4of14
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`Am. Honda v. IV II - IPR2018-00443
`PET_HONDA_1008-0005
`
`

`

`u.s. Patent
`U.S. Patent
`
`Jul. 31, 1990
`Jul. 31, 1990
`
`Sheet 5of14
`Sheet 5 of 14
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`Am. Honda v. IV II - IPR2018-00443
`PET_HONDA_1008-0006
`
`

`

`u.s. Patent
`U.S. Patent
`
`Jul. 31, 1990
`Jul. 31, 1990
`
`Sheet 6 of 14
`Sheet 6of14
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`4,944,748
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`Am. Honda v. IV II - IPR2018-00443
`PET_HONDA_1008-0007
`
`

`

`u.s. Patent
`U.S. Patent
`
`Jul. 31, 1990
`Jul. 31, 1990
`
`Sheet 7 of 14
`Sheet 7of14
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`PET_HONDA_1008-0008
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`Am. Honda v. IV II - IPR2018-00443
`PET_HONDA_1008-0010
`
`

`

`u.s. Patent
`U.S. Patent
`
`Jul. 31, 1990
`Jul. 31, 1990
`
`Sheet 10 of 14
`Sheet 10 of 14
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`4,944,748
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`Am. Honda v. IV II - IPR2018-00443
`PET_HONDA_1008-0011
`
`

`

`u.s. Patent
`U.S. Patent
`
`Jul. 31, 1990
`Jul. 31, 1990
`
`Sheet 11 of 14
`Sheet 11 of 14
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`Am. Honda v. IV II - IPR2018-00443
`PET_HONDA_1008-0012
`
`

`

`u.s. Patent
`U.S. Patent
`
`Jul. 31, 1990
`Jul. 31, 1990
`
`Sheet 12 of 14
`Sheet 12 of 14
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`Am. Honda v. IV II - IPR2018-00443
`PET_HONDA_1008-0013
`
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`Am. Honda v. IV II - IPR2018-00443
`PET_HONDA_1008-0014
`
`

`

`u.s. Patent
`U.S. Patent
`
`Jul. 31, 1990
`Jul. 31, 1990
`
`Sheet 14 of 14
`Sheet 14 of 14
`
`4,944,748
`4,944,748
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`Am. Honda v. IV II - IPR2018-00443
`PET_HONDA_1008-0015
`
`

