Petitioner: Haag-Streit AG
`Petitioner: Haag-Streit AG
`
`Ex. 1003
`Ex. 1003
`
`

`

`a2, United States Patent
`US 6,211,626 B1
`(10) Patent No.:
`Lyset al.
`(45) Date of Patent:
`Apr.3, 2001
`
`
`US006211626B1
`
`(54)
`(75)
`
`ITILLUMINATION COMPONENTS
`Inventors: Thor Lys; George G. Mueller, both of
`Boston; Frederick Marshall Morgan,
`oofIA(US) K.Blackwell, Milton,
`(73) Assignee: Color Kinetics, Incorporated, Boston,
`MA(US)
`
`4,887,074
`5,008,595 *
`oerees
`>
`5
`
`(*) Notice:
`
`Subject to any disclaimer, the term ofthis
`patent is extended or adjusted under 35
`USC TAP) by 0 days,
`(21) Appl. No.: 09/213,659
`(22)
`Filed:
`Dec. 17, 1998
`
`.
`
`6-043830
`
`2/1994
`
`(JP).
`
`12/1989 Simonet al. oe 340/782
`4/1991 Kazar ccecssssssssssssseseseeeeen 315/178
`
`5,hoot Homborst et al.
`. case
`ATACEN oo. eeeecec ees ececececeeceeeeeeees
`(List continued on next page.)
`FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
`2178 432
`12/1996 (CA).
`6 2679
`12/1996 (AU).
`0534710 B1
`1/1996 (EP).
`0752 632 A2
`1/1997 (EP).
`2IT60DA 12/1986 (CB)
`jaoaree
` Lai1907 OP)
`WO89 05086
`6/1989 (WO).
`WO 94 18809
`8/1994 (WO).
`WO95 13498
`5/1995 (WO).
`Related U.S. Application Data
`WO 96 41098=12/1996_(WO) .
`(63) Continuation-in-part of application No. 08/920,156,filed on
`Aug. 26, 1997.
`Provisional application No. 60/071,281, filed on Dec. 17,
`1997,
`provisional application No. 60/068,792, filed on Dec.
`
`8 Claims, 75 Drawing Sheets
`
`(4 of 75 Drawing Sheet(s) Filed in Color)
`
` PROCESSOR
`
` “L100
`
`16
`
`
`~—
`16
`!
`
`PROCESSOR
`rocrso|
`
`
`[PROCESSOR
`
`l
`T
`[
`
`1 |
`|
`500
`<
`DATA CONNECTION
`>
`
`
`TRANSMITTER,
`
`|*%
`crcutor
`NETWORK
`
`
`
`
` 504
`
`CONTROL
`
`GENERATOR
`
`(60)
`
`24, i007, provisional application No 60/078,861, sedco
`Mar. 20, 1998,
`provisional application No. 60/079,28.
`e
`on Mar. 25, 1008, and provisional orplieation No. 60/090,
`920,filed on Jun. 26, 1998.
`CSL) Tt C0 eeeccccceeeecccsssssssnnnsecceessnnnnseecceesnnnnees GOS5F 1/00
`
`(52) US. CMe
`
`ceeceeeccceeeecceseeeeeeceeeeeeeeennteeee 315/291; 315/324
`
`(58) Field of Search 0... 315/291, 178,
`315/77, 362, 324, 86; 362/234, 253, 184,
`154
`
`(56)
`
`References Cited
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`3,746,918
`TF/1973 Druckeret al. wc. 315/77
`ee 4ono Reneereserreeeeneeenseess sess
`1/1983 Kurahashi et al...340701
`4,367,464
`
`4,388,567
`6/1983 Yamazakiet al.
`.
`«. 315/291
`12/1983 Takahashietal. .
`.. 315/296
`4,420,711
`.............
`wu. 315/317
`4,625,152
`11/1986 Nakai
`
`eeeesceeeeeseeeees 315/71
`4,727,289
`2/1988 Uchida occ
`T1989 Havel v.cccccceseccsesescseseeeseees 340/762
`4,845,481
`
`Primary Examiner—Don Wong
`Assistant Examiner—Chuc Tran D
`.
