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`IPR2018
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`STEVEN M
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`Copyright © 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, me. All rights reserved.
`
`Published by John Wiley & Sons, me., Hoboken, New Jersey.
`Published simultaneously in Canada.
`
`No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by
`any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted
`under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written
`permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the
`Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400, fax 978-646-
`8600, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed
`to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, me., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-
`6011, fax (201) 748-6008.
`
`Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in
`preparing this book, they make no representation or warranties with respect to the accuracy or
`completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of [
`merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales
`representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable
`for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor
`author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to
`special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.
`
`For general information on our other products and services please contact our Customer Care Department
`within the U.S. at 877-762-2974, outside the U.S. at 317-572-3993 or fax 317-572-4002.
`
`Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print, however,
`may not be available in electronic format.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available.
`
`Kaplan, Steven M.
`
`Wiley Electrical and Electronics Engineering Dictionary
`ISBN 0-471-40224-9
`
`Printed in the United States of America.
`
`10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
`
`Page ii
`
`

`

`3 7 0
`
`in
`
`program.
`
`the
`
`industrial T V
`industrial T V Abbreviation o f indu s t r i a l television. Televi(cid:173)
`sion utilized, o r specifically d e s ign ed for, industrial applica(cid:173)
`tions. For example, closed-circuit TV u s e d for monitoring
`manufacturing o r h a z a r d o u s areas, o r for security surveil(cid:173)
`lance. Its o w n abbreviation is ITV .
`S a m e as I S M
`Industrial, S c i e n t i f i c , and M e d i c a l b a n d
`band.
`Indus try S t a n d a r d A r c h i t e c t u r e Same as ISA.
`Indus try S t a n d a r d A r c h i t e c t u r e b u s Same as I S A bus,
`inert H a v i n g little o r no chemical reactivity with o t h e r ele(cid:173)
`ments. F o r instance, p l a t inum and gold are inert elements.
`inert gas Any o f six chemical elements which are all gases
`and highly unreactive. T h e y are all in the same group o f the
`periodic table, and are helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon,
`and radon. Also called n o b l e gas.
`Shielded-arc welding
`inert gas s h i e l d e d - a r c w e l d i n g
`which an inert gas, such as argon o r helium, provides the
`protective atmosphere.
`i n e r t a n c e The acoustic equivalent o f electrical inductance.
`Also called a c o u s t i c mass , a c o u s t i c i n e r t a n c e , acoustic in(cid:173)
`ertia, o r a c o u s t i c i n d u c t a n c e .
`inertia The tendency o f a b o d y to resist a change in its mo(cid:173)
`mentum. For instance, a body at rest will r e m a i n so unless
`acted upon by an external force.
`inertia sw i tch A switch that is actuated when i t senses a
`change in m om e n t um exceeding a given magnitude.
`infect To contaminate a c om p u t e r with a virus, bacterium,
`worm, Trojan horse o r other such m a l i c i o u s piece o f code o r
`infection The condition in which a c o m p u t e r virus, bacterium,
`worm, Trojan horse o r other such malicious piece o f code o r
`program, has contaminated a file, piece o f code, o r program.
`Also, the process by which this contamination occurs.
`in f e r en c e e n g i n e Within an expert s y s t em o r o t h e r knowl(cid:173)
`edge-based system, the c om p o n e n t which applies principles
`information
`to d r aw conclusions from
`o f reasoning
`available in the knowledge base.
`In f in iBand An architecture o r specification for the movemen t
`o f data along I/O b u s e s which supports up to 64,000 ad(cid:173)
`dressable devices and transfer rates in excess o f 10 Gbps,
`while providing simplicity o f operation, security, and reli(cid:173)
`2. T h a t which
`ability.
`l . Having no limits o r boundaries.
`exceeds any other arbitrarily s e t large value. 3 . T h a t which
`infinite
`is so large that it c a n not be measured.
`infinite a t t e n u a t i o n Attenuation which is sufficient to reduce
`the amplitude o f an ou tpu t signal to zero.
`infinite b a f f l e An enclosure o r m o u n t i n g in which there is no
`path o f air from the front to the b a c k o f the speaker dia(cid:173)
`phragm. This m a y be accomplished, for instance, by mount(cid:173)
`ing a speaker in a wall.
`I n f i n i t e - Im p u l s e R e s p o n s e filter A filter whose output is a
`weighed sum o f the current inputs and past outputs, thus in(cid:173)
`It is on e o f the two primary types o f
`filters utilized in digital signal processing, the o t h e r being
`corporating feedback.
`Infinite-Impulse Re(cid:173)
`filters.
`F i n i t e - I m p u l s e R e s p o n s e
`sponse filters tend to be m o r e efficient, b u t less linear than
`Its abbreviation is I I R fil(cid:173)
`Finite-Impulse Response Filters.