`

`1
`1
`
`4,944,748
`4,944,748
`
`2
`2
`working of the blood causing blood cells to rupture
`working of the blood causing blood cells to rupture
`Glands which might be used to seal these bearings can(cid:173)
`Glands which might be used to seal these bearings can(cid:173)
`not solve this problem. Since the impellor will be mov(cid:173)
`not solve this problem. Since the impellor will be mov(cid:173)
`ing with respect to the gland, blood in the neighbor-
`ing with respect to the gland, blood in the neighbor-
`5 hood of the gland-impellor interface will be subjected
`5 hood of the gland-impellor interface will be subjected
`to high sheer stresses and friction which can cause the
`to high sheer stresses and friction which can cause the
`rupture of blood cells in much the same manner that
`rupture of blood cells in much the same manner that
`rupturing of blood cells is occasioned in a bearing.
`rupturing of blood cells is occasioned in a bearing.
`Another mechanical effect that can injure blood is the
`Another mechanical effect that can injure blood is the
`10 formation of regions within the pump in which the
`IO formation of regions within the pump in which the
`blood is stagnant or in which eddies without sufficient
`blood is stagnant or in which eddies without sufficient
`blood exchange, equivalent to stagnation, may occur.
`blood exchange, equivalent to stagnation, may occur.
`Stagnation tends to result in coagulation of the blood.
`Stagnation tends to result in coagulation of the blood.
`A third effect that can injure blood is excessive heat(cid:173)
`A third effect that can injure blood is excessive heat(cid:173)
`ing as the blood passes through the pump. If the pump
`ing as the blood passes through the pump. If the pump
`is inefficient, so that a large part of the energy supplied
`is inefficient, so that a large part of the energy supplied
`to the pump appears as heat discharged into the blood,
`to the pump appears as heat discharged into the blood.
`blood cells may be damaged through overheating or
`blood cells may be damaged through overheating or
`coagulation of the blood may occur. In this regard, it
`coagulation of the blood may occur. In this regard, it
`should be noted that albumen begins to denature at 42°
`should be noted that albumen begins to denature at 42°
`C. so that inefficiency of the pump resulting in over-
`C. so that inefficiency of the pump resulting in over-
`heating of the blood can be a serious problem.
`heating of the blood can be a serious problem.
`
`MAGNETICALLY SUSPENDED AND ROTATED
`MAGNETICALLY SUSPENDED AND ROTATED
`ROTOR
`ROTOR
`
`This application is a continuation of Ser. No. 914,486,
`This application is a continuation of Ser. No. 914,486,
`fIled Oct. 2, 1986, entitled "MAGNETICALLY SUS(cid:173)
`filed Oct. 2, 1986, entitled "MAGNETICALLY SUS(cid:173)
`PENDED AND ROTATED ROTOR" now aban(cid:173)
`PENDED AND ROTATED ROTOR" now aban(cid:173)
`doned, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 720,08 i, fIled
`doned, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 720,08 i, filed
`Apr. 4, 1985, entitled "MAGNETICALLY SUS(cid:173)
`Apr. 4, 1985, entitled "MAGNETICALLY SUS(cid:173)
`PENDED AND ROTATED ROTOR" now aban(cid:173)
`PENDED AND ROTATED ROTOR" now aban(cid:173)
`doned.
`doned.
`
`20
`20
`
`BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
`BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
`The present invention relates' generally to apparatus
`The present invention relates· generally to apparatus
`for suspending and rotating rotors and, more particu- 15
`for suspending and rotating rotors and, more particu- 15
`lady, but not by way oflimitation, to the suspension and
`larly, but not by way oflimitation, to the suspension and
`rotation of the impellors of pumps that can be implanted
`rotation of the impellors of pumps that can be implanted
`in the human body for replacing or assisting the natural
`in the human body for replacing or assisting the natural
`heart in the pumping of blood through the circulatory
`heart in the pumping of blood through the circulatory
`system.
`system.
`It has long been a goal of experimenters to develop a
`It has long been a goal of experimenters to develop a
`pump which can serve as an artificial heart and a variety
`pump which can serve as an artificial heart and a variety
`of types of pumps have been designed to either replace
`of types of pumps have been designed to either replace
`or assist the natural heart in its function of pumping
`or assist the natural heart in its function of pumping
`blood through the human body. While these prior art 25
`blood through the human body. While these prior art 25
`pumps have met with some degree of success, a number
`pumps have met with some degree of success, a number
`of problems associated with them have remained un(cid:173)
`of problems associated with them have remained un(cid:173)
`solved so that a practical artificial heart has not previ(cid:173)
`solved so that a practical artificial heart has not previ(cid:173)
`ously been developed. For a pump to be usable as a
`ously been developed. For a pump to be usable as a
`replacement or as an assist for the human heart, the 30
`replacement or as an assist for the human heart, the 30
`pump must meet certain practical requirements which
`pump must meet certain practical requirements which
`have been discussed in U.S. Pat. application Ser. No.
`have been discussed in U.S. Pat. application Ser. No.
`245,007, the teachings of which are hereby specifically
`245,007, the teachings of which are hereby specifically
`incorporated herein by reference.
`incorporated herein by reference.
`On a general level, the requirements for a blood pump 35
`On a general level, the requirements for a blood pump 35
`are that it must not cause substantial injury to the blood
`are that it must not cause substantial injury to the blood
`and it must not require a large back-up system for its
`and it must not require a large back-up system for its
`operation. Injury to the blood would preclude use of
`operation. Injury to the blood would preclude use of
`the pump over extended periods of time that would be
`the pump over extended periods of time that would be
`required, for example, if the pump were to be a replace- 40
`required, for example, if the pump were to be a replace- 40
`ment for the natural heart or an assist that is to be im(cid:173)
`ment for the natural heart or an assist that is to be im(cid:173)
`planted for the life of the patient. The size of the back-
`planted for the life of the patient. The size of the back-
`up system is a requirement that relates to the quality of
`up system is a requirement that relates to the quality of
`life; for a pump to be practical, it must not require that
`life; for a pump to be practical, it must not require that
`the recipient be forever tied to an immobile life support 45
`the recipient be forever tied to an immobile life support 45
`system.
`system.
`The requirement that the pump not require a large
`The requirement that the pump not require a large
`back-up system places certain technical requirements on
`back-up system places certain technical requirements on
`the construction of a practical blood pump. One such
