THE DESIGN
`OF HIGH-EFFICIENCY
`TURBOMACHINERY
`AND GAS TURBINES
`
`
`
`UTC-2004.001
`
`GE V. UTC
`
`IPR2018-01123
`
`SECOND EDITION, WITH A NEW PREFACE
`SECOND EDITION, WITH A NEW PREFACE
`-
`- - -·=-
`-
`-~,
`
`-
`
`DAVID GORDON WILSON
`
`ANDTHEODOSIOS KORAKIANITIS
`
`
`OF HIGH-EFFICIENCY
`TURBOMACHINERY
`AND GAS TURBINES
`
`
`
`UTC-2004.001
`
`GE V. UTC
`
`IPR2018-01123
`
`SECOND EDITION, WITH A NEW PREFACE
`SECOND EDITION, WITH A NEW PREFACE
`-
`- - -·=-
`-
`-~,
`
`-
`
`DAVID GORDON WILSON
`
`ANDTHEODOSIOS KORAKIANITIS
`
`
`
`(cid:7)(cid:15)(cid:12)(cid:1)(cid:3)(cid:12)(cid:21)(cid:16)(cid:14)(cid:18)(cid:1)(cid:19)(cid:13)(cid:1)(cid:6)(cid:16)(cid:14)(cid:15)(cid:2)(cid:4)(cid:13)(cid:13)(cid:16)(cid:10)(cid:16)(cid:12)(cid:18)(cid:10)(cid:23)(cid:1)(cid:7)(cid:22)(cid:20)(cid:9)(cid:19)(cid:17)(cid:8)(cid:10)(cid:15)(cid:16)(cid:18)(cid:12)(cid:20)(cid:23)(cid:1)(cid:1)
`(cid:8)(cid:18)(cid:11)(cid:1)(cid:5)(cid:8)(cid:21)(cid:1)(cid:7)(cid:22)(cid:20)(cid:9)(cid:16)(cid:18)(cid:12)(cid:21)
`second edition, with a new preface
`
`David Gordon Wilson and Theodosios Korakianitis
`
`The MIT Press
`Cambridge, Massachusetts
`London, England
`
`
`
`© 2014 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
`
`All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any
`electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage
`and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher.
`
`MIT Press books may be purchased at special quantity discounts for business or sales
`promotional use. For information, please email special_sales@mitpress.mit.edu.
`
`This book was printed and bound in the United States of America.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available.
`ISBN: 978-0-262-52668-5
`
`10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
`
`
`
`DEDICATIONS
`
`Dave Wilson dedicates his part of this book to his wonderful creative spouse Ellen
`(who should be writing her own book) and to their daughter Susan Speck Wilson, who
`at a young age is showing a desire to be an engineer.
`
`Theodosios Korakianitis dedicates his work on this book to Christine, his loving
`and patient child-development-expert budding-artist spouse; and to their gifted children
`Natalie, Demetrios, and Karina.
`.
`
`
`
`UTC—2004.005
`
`
`
`List of figures
`
`List of illustrations
`
`List of tables
`
`Preface
`
`Note to readers
`
`Nomenclature
`
`A brief history of turbomachinery
`Early turl>omachinery
`Blowers and pumps
`Compressors
`Steam turbines
`M arine turbines
`Gas-turbine engines
`The turbojei
`The fallibility of experts' forecasts
`References
`
`1
`
`Introduction
`1.1 Aims
`L.2 D efinitions
`l.3 Comparison of gas turbines with other eng_ines
`References
`Problems
`
`2 Review of thermodynamics
`2.1 The first law of thermodynamics
`
`Contents.