`
`:
`
`(74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm—¥oley, Hoag, &Eliot, LLP
`67)
`ABSTRACT
`Disclosed herein is a current control for a lighting assembly,
`which may be an LEDlighting assembly, which may be a
`pulse width modulated (“PWM”) current control or other
`form of current control where each current-controlled unit is
`uniquely addressable and capable of receiving illumination
`color information on a computer lighting network. In an
`embodiment, the invention includes a binary tree network
`configuration of lighting units (nodes).
`In another
`embodiment, the present invention comprises a heat dissi-
`pating housing, made out of a heat-conductive material, for
`housing the lighting assembly. The heat dissipating housing
`contains two stacked circuit boards holding respectively the
`power module and the light module. The light module is
`adapted to be conveniently interchanged with other light
`Modules.
`
`

`

`US 6,211,626 B1
`
`Page 2
`
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`9/1994 Hamamotoet al. oe 315/291
`5,350,977
`oeee tolecd penac et a “
`aa
`
`
`374,
`/
`oribata et al.
`i
`5,388,357
`2/1995
`40/570
`5,404,282
`4/1995
`362/249
`5,406,176
`4/1995
`315/292
`5,410,328
`4/1995 Yoksza et al.
`345/82
`5,420,482
`5/1995 Phares.........
`315/292
`5,436,535
`7/1995 Yang ....
`315/313
`5,463,280
`10/1995 Johnson.....
`. 315/187
`5,504,395
`4/1996 Johnson et al. wv... 315/71
`
`
`
`
`.
`
`5,545,950
`5,561,346
`5,575,459
`5,592,051
`5,751,118
`5,769,527
`5,821,695
`5,896,212 *
`5,924,784 *
`6016038 *
`,016,
`
`8/1996 CHO veecescsceesesreresteseseseeteneenenes 315/56
`
`10/1996 Byrne....
`. 313/512
`11/1996 Anderson .
`. 362/240
`
`1/1997 Korkala sssssssssssssessseseeeeeen 315/210
`5/1998 Mortimer sessssesssssssesseessoeee 315/291
`
`...
`.. 362/85
`6/1998 Taylor et al.
`oo
`
`10/1998 Vilanilam etal. .....
`.. 315/58
`sania
`
`4/1999 Mikolajezak et al
`.. 315/77
`.
`i
`
`7/1999 Chliwnyietal. ...
`. 362/234
`1/2000 Muelle,
`et
`al
`315/091
`eller et al. wee eeeeeee
`
`* cited by examiner
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr.3, 2001
`
`Sheet 1 of 75
`
`US 6,211,626 B1
`
`
`
`
`
`
`POWER
`
`16
`
`DATA
`rs PROCESSOR
`
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`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 3, 2001
`
`Sheet 2 of 75
`
`US 6,211,626 B1
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr.3, 2001
`
`Sheet 3 of 75
`
`US 6,211,626 B1
`
`
`
`Fig. 3
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 3, 2001
`
`Sheet 4 of 75
`
`US 6,211,626 B1
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr.3, 2001
`
`Sheet 5 of 75
`
`US 6,211,626 B1
`
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`Apr. 3, 2001
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`US 6,211,626 B1
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr.3, 2001
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`Sheet 7 of 75
`
`US 6,211,626 B1
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 3, 2001
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`US 6,211,626 B1
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`U.S. Patent
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`Apr.3, 2001
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`U.S. Patent
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`Apr. 3, 2001
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`U.S. Patent
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`Apr. 3, 2001
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`US 6,211,626 B1
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`U.S. Patent
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`Apr. 3, 2001
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`US 6,211,626 B1
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr.3, 2001
`
`Sheet 13 of 75
`
`US 6,211,626 B1
`
`SCHEDULE
`INTERRUPT
`
`ASSOCIATE
`WITH
`PWM UPDATE
`PROCEDURE
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr.3, 2001
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`Sheet 14 of 75
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`US 6,211,626 B1
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`US 6,211,626 B1
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`U.S. Patent
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`Sheet 18 of 75
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`US 6,211,626 B1
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`Apr.3, 2001
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`Apr.3, 2001
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`Sheet 33 of 75
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`US 6,211,626 B1
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`US 6,211,626 B1
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`US 6,211,626 B1
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`US 6,211,626 B1
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`U.S. Patent
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`Apr.3, 2001
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`U.S. Patent
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`Apr.3, 2001
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`US 6,211,626 B1
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`U.S. Patent
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`Apr.3, 2001
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`US 6,211,626 B1
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`1
`ILLUMINATION COMPONENTS
`
`RELATED U.S. APPLICATION(S)
`
`The present application is a continuation-in-part of U.S.
