oAhd
`
`| Second Edition
`
`FCT THRASSMAa eALEITE
`Mobile Communications
`
`Edited by Harri Holma ana Antti Toskala
`
`Ericsson Exhibit 1007
`Page 1
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`

`

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` AEG LIBRARY
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`WY GF COLORADO AT BOULDER
`
`Re
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`
`
`CDMA
`FR UMTS
`
`Radio Access For Third Generation
`Mobile Communications
`
`Edited by Harri Holma and Antti Toskaia
`Both ofNokia, Finland
`
`JOHN WILEY & SONS, LTD
`
`Ericsson Exhibit 1007
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`

`

`Copyright © 2002
`
`John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester,
`West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England
`
`Telephone (+44) 1243 779777
`
`Email (for orders and customer service enquiries): cs-books @wiley.co.uk
`Visit our Home Page on www.wileyeurope.com or www.wiley.com
`Reprinted April 2004
`
`All Rights Reserved. Nopart of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or
`transmitted in any form or by any means,electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or
`otherwise, except underthe terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of
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`to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West
`Sussex PO19 8SQ, England, or emailed to permreq @wiley.co.uk, or faxed to (+44) 1243 770571.
`
`This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject
`matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the Publisheris not engaged in rendering
`professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a
`competent professional should be sought.
`
`Other Wiley Editorial Offices
`
`John Wiley & Sons Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
`Jossey-Bass, 989 Market Street, San Francisco, CA 94103-1741, USA
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`
`John Wiley & Sons Canada Ltd, 22 Worcester Road, Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada M9W 1L1
`
`British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
`
`A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
`
`ISBN 0-470-84467-1
`
`
`mi
`
`2
`
`in 10/12pt Times by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India
`and bound in Great Britain by TJ International, Padstow, Cornwall
`kK 1s printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry
`rns
`~ =< ch at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production.
`
`
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`
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` Contents
`
`2 UMTSServices and Applications
`
`Jouni Salonen, Antti Toskala and Harri Holma
`2.1
`Introduction
`2.2.
`UMTS Bearer Service
`2.3.
`UMTS QoS Classes
`2.3.1
`Conversational Class
`2.3.2
`Streaming Class
`2.3.3
`Interactive Class
`2.3.4
`Background Class
`Service Capabilities with Different Terminal Classes
`Location Service in WCDMA
`2.5.1
`Location Services
`2.5.2
`Cell Coverage Based Location Calculation
`2.5.3
`Observed Time Difference of Arrival, OTDOA
`2.5.4 Assisted GPS
`Concluding Remarks
`2.6
`References
`
`24
`2.5
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`Preface
`
`Acknowledgements
`
`Abbreviations
`
`1 Introduction
`
`Harri Holma, Aniti Toskala and Ukko Lappalainen
`1.1
`WCDMAin Third Generation Systems
`1,2
`Air Interfaces and Spectrum Allocations for Third Generat:
`1.3.
`Schedule for Third Generation Systems
`1.4
`Differences between WCDMAand Second Generation Air interaces
`1.5
`Core Networks and Services
`References
`
`
`
`x¥
`
`xvii
`
`xix
`
`1
`
`1
`2
`5
`6
`8
`10
`
`il
`
`il
`12
`3
`j4
`19
`2]
`2]
`23
`23
`23
`24
`25
`27
`28
`28
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`WCDMAfor UMTSeeeELAtorUMTS
`
`2 ineraduction to WCDMA
`Peter &fasrensat and Harri Holma
` =
`Veatga =
`Ineroduction
` Scummary of Main Parameters in WCDMA
`Spreading and Despreading
`22
`*+ Multipath Radio Channels and Rake Reception
`2 Power Control
`3.6
`Softer and Soft Handovers
`References
`
`4.3.