`
`X
`
`xviii
`
`xxi
`
`xxiv
`
`nvi
`
`1
`3
`5
`5
`7
`J4
`15
`20
`24
`24
`
`27
`27
`28
`35
`4l
`42
`
`45
`45
`
`V
`
`
`
`vi
`
`Contents
`
`2.2 Examples of the use of the SFEE
`2.3 The second law of thermodynamics
`2.4 Examples of the use of the SFEE and the SFSE
`2.5 Compressible-flow functions for a perfect gas
`2.6 Turbomachine-efficiency definitions
`References
`Problems
`
`3 Thermodynamics of gas-turbine cycles
`3.1 Temperature-entropy diagrams
`3.2 Actual processes
`3.3 Choice of the pressure ratio for maximum power
`3.4 Choice of optimum pressure ratio for peak efficiency
`3.5 Cycle designation-fuller specification
`3.6 Cycle performance calculations
`3.7 Efficiency versus specific power for shaft-power engines
`3.8
`Jet-propulsion cycles
`3.9 Performance characteristics of jet-propulsion cycles
`3.10 Descriptions and performance of alternative cycles
`References
`Problems
`
`4 Diffusion and diffusers
`4.1 Diffusion in ducts
`4.2 Performance measures
`4.3 Theoretical pressure rise as a design guide
`4.4 Diffuser effectiveness
`4.5 Axial-diffuser performance data
`4.6 Radial-diffuser performance
`4.7 Draft tubes for hydraulic turbines
`4.8 The risk factor in diffuser design
`References
`Problems
`
`5 Energy transfer in turbomachines
`5.1 Euler's equation
`5.2 Velocity diagrams and the parameters that describe them
`5.3 Axial-compressor and pump velocity diagrams
`5.4 Radial-turbomachine velocity diagrams
`5.5 Correlations of peak stage efficiency with radius ratio and "specific speed"
`5.6 Preliminary-design methods for radial-flow turbomachinery
`
`54
`55
`65
`69
`75
`88
`88
`
`95
`96
`97
`97
`101
`102
`103
`114
`133
`138
`142
`164
`166
`
`173
`174
`179
`183
`183
`187
`199
`204
`207
`208
`209
`
`211
`211
`216
`226
`232
`234
`236
`
`
`
`Contents
`
`5.7 Choice of number of stages
`References
`Problems
`
`6 Three-dimensional velocity diagrams for axial turbomachines
`6.1 The constant-work stage
`6.2 Conditions for radial equilibrium
`6.3 Use of the SRE equation for velocity distributions
`6.4 Prescribed reaction variation
`6.5 Advantageous values of the index n
`6.6 Practical considerations governing blade twist
`6.7 Streamline-curvature calculation methods
`References
`Problems
`
`7 The design and performance prediction of axial-flow turbines
`7.1 The sequence of preliminary design
`7.2 Blade shape, spacing, and number
`7.3 More-detailed design sequence emphasizing aircraft engines
`7.4 Blade-surface curvature-distribution effects
`7.5 Prescribed-curvature turbine-blade design
`7.6 Stator-rotor interactions
`7.7 Performance (efficiency) prediction of axial turbine stages
`7.8 Treatment of air-cooled turbines
`7.9 Loss correlations
`7.10 Loss-coefficient data for axial-flow turbomachinery
`7.11 Turbine performance characteristics
`References
`Problems
`
`8 The design and performance prediction of axial-flow compressors
`8.1
`Introduction
`8.2 Cascade tests
`8.3 The preliminary design of single-stage fans and compressors
`8.4 Prescribed-curvature compressor-blade design
`8.5 Performance prediction of axial-flow compressors
`8.6 The design and analysis of multi-stage axial compressors
`8.7 Compressor surge
`8.8 Axial-compressor stage stacking
`8.9 Alternative starting arrangements to reduce low-speed stalling
`8.10 Axial-radial compressors
`
`vii
`
`249
`252
`252
`
`263
`264
`264
`266
`268
`272
`273
`275
`279
`279
`
`283
`283
`285
`297
`302
`308
`317
`322
`326
`326
`328
`334
`339
`340
`
`343
`343
`344
`355
`357
`358
`369
`373
`374
`376
`378
`
`
`
`viii
`
`Contents
`
`8.11 Transonic compressors and fans
`8.12 Improved compressor-blade geometries and flutter
`8.13 Axial-flow pump design
`References
`Problems
`