`application Ser. No. 08/920,156, filed Aug. 26, 1997. The
`present application also claims priority from U.S. Provi-
`sional Patent Application Ser. Nos. 60/071,281, filed Dec.
`17, 1997, 60/068,792, filed Dec. 24, 1997, 60/078,861, filed
`Mar.20, 1998, 60/079,285, filed Mar. 25, 1998, and 60/090,
`920, filed Jun. 26, 1998. The present application incorpo-
`rates by reference the specifications of the following appli-
`cations: PCT/US98/17702filed Aug. 26, 1998,the following
`US. patent applications filed Dec. 17, 1998, each naming
`George Mueller and Ihor Lys, application numbers to be
`assigned, having the following titles: Smart Light Bulb;
`Power/Data Protocol; Sensor/Feedback Illumination Meth-
`ods and Systems; Precision Illumination Methods and Sys-
`tems; Lighting Entertainment System; Kinetic Illumination
`Systems and Methods; and Data Delivery Track, and US.
`patent application entitled [lumination Components, nam-
`ing George Mueller,
`Ihor Lys, Frederick Morgan and
`Michael Blackwell as inventors, filed Dec. 17, 1998 with
`application numberto be assigned. All of these United States
`patents and patent applications are hereby incorporated
`herein by reference.
`
`TECHNICAL FIELD
`
`invention relates to providing light of a
`The present
`selectable color using light sources, such as light-emitting
`diodes (LEDs). Moreparticularly, the present invention is a
`method and apparatus for providing multicolored illumina-
`tion. More particularly still,
`the present
`invention is an
`apparatus for providing a computer controlled multicolored
`illumination network capable of high performance and rapid
`color selection and change.
`
`BACKGROUND ART
`
`Light emitting diodes are known which, when disposed
`on a circuit, accept electrical impulses from the circuit and
`convert the impulses into light signals. LEDs are energy
`efficient, they giveoff virtually no heat, and they have a long
`lifetime.
`
`Anumberof types of LED exist, including air gap LEDs,
`GaAs light-emitting diodes (which may be doubled and
`packagedas single unit offer greater reliability than conven-
`tional single-diode package), polymer LEDs, and semi-
`conductor LEDs, among others. Most LEDs in current use
`are red. Conventional uses for LEDs include displays for
`low light environments, such as the flashing light on a
`modem or other computer component, or the digital display
`of a wristwatch. Improved LEDs haverecently been used in
`arrays for longer-lasting traffic lights. LEDs have been used
`in scoreboards and other displays. Also, LEDs have been
`placed in arrays and used as television displays. Although
`most LEDsin use are red, yellow or white, LEDs may take
`any color; moreover, a single LED may be designed to
`change colors to any color in the color spectrum in response
`to changing electrical signals.
`It is well knownthat combining the projected light of one
`color with the projected light of another color will result in
`the creation of a third color. It is also well knownthat three
`
`commonly used primary colors—red, blue and green—can
`be combinedin different proportions to generate almost any
`color in the visible spectrum. The present invention takes
`advantage of these effects by combining the projected light
`
`wn
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`from at least two light emitting diodes (LEDS) of different
`primarycolors. It should be understood that for purposes of
`this invention the term “primary colors” encompasses any
`different colors that can be combined to create other colors.
`
`Computer lighting networks that use LEDs are also
`known. U.S. Pat. No. 5,420,482, issued to Phares, describes
`one such network that uses different colored LEDs to
`generate a selectable color, primarily for use in a display
`apparatus. U.S. Pat. No. 4,845,481,
`issued to Havel,
`is
`directed to a multicolored display device. Havel uses a pulse
`width modulated signal
`to provide current
`to respective
`LEDsat a particular duty cycle. U.S. Pat. No. 5,184,114,
`issued to Brown, shows an LED display system. U.S. Pat.
`No. 5,134,387, issued to Smith et al., is directed to an LED
`matrix display.
`Illumination systems exist in which a network of indi-
`vidual lights is controlled by a central driver, which may be
`a computer-controlled driver. Such illumination systems
`include theatrical lighting systems. The USITT DMX-512
`protocol was developed to deliver a stream of data from a
`theatrical console to a series of theatrical lights.