`4.4
`4.5
`
`4+ Background and Standardisation of WCDMA
`Antti Toskala
`4.1
`Introduction
`4.2
`Background in Europe
`4.2.1 Wideband CDMA
`4.2.2 Wideband TDMA
`4.2.3. Wideband TDMA/CDMA
`4.2.4
`OFDMA
`4.2.55
` ODMA
`4.2.6
`ETSI Selection
`Background in Japan
`Background in Korea
`Background in the United States
`4.5.1 W-CDMA N/A
`4.5.2
`UWC-136
`4.5.3
`cdma2000
`4.5.4
` TR46.1
`4.5.5
` WP-CDMA
`Creation of 3GPP
`4.6
`Creation of 3GPP2
`4.7
`Harmonisation Phase
`4.8
`JMT-2000 Process in ITU
`4.9
`4.10 Beyond 3GPP Release-99
`References
`
`5 Radio Access Network Architecture
`Fabio Longoni, Atte Lansisalmi and Antti Toskala
`5.1
`System Architecture
`3.2
`UTRANArchitecture
`5.2.1
`The Radio Network Controller
`5.2.2
`The Node B (Base Station)
`
`31
`
`31
`31
`33
`36
`40
`43
`45
`
`47
`
`47
`47
`48
`49
`49
`50
`50
`50
`51
`31
`52
`52
`52
`52
`33
`53
`53
`55
`35
`55
`37
`Sf
`
`59
`
`59
`62
`63
`64
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`Contents
`rE
`STte
`
`5.3.
`
`3.4
`
`General Protocol Model for UTRANTerrestrial Interfaces
`5.3.1
`General
`5.3.2
`Horizontal Layers
`5.3.3
`Vertical Planes
`Tu, the UTRAN-CNInterface
`5.4.1
`Protocol Structure for Iu CS
`3.4.2
`Protocol Structure for Iu PS
`3.4.3.
`RANAP Protocol
`5.4.4
`Iu User Plane Protocol
`5.4.5.
`Protocol Structure of Iu BC, and the SABP protocol
`UTRAN Internal Interfaces
`5.3.1
`RNC—RNCInterface (Iur Interface) and the RNSAPSignalling
`5.5.2
`RNC—Node B Interface and the NBAP Signalling
`UTRAN Enhancements and Evolution
`5.6.1
`IP Transport in UTRAN
`5.6.2
`Tu flex
`5.6.3
`Stand Alone SMLC and Iupc Interface
`5.6.4
`Interworking between GERAN and UTRAN,andthe Iur-g Interface
`5.6.5
`AU IP RAN Concept
`UMTS Core Network Architecture and Evolution
`5.7.1
`Release’99 Core network elements
`5.7.2
`Release 5 Core Network and IP Multimedia Subsystem
`References
`
`5.5
`
`5.6
`
`3.7
`
`i.
`Cn¢
`
`66
`
`68
`69
`70
`71
`72
`72
`£5
`77
`fh
`78
`78
`78
`79
`79
`79
`81
`82
`
`6 Physical Layer
`
`6.3
`
`Antti Toskala
`6.1
`Introduction
`6.2
`Transport Channels and their Mapping to the Physical Channels
`6.2.1
`Dedicated Transport Channel
`6.2.2.
`Common Transport Channels
`6.2.3 Mapping of Transport Channels onto the Physical Channels
`6.2.4
`Frame Structure of Transport Channels
`Spreading and Modulation
`6.3.4
`Scrambling
`6.3.2
`Channelisation Codes
`6.3.3
`Uplink Spreading and Modulation
`6.3.4
`Downlink Spreading and Modulation
`6.3.5
`Transmitter Characteristics
`User Data Transmission
`6.4.1
`Uplink Dedicated Channel
`6.4.2
`Uplink Multiplexing
`6.4.3
`User Data Transmission with the Random Access Channz!
`6.4.4
`Uplink Common Packet Channel
`6.4.5
`Downlink Dedicated Channel
`
`6.4
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`EItorUMTS
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`|
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`
`6.6
`
`135
`
`7 Radio Interface Protocols
`Jukka Vialén
`Ia
`7.1
`Introduction
`135
`7.2
`Protocol Architecture
`137
`7.3.
`The Medium Access Control Protocol
`£37
`7.3.1 MAC LayerArchitecture
`
`7.3.2|MAC Functions 138
`7.3.3
`Logical Channels
`139
`7.34 Mapping Between Logical Channels and T;ransport Channels
`140
`7.3.5
`Example Data Flow Through the MAC Layer
`140
`The Radio Link Control Protocol
`142
`74.1
`RLC Layer Architecture
`142
`74.2
`RLC Functions
`143
`
`7.4
`
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`
`109
`Downlink Multiplexing
`6.4.6
`110
`Downlink Shared Channel
`6.4.7
`LL
`Forward Access Channelfor User Data Transmission
`6.4.8
`112
`Channel Coding for User Data
`6.4.9
`1i3
`6.4.10 Coding for TFCI Information
`
`6.5—Signalling 114
`
`6.5.1|Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) 114
`6.5.2.