`the construction of a practical blood pump. One such
`requirement is that the pump be operable electrically so 50
`requirement is that the pump be operable electrically so 50
`that the power supply for the pump can be provided by
`that the power supply for the pump can be provided by
`rechargeable batteries. At present, the technology is
`rechargeable batteries. At present, the technology is
`available to implant batteries within the human body
`available to implant batteries within the human body
`and to recharge these batteries periodically using an
`and to recharge these batteries periodically using an
`induction coil that can be placed against the body as has 55
`induction coil that can be placed against the body as has 55
`been noted in the aforementioned U.S Pat. application
`been noted in the aforementioned U.S Pat. application
`Ser. No. 245,007. Similarly, it is presently possible to
`Ser. No. 245,007. Similarly, it is presently possible to
`build highly efficient, electrically operated pumps in
`build highly efficient, electrically operated pumps in
`which the pumping action is achieved by the rotation of
`which the pumping action is achieved by the rotation of
`an impellor to cause a liquid to be driven through a 60
`an impellor to cause a liquid to be driven through a 60
`chamber in which the impellor is located The problem
`chamber in which the impellor is located The problem
`that has not been solved prior to the present invention is
`that has not been solved prior to the present invention is
`to provide such a pump which will not cause unaccept(cid:173)
`to provide such a pump which will not cause unaccept(cid:173)
`.
`able injury to blood.
`able injury to blood.
`.
`A pump can injure blood in several ways. If the im- 65
`A pump can injure blood in several ways. If the im- 65
`pellor of the pump is supported by mechanical bearings
`pellor of the pump is supported by mechanical bearings
`in contact with the blood, relative movement between
`in contact with the blood, relative movement between
`parts of the bearings can result in excessive mechanical
`parts of the bearings can result in excessive mechanical
`
`SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
`SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
`The present invention solves the problems that have
`The present invention solves the problems that have
`been encountered with earlier blood pumps through a
`been encountered with earlier blood pumps through a
`novel approach to rotor suspension and rotation, an
`novel approach to rotor suspension and rotation, an
`approach which leads not only to a practical blood
`approach which leads not only to a practical blood
`pump but additionally provides an apparatus which, it is
`pump but additionally provides an apparatus which, it is
`contemplated, will have a variety of practical applica(cid:173)
`contemplated, will have a variety of practical applica(cid:173)
`tions in a number of fields. Thus, the rotor can be the
`tions in a number of fields. Thus, the rotor can be the
`impellor of a pump and, more specifically, a blood
`impeller of a pump and, more specifically, a blood
`pump that can be implanted in the body to replace or
`pump that can be implanted in the body to replace or
`assist the natural heart. However, the invention is not
`assist the natural heart. However, the invention is not
`limited to such use; rather, in its most general form, the
`limited to such use; rather, in its most general form, the
`invention is an apparatus for suspending and rotating a
`invention is an apparatus for suspending and rotating a
`rotor for any useful purpose. For example, it is contem(cid:173)
`rotor for any useful purpose. For example, it is contem(cid:173)
`plated that the rotor might be the impellor of a pump
`plated that the rotor might be the impellor of a pump
`that is used to pump radioactive, abrasive, or corrosive
`that is used to pump radioactive, abrasive. or corrosive
`fluids, liquids containing dissolved gases, or the rotor of
`fluids, liquids containing dissolved gases, or the rotor of
`a gyroscope in a missile guidance system where power
`a gyroscope in a missile guidance system where power
`requirements playa role or any suspended rotor in an
`requirements play a role or any suspended rotor in an
`accelerated, moving system in general.
`accelerated, moving system in general.
`Nevertheless, it will be useful to consider the appara(cid:173)
`Nevertheless, it will be useful to consider the appara(cid:173)
`tus of the present invention in a specific context to fully
`tus of the present invention in a specific context to fully
`bring out the benefits and advantages the invention
`bring out the benefits and advantages the invention
`provides. It is in this spirit of complete disclosure that
`provides. It is in this spirit of complete disclosure that
`the apparatus will be described with particular refer(cid:173)
`the apparatus will be described with particular refer(cid:173)
`ence to the application in which the invention is particu(cid:173)
`ence to the application in which the invention is particu(cid:173)
`larly adapted to the pumping of blood through the
`larly adapted to the pumping of blood through the
`human body.
`human body.
`As adapted for use as a blood pump, the apparatus of
`As adapted for use as a blood pump, the apparatus of
`the present invention solves the problems that have
`the present invention solves the problems that have
`been encountered with earlier blood pumps by provid(cid:173)
`been encountered with earlier blood pumps by provid(cid:173)
`ing a pump having an impellor that is magnetically
`ing a pump having an impellor that is magnetically
`suspended in a housing and magnetically rotated to
`suspended in a housing and magnetically rotated to
`effect the pumping of blood through the housing. Since
`effect the pumping of blood through the housing. Since
`the impellor is magnetically suspended and rotated, no
`the impellor is magnetically suspended and rotated, no
`bearings which might mechanically damage blood are
`bearings which might mechanically damage blood are
`needed in the pump and no bulky back-up system is
`needed in the pump and no bulky back-up system is
`needed to operate the pump. Rather, a battery pack can
`needed to operate the pump. Rather, a battery pack can
`be utilized for this purpose. Moreover, the apparatus is
`be utilized for this purpose. Moreover, the apparatus is
`constructed so that very little energy is expended in
`constructed so that very little energy is expended in
`effecting the suspension of the impellor with the result
`effecting the suspension of the impellor with the result
`that discharge of heat into the blood from the magnetic
`that discharge of heat into the blood from the magnetic
`suspension system is held to a minimum level. An ad(cid:173)
`suspension system is held to a minimum level. An ad(cid:173)
`vantage of this construction is that the low power con(cid:173)
`vantage of this construction is that the low power con(cid:173)
`sumption needed to effect the suspension ofthe impellor
`sumption needed to effect the suspension of the impellor
`
`Am. Honda v. IV II - IPR2018-00443
`PET_HONDA_1008-0016
`
`