`The DMX-512 protocol wasoriginally designed to stan-
`dardize the control of light dimmers by lighting consoles.
`The DMX-512 protocol is a multiplexed digital lighting
`control protocol with a signal to control 512 devices, such
`device including dimmers,scrollers, non-dim relays, param-
`eters of a movinglight, or a graphical light in a computerized
`virtual reality set. DMX-512 is used for control for a
`network of devices. The DMX-512 protocol employsdigital
`signal codes. Whena transmitting device, such as a lighting
`console, sends digital codes, a receiving device, such as a
`dimmer, transforms these codes into a function command,
`such as dimming to a specified level. With digital systems,
`signal integrity is compromised less over long cable runs,
`relative to analog control. When a codedstring of 0/1 digits
`are sent and received, the device will perform the desired
`task.
`
`In hardware terms, DMX-512 protocol information is
`transferred between devices over metal wires using the
`RS-485 hardware protocol. This involves the use of two
`wires, known as a twisted pair. The first wire is referred to
`as a data+wire, and the second wire is referred to as a
`data-wire. The voltage used on the line is typically positive
`five volts. By way of example, to transmit a logical one, the
`data+wire is taken to positive five volts, and the data-wire
`to zero volts. To transmit a logical zero, the data+wire goes
`to zero volts, and the data—wire to positive five volts. This
`is quite different from the more common RS-232interface,
`where one wire is always kept at zero volts. In RS-232, a
`logical one is transmitted by putting between positive six
`and positive twelve volts on the line, and a logical zero is
`transmitted by putting a voltage between negative six and
`negative twelve volts onto the line. RS-485 is generally
`understood to be better for data transmission than RS-232.
`With RS-232, the receiver has to measure if the incoming
`voltage is positive or negative. With RS-485, the receiver
`only needs to determine whichline has the higher voltage on
`it.
`
`The two wires over which RS-485 is transmitted are
`preferably twisted. Twisting means that disturbances on the
`line tend to affect both lines simultaneously, more or less by
`the same amount, so that the voltage on both lines will
`fluctuate, but the difference in voltage between the lines
`remains the same. Theresult is that noiseis rejected from the
`line. Also, the drive capability of RS-485 drivers is higher
`than RS-232 drivers. As a result, the RS-485 protocol can
`
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`US 6,211,626 B1
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`3
`connect devices over distances hundreds of times further
`than would be possible when using RS-232. RS-485 also
`increases the maximum data rate, i.e., the maximum amount
`of data which can be transmitted over the line every second.
`Communication between devices using RS-232 is normally
`about nine thousand six hundred baud (bits per second).
`Faster communication is possible, but the distances over
`which data can be transmitted are reduced significantly if
`communication is faster. By comparison, DMX-512 (using
`RS-485) permits data to be sent at two hundred fifty thou-
`sand baud (two hundred fifty thousand bits per second) over
`distances of hundreds of meters without problems. Every
`byte transmitted has one start bit, which is used to warn the
`receiver that the next character is starting, eight data bits
`(this conveys up to two hundredfifty six different levels) and
`twostop bits, which are used to tell the receiver that this is
`the end of the character. This means that every byte is
`transmitted as eleven bits, so that the length of each char-
`acter is forty-four micro seconds.
`The receiver looks at the two incoming signals on a pair
`of pins and compares the differences. A voltage rise on one
`wire and the inverse on the other will be seen as a differential
`and therefore deciphered as a digit. When both signals are
`identical, no difference is recognized and no digit deci-
`phered. If interference was accidently transmitted along the
`line, it would impart no response as long as the interference
`wasidentical on both lines. The proximity of the two lines
`assist in assuring that distribution of interference is identical
`on both wires. The signal driver sends five hundred twelve
`device codes in a continual, repetitive stream of data. The
`receiving device is addressed with a number between one
`and five hundred twelve so it will respond only to data that
`correspondsto its assigned address.