`Synchronisation Channel (SCH)
`ii4
`6.5.3
`Primary Common Control Physical Channel (Primary CCPCH)
`ils
`6.5.4
`Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (Secondary
`116
`CCPCH)
`L117
`6.5.5
`Random Access Channel (RACH}for Signalling Transmission
`L118
`6.5.6
`Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH1)
`118
`6.5.7
`Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)
`Li9
`6.5.8
`Physical Channels for CPCH Access Procedure
`119
`Physical Layer Procedures
`120
`6.6.1
`Fast Closed Loop Power Control Procedure
`120
`6.6.2
`Open Loop Power Control
`12]
`6.6.3
`Paging Procedure
`12]
`6.6.4
`RACH Procedure
`
`6.6.5|CPCH Operation 123
`6.6.6
`Cell Search Procedure
`124
`;
`6.6.7
`Transmit Diversity Procedure
`125
`i
`6.6.8
`Handover Measurements Procedure
`125
`4
`6.6.9
`Compressed Mode Measurement Procedure
`127
`;
`6.6.10 Other Measurements
`129
`:
`6.6.11 Operation with Adaptive Antennas
`130
`‘
`6.6.12 Site Selection Diversity Transmission
`130
`Terminal Radio Access Capabilities
`132
`6.7
`References
`134
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`Contents
`eeekx
`
`7.5
`
`7.6
`
`Example Data Flow Through the RLC Laver
`7.4.3
`The Packet Data Convergence Protocol
`7.5.1
`PDCP Layer Architecture
`7.5.2
`PDCP Functions
`The Broadcast/Multicast Control Protocol
`7.6.1
`BMC Layer Architecture
`7.6.2
`BMC Functions
`The Radio Resource Control Protocol
`7.7.1
`RRC Layer Logical Architecture
`7.7.2
`RRC Service States
`7.7.3
`RRC Functions and Signalling Procedures
`References
`
`7.7
`
`144
`146
`146
`147
`147
`147
`148
`148
`148
`149
`15]
`166
`
`167
`
`8 Radio Network Planning
`Harri Holma, Zhi-Chun Honkasalo, Seppo Hamiiliiinen, Jaanz Liss Ken Sipiid
`and Achim Wacker
`167
`8.1
`Introduction
`168
`8.2
`Dimensioning
`169
`8.2.1
`Radio Link Budgets
`i7]
`8.2.2
`Load Factors
`179
`8.2.3
`Example Load Factor Calculation
`184
`8.2.4
`Capacity Upgrade Paths
`185
`8.2.5
`Capacity per km?
`186
`8.2.6
`Soft Capacity
`189
`8.2.7 Network Sharing
`190
`Capacity and Coverage Planning and Optimisation
`190
`8.3.1
`Iterative Capacity and Coverage Prediction
`190
`8.3.2
`Planning Tool
`193
`8.3.3
`Case Study
`196
`8.3.4
`Network Optimisation
`199
`GSM Co-planning
`201
`Inter-operator Interference
`20]
`6.5.1
`Introduction
`203
`8.5.2
`Uplink vs. Downlink Effects
`204
`8.5.3
`Local Downlink Interference
`205
`8.5.4
`Average Downlink Interference
`205
`8.5.5
`Path Loss Measurements
`207
`8.5.6
`Solutions to Avoid Adjacent Channel Interference
`208
`8.6 WCDMAI900
`
`8.6.1—Introduction 208
`8.6.2
`Differences Between WCDMA1900 and WCDAf42i0G
`208
`8.6.3 WCDMA1900in Isolated 5-MHz Block
`209
`References
`210
`
`8.3
`
`8.4
`8.5
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`x WCDMAfor UMTSeeeTorUMTS
`
`9.3
`
`9 Radio Resource Management
`Harri Hoima, Klaus Pedersen, Janne Laakso and Oscar Salonaho
`9.1
`Interference-Based Radio Resource Management
`9.2
`Power Control
`9.2.1
`Fast Power Control
`9.2.2
`Outer Loop Power Control
`Handovers
`9.3.1
`Intra-frequency Handovers
`9.3.2
`Inter-system Handovers Between WCDMA and GSM
`9.3.3
`Inter-frequency Handovers within WCDMA
`9.3.4
`Summary of Handovers
`9.4 Measurementof Air Interface Load
`9.4.1
`Uplink Load