`

`4,944,748
`4,944,748
`
`3
`3
`enables a battery pack which can be used to operate the
`enables a battery pack which can be used to operate the
`apparatus to be implanted in the body and periodically
`apparatus to be implanted in the body and periodically
`recharged as has been noted above. Thus, the present
`recharged as has been noted above. Thus, the present
`invention provides a heart replacement or assist that is
`invention provides a heart replacement or assist that is
`capable not only of preserving the life of the user but 5
`capable not only of preserving the life of the user but 5
`one which will make that life meaningful by providing
`one which will make that life meaningful by providing
`only minimal interference with the user's conduct of
`only minimal interference with the user's conduct of
`normal human affairs.
`normal human affairs.
`Additionally, the magnetic suspension of the impellor
`Additionally, the magnetic suspension of the impellor
`solves problems associated with pump lifetime. A se- 10
`solves problems associated with pump lifetime. A se- 10
`vere problem that has been encountered with prior art
`vere problem that has been encountered with prior art
`pumps is wear and embrittlement of material of which
`pumps is wear and embrittlement of material of which
`the pumps are constructed and, in the case of blood
`the pumps are constructed and, in the case of blood
`pumps, wear and embrittlement of blood compatible
`pumps, wear and embrittlement of blood compatible
`materials that are included in the construction of the 15
`materials that are included in the construction of the 15
`pumps. Both wear and embrittlement cause pump fail(cid:173)
`pumps. Both wear and embrittlement cause pump fail(cid:173)
`ure or changes in the surface structure of blood compat(cid:173)
`ure or changes in the surface structure of blood compat(cid:173)
`ible materials, reducing the effectiveness of such materi(cid:173)
`ible materials, reducing the effectiveness of such materi(cid:173)
`als, requiring termination of the use of the pump. The
`als, requiring termination of the use of the pump. The
`use of a magnetic bearing to support the impellor elimi- 20
`use of a magnetic bearing to support the impellor elimi- 20
`nates stresses that might otherwise be exerted on the
`nates stresses that might otherwise be exerted on the
`materials, including blood compatible materials, of
`materials, including blood compatible materials, of
`which the pump might be constructed. (A preferred
`which the pump might be constructed. (A preferred
`construction of the pump of the present invention, when
`construction of the pump of the present invention, when
`used as a blood pump, is the utilization of rigid sub- 25
`used as a blood pump, is the utilization of rigid sub- 25
`strates coated with a blood compatible material. An
`strates coated with a blood compatible material. An
`important advantage the magnetic suspension of the
`important advantage the magnetic suspension of the
`impellor of the present invention is that it permits all
`impellor of the present invention is that it permits all
`surfaces in contact with blood to be composed of mate(cid:173)
`surfaces in contact with blood to be composed of mate(cid:173)
`rials which need not have special properties, such as 30
`rials which need not have special properties, such as 30
`flexibility, that are not associated with compatibility.)
`flexibility, that are not associated with compatibility.)
`Thus, the magnetic suspension of the rotor eliminates
`Thus, the magnetic suspension of the rotor eliminates
`bending stresses, frictional forces, and heating stresses
`bending stresses, frictional forces, and heating stresses
`to provide the pump with maintenance free, substan(cid:173)
`to provide the pump with maintenance free, substan(cid:173)
`tially indefinite lifetime.
`tially indefinite lifetime.
`To provide the pump adaptation of the apparatus
`To provide the pump adaptation of the apparatus
`with the capability of meeting these ends, the support of
`with the capability of meeting these ends, the support of