`A terminatorresistor is typically installed at the end of a
`DMxXline of devices, which reducesthe possibility of signal
`reflection which can create errors in the DMX signal. The
`ohm value of the resistor is determined by the cable type
`used. Some devices allow for self termination at the end of
`the line. Multiple lines of DMX data can be distributed
`through an opto-repeater. This device creates a physical
`break in the line by transforming the electrical signals into
`light which spans a gap, then it is restored to electrical
`signals. This protects devices from damaging high voltage,
`accidentally traveling along the network.It will also repeat
`the original DMX data to several outputlines. The input data
`is recreated at the outputs, eliminating distortion. The signal
`leaves the opto-repeater as strong as it left the console.
`DMXmessagesare typically generated through computer
`software. Each DMX message is preceded with a “break,”
`whichis a signal for the receiver that the previous message
`has ended and the next message is about to start. The length
`of the break signal (equivalent to a logical zero on the line)
`has to be eighty-eight micro seconds according to the DMX
`specification. The signal can be more than eighty-eight
`micro seconds. After the break signal is removed from the
`line, there is a period during whichthe signal is at a logical
`one level. This is known as the “Mark” or ‘Mark After
`Break’ (MAB) time. This time is typically at least eight
`micro seconds. After the Mark comesthe first character, or
`byte, which is knowsas the “Start” character. This character
`is rather loosely specified, and is normally set to the value
`zero (it can vary between zero and two hundredfifty five).
`This start character may be used to specify special messages.
`It is, for example, possible to have five hundred twelve
`dimmers which respond to messages with the start character
`set to zero, and anotherfive hundred twelve dimmers which
`respond to messages with the start characterset to one. If one
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`transmits data for these one thousand twenty-four dimmers,
`and one sets the start character to zero for the first five
`hundred twelve dimmers, and to one for the second set of
`five hundred twelve dimmers,it is possible to control one
`thousand twenty four dimmers (or more if one wishes, using
`the same technique). The disadvantage is a reduction in the
`number of messages sent to each of the set of dimmers, in
`this example by a factor two. After the start character there
`are between one and five hundred twelve characters, which
`normally correspond to the up to five hundred twelve
`channels controlled by DMX. Eachof these characters may
`have a value between zero (for ‘off’, zero percent) and two
`hundred fifty five (for full, one hundred percent). After the
`last character there may be another delay (at logic onelevel)
`before the next break starts. The number of messages which
`are transmitted every second are dependent on all
`the
`parameterslisted above. In one case, where the break length
`is eighty-eight microseconds, the makeafter break length is
`eight micro seconds, and each character takes exactly forty-
`four micro seconds to transmit
`there will be forty-four
`messages per second, assumingthatall five hundred twelve
`channels are being transmitted. Many lighting desks and
`other DMX sources transmit less than five hundred twelve
`
`channels, use a longer break and makeafter break time, and
`may have a refresh rate of seventy or eighty messages per
`second. Often, there is no benefit to be had from this, as the
`current value is not necessarily recalculated for each of the
`channels in each frame. The ‘standard’ DMX signal would
`allow for a lamp to be switched on and off twenty-two times
`per second, which is ample for many applications. Certain
`devices are capable of using sixteen-bit DMX. Normaleight
`bit messages allow two hundredfifty-six positions, which is
`inadequate for the positioning of mirrors and other mechani-
`cal devices. Having sixteen bits available per channel
`increases that quantity up to sixty-five thousandfive hundred
`thirty-six steps, which removes the limitation of ‘standard’
`DMX.
`
`A significant problem with present lighting networks is
`that they require special wiring or cabling. In particular, one
`set of wires is neededforelectrical power, while a second set
`of wires is needed for data, such as DMX-512 protocoldata.
`Accordingly, the owner of an existing set of lights must
`undertake significant effort
`to rewire in order to have a
`digitally controlled lighting environment.
`A second significant problem with present lighting net-
`worksis that particular lighting applications require particu-
`lar
`lighting types. For example, LED based lights are
`appropriate for some applications, while incandescent lamps
`or halogen lamps may be more appropriate for other appli-
`cations. A user who wishes to have a digitally controlled
`networkoflights, in addition to rewiring, must currently add
`additional fixtures or replace old fixtures for each different
`type of light. Accordingly, a need has arisen for a lighting
`fixture that permits use of different types of digitally con-
`trolled lights.