`9 Design methods for radial-flow turbomachines
`9.1 The difficulties of precise design
`9.2 Advantages and disadvantages and areas of application
`9.3 Design process for compressors, fans and pwnps
`9.4 Design process for radial-inflow turbines
`9.5 Nozzles for radial-inflow turbines
`9.6 Performance characteristics for radial-flow turbomachines
`9.7 Alternative rotor configurations
`9.8 Blade shape
`9.9 Surge range
`9.10 Off-design performance prediction
`9.11 Design of centrifugal (radial-flow) pumps
`9.12 Cavitation and two-phase flow in pumps
`9.13 Cavitation performance loss
`9.14 Pump operation in two-phase flow
`9.15 Cryogenic pumps
`References
`Probfoms
`
`10 Convective beat transfer in blade cooling and heat-exchanger design
`10.l Reynolds' analogy between fluid friction and heat transfer
`10.2 The N,u method of heat-exchanger design
`10.3 Guidelines for choice of heat-exchanger passages
`10.4 Guidelines for heat-exchanger design
`10.5 Heat-exchanger design constraints for different configurations
`10.6 Regenerator design
`10.7 Turbine-blade cooling
`10.8 Heat transfer wtth mass transfer
`10.9 Internal-surface heat transfer
`References
`Problems
`
`11 Gas-turbine starling and control-system principles
`11.1 Starting
`1 I .2 lgnition systems
`
`379
`38 1
`382
`389
`390
`
`395
`395
`396
`407
`4l2
`423
`424
`424
`427
`428
`429
`429
`430
`438
`440
`444
`445
`446
`
`453
`454
`458
`462
`465
`472
`473
`490
`498
`501
`504
`506
`
`513
`513
`519
`
`
`
`Contents
`
`11.3 Safety limits and control of running variables
`References
`
`12 Combustion systems and combustion calculations
`12.1 Combustion-system types
`12.2 Conservation Jaws for combustion
`12.3 General combustor design
`References
`Problems
`
`13 Mechanical-design considerations
`13. l Overall design choices
`13.2 Material selection
`13.3 Design with traditional materials
`13 .4 Engine examples
`References
`
`A Properties of air and combustion products
`
`B Collected formulae
`
`C Some constants
`
`D Conversion factors
`
`Index
`
`ix
`
`521
`523
`
`525
`527
`536
`542
`542
`543
`
`545
`545
`553
`556
`562
`570
`
`573
`
`579
`
`585
`
`587
`
`589
`
`
`
`364
`
`Ch. 8. The design and performance prediction of axial-flow compressors
`
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`Streamtube contraction ratio, (hb in/ hb ex)
`(c) Effect of stream-tube height variation on calculated trailing-edge momentum thickness
`
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`104
`
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`
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`Chord Reynolds number, Re
`(d) Effect of Reynolds number and surface finish on calculated trailing-edge momentum
`thickness
`
`Figure 8.11. Concluded
`
`of the trailing edge. However, it is pointed out that these are small except at blade
`loadings higher than are recommended here, and therefore this step also is considered to
`be beyond the scope of this book.
`
`End-wall losses
`
`The effects on stage efficiency of hub-shroud ratio, blade-shroud clearance, axial gap
`between blade rows and, to a lesser extent, blade aspect ratio (blade height over chord,
`hb/c) can be estimated using the Koch and Smith formulation of end-wall losses. We
`give here a simplified, approximate version.
`The test data were correlated by Koch and Smith with the sum of the relative dis(cid:173)
`placement thicknesses of the two end-wall boundary layers plotted against the stage
`pressure-rise coefficient relative to the maximum pressure-rise coefficient of which the
`stage is capable (figure 8.12a). Rotor-blade clearance is a parameter. (There is no guid-
`
`
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