`line having the characteristics
`ter.
`line A transmission
`long.
`infinitely
`infinite
`is
`line which
`corresponding an ordinary
`Also called i n f i n i t e t r a n s m i s s i o n line.
`infinite loop A loop which is repeated indefinitely. Such a
`loop usually requires user intervention to stop it. An infinite
`loop may be due to a bug, o r may be intentional, as in the
`case o f a certain demos. Also called e n d l e s s loop.
`infinite s e r i e s A series in which there is a n infinite number o f
`added quantities. An example is a F o u r i e r series.
`
`overload.
`
`tent
`
`i n f o r m a t i o n digitization
`infinite t r a n s m i s s i o n line Same as i n f i n i t e line.
`l . A quantity that approaches zero as a limit. 2. A
`quantity, o r c h a n g e in quantity, that is extremely small. 3. A
`i n f i n i t e s im a l
`quantity so small that i t can n o t be measured.
`limits or
`l . That which has no
`oo.
`Its symbol is
`2. A n u m b e r o r quantity which exceeds any
`infinity
`other arbitrarily set large value. 3 . A number o r quantity so
`boundaries.
`large that it can not be measured. 4 . A n u m b e r that exceeds
`that maximum value that can b e stored in a register o r mem(cid:173)
`o r y location.
`i n f i x notation A m a n n e r o f forming mathematical or logical
`expressions, in which the operators appear between the op(cid:173)
`erands. For instance, (A + B) x C. This contrasts with pre(cid:173)
`fix notation where such an expression would appear as
`* + A B C , and with postfix n o t a t i o n , where such an expres(cid:173)
`sion would a p p e a r as A B C + * .
`i n f l a m m a b l e T h a t which is easily ignited o r burned. Also
`ca\ied flammable.
`i n f o b a h n Abbreviation o f i n f o rm a t i o n A u t o b a h n , the latter
`being the German w o r d for superhighway. Same as infor(cid:173)
`mation h i g h w a y .
`i n t e r m e d i a r y . An
`i n f o rm a t i o n
`i n f o m e d i a r y Acronym for
`entity which specializes in information retrieval, and which
`those who want any
`intermediary b e tw e e n
`given information, and those w h o can prov ide it. Some Web
`serves as an
`sites, for instance, function in this capacity.
`in forma t ic s Same as i n f o r m a t i o n science.
`in fo rma t ion 1. Knowledge which has been acquired through
`research, experience, instruction, o r the like. 2. A collection
`o f facts pertaining to a given topic o r area. 3. Data which
`has been processed, stored, transmitted, o r otherwise been
`given additional m e a n i n g within a given setting. Nonethe(cid:173)
`less, data and information are usually used synonymously.
`I n f o rm a t i o n and C o n t e n t E x c h a n g e A protocol based on
`XML which enables a Web site to collect infonnation from
`it. Used, for
`other Web sites and display
`ecommerce. Its acronym is ICE .
`information a n x i e t y Any anxiety resulting from information
`information a p p l i a n c e 1. A device, intended for home use,
`which is connected to a network, so as to gather and/or dis(cid:173)
`tribute information. An example is an Internet appliance.
`Said especially o f those wh ich have an easy-to-use interface.
`2. A home appliance,
`Also called s m a r t a p p l i a n c e (1 ).
`such as a central air conditioner, which provides a user inter(cid:173)
`face such as a touch screen, for simple programming. Also
`called s m a r t a p p l i a n c e (2).
`in fo rma t ion bits Bits utilized to represent information, as
`opposed to those utilized for control purposes.
`in fo rma t ion c e n t e r A location where computers, associated
`equipment, and workspaces are located. Such a center can
`serve for research, training, and other endeavors, and its re(cid:173)
`sources may b e used at the location itself, o r remotely.
`information c h a n n e l A communications channel used
`data transmission. Also called data c h a n n e l (2).
`in fo rma t ion c o m p r e s s i o n T h e encoding o f information so
`that it occupies less space and/or bandwidth. There are
`many algorithms used for compression, and dependmg on
`range
`information b e i n g encoded, space savings can
`can
`·
`Information compressJOn I d
`the
`from under 10% to o v e r 99%.
`also b e achieved b y increasing packing density. Also cal e
`data c o m p r e s s i o n , o r c o m p r e s s i o n (2).
`information c o n t e n t Information presented in any form, such
`as text, audio, video, o r any combination o f these. Thishc~;;
`instance, via satellite,
`is obtainable, for
`Internet, o r software-based products, such as CD-RO Ms,.
`in fo rma t ion d i g i t i z a t i o n T h e conversion o f information ~c(cid:173)
`digital form, which is necessary for digital computer P
`
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`
`Page 370
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