`Use of pulse width modulated signals to control electrical
`devices, such as motors, is also known. Traditional methods
`of providing pulse width modulated signals include hard-
`ware using software programmed timers, which in some
`instances is not cost effective if not enough timer modules
`are available, and one interrupt per count processes,
`in
`which a microprocessor receives periodic interrupts at a
`known rate. Each time through the interrupt loop the pro-
`cessor compares the current count with the target counts and
`updates one or more output pins, thus creating a pulse width
`modulated signal, or PWM. Inthis case, the speed equals the
`clock speed divided by cycles in the interrupt routine
`
`

`

`US 6,211,626 B1
`
`5
`in a
`In a third method,
`divided by desired resolution.
`combination of the first two processes, software loops con-
`tain a variable numberof instructions. The processor uses
`the hardware timerto generate a periodic interrupt, and then,
`depending on whether the pulse is to be very short or not,
`either schedules another interrupt to finish the PWM cycle,
`or creates the pulse by itself in the first interrupt routine by
`executing a series of instructions consuming a desired
`amount of time between two PWM signal updates. The
`difficulty with the third method is that for multiple PWM
`channelsit is very difficult to arrange the timer based signal
`updates such that they do not overlap, and then to accurately
`change the update times for a new value of PWMsignals.
`Accordingly, a new pulse width modulation method and
`system is needed to assisting in controlling electrical
`devices.
`
`Manyconventional illumination applications are subject
`to other drawbacks. Conventional light sources, such as
`halogen and incandescent sources may produce undesirable
`heat. Such sources may have very limited life spans. Con-
`ventional light sources may require substantial lens and
`filtering systems in order to produce color. It may be very
`difficult to reproduce precise color conditions with conven-
`tional light sources. Conventional light sources may not
`respond quickly to computer control. One or more of these
`drawbacks may have particular significance in particular
`existing lighting applications. Moreover, the combination of
`these drawbacks may have prevented the development of a
`number of other illumination applications. Accordingly, a
`need exists for illumination methods and systems that over-
`come the drawbacks of conventional illumination systems
`and that
`take advantage of the possibilities offered by
`overcoming such drawbacks.
`
`SUMMARYOF THE INVENTION
`
`Iumination methods and systems are provided herein
`that overcome many of the drawbacks of conventional
`illumination systems. In embodiments, methods and systems
`are provided for multicolored illumination.
`In an
`embodiment, the present invention is an apparatus for pro-
`viding an efficient, computer-controlled, multicolored illu-
`mination network capable of high performance and rapid
`color selection and change.
`In brief, disclosed herein is a current control for a lighting
`assembly, which may be an LED system or LED lighting
`assembly, which may be a pulse width modulated (“PWM”)
`current control or other form of current control where each
`
`current-controlled unit is uniquely addressable and capable
`of receiving illumination color information on a computer
`lighting network. As used herein, “current control” means
`PWMcurrent control, analog current control, digital current
`control, and any other method or system for controlling
`current.
`
`As used herein, the term “LED system” means any system
`that is capable of receiving an electrical signal and produc-
`ing a color of light in response to the signal. Thus, the term
`“LED system” should be understood to include light emit-
`ting diodes of all types, light emitting polymers, semicon-
`ductor dies that produce light in responseto current, organic
`LEDs,electro-luminescentstrips, and other such systems. In
`an embodiment, an “LED system” mayrefer to a single light
`emitting diode having multiple semiconductor dies that are
`individually controlled.
`An LED system is one type of illumination source. As
`used herein “illumination source” should be understood to
`
`includeall illumination sources, including LED systems,as
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`10
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`15
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`20
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`25
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`30
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`35
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`40
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`45
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`50
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`60
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`65
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`6
`lamps,
`including filament
`well as incandescent sources,
`pyro-luminescent sources, such as flames, candle-
`luminescent sources, such as gas mantles and carbon arch
`radiation sources, as well as photo-luminescent sources,
`including gaseous discharges,flourescent sources, phospho-
`rescence sources, lasers, electro-luminescent sources, such
`as electro-luminescent
`lamps,
`light emitting diodes, and
`cathode luminescent sources using electronic satiation, as
`well as miscellaneous luminescent sources including
`galvano-luminescent sources, crystallo-luminescent
`sources, kine-luminescent sources,
`thermo-luminescent
`sources, triboluminescent sources, sonoluminescent sources,
`and radioluminescent sources. Illumination sources may
`also include luminescent polymers capable of