`94.2
`Downlink Load
`Admission Control
`9.5.1
`Admission Control Principle
`9.5.2 Wideband Power-Based Admission Control Strategy
`9.5.3
`Throughput-Based Admission Control Strategy
`Load Control (Congestion Control)
`References
`
`9.5
`
`9.6
`
`10 Packet Scheduling
`
`Jeroen Wigard, Harri Holma and Mika Raitola
`10.1
`Packet Data Protocols over WCDMA
`10.2
`Overview of WCDMAPacket Scheduling
`10.3
`Transport Channels for Packet Data
`10.3.1 Common Channels
`10.3.2 Dedicated Channels
`10.3.3 Shared Channels
`10.3.4 Common Packet Channel
`10.3.5 Selection of Channel Type
`Packet Scheduling Algorithms
`10.4.1 Priorities
`10.4.2 Scheduling Algorithms
`Interaction between Packet Scheduler and Other RRM Algorithms
`10.5.1 Packet Scheduler and Handover Control
`10.5.2 Packet Scheduler and Load Control (Congestion Control)
`10.5.3 Packet Scheduler and Admission Control
`Packet Data Capacity
`10.6.1 Link-Level Performance
`10.6.2 System Level Performance
`References
`
`10.4
`
`10.5
`
`10.6
`
`213
`
`213
`214
`214
`22d
`226
`226
`235
`238
`239
`240
`24]
`243
`244
`244
`244
`247
`247
`248
`
`249
`
`249
`
`268
`268
`268
`269
`270
`278
`
`
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`
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`Contents
`xi
`—.se—_——aeeeeeeSeSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSa
`
`11 High-speed Downlink Packet Access
`
`Antti Toskala, Harri Holma, Troels Kolding, Frank Frederiksen and Preben
`Mogensen
`List
`Release’99 WCDMA Downlink Packet Data Capabilities
`11.2
`HSDPA Concept
`11.3
`HSDPA Impact on Radio Access Network Architecture
`11.4
`Release 4 HSDPAFeasibility Study Phase
`11.5
`HSDPA Physical Layer Structure
`11.5.1 High-speed Downlink-shared Channel (HS-DSCH)
`11.5.2 High-speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH)
`11.5.3 Uplink High-speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel
`(HS-DPCCH)
`11.5.4 HSDPA Physical Layer Operation Procedure
`HSDPA Terminal Capability
`HSDPA Performance
`11.7.1 Factors Governing Performance
`11.7.2 Theoretical Data Rates
`11.7.3 Spectral Efficiency, Code Efficiency and Dynamic Range
`11.74 Cell Throughput and Coverage
`11.7.5 Delay and QoS
`Terminal Receiver Aspects
`Evolution Beyond Release 5
`11.9.1 Multiple Receiver and Transmit Antenna Techniques
`11.9.2 Fast Cell Selection
`Conclusion
`References
`
`11.8
`11.9
`
`11.10
`
`11.6
`LLG
`
`12 Physical Layer Performance
`
`12.3
`
`Harri Helma, Markku Juntti and Juha Ylitalo
`12.1
`Introduction
`12.2
`Coverage
`12.2.1 Uplink Coverage
`12.2.2 Random Access Channel Coverage
`12.2.3 Downlink Coverage
`12.2.4 Coverage Improvements
`Capacity
`12.3.1 Downlink Orthogonal Codes
`12.3.2 Downlink Transmit Diversity
`12.3.3 Voice Capacity
`12.3.4 Capacity Improvements
`High Bit Rates
`12.4.1
`Inter-path Interference
`12.4.2 Multipath Diversity Gain
`12.4.3 Feasibility ofHigh Bit Rates
`
`12.4
`
`279
`
`279
`
`304
`
`305
`
`305
`
`319
`S19
`324
`326
`328
`329
`329
`J32
`337
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`

`WCDMAfor UMTS
`xii
`EMATorUMTS
`Eo
`
`*GPP Performance Requirements
`£2.51 Eb/NO Performance
`£2.5.2 RF Noise Figure
`Performance Enhancements
`f2.6.1 Antenna Solutions
`12.6.2 Multi-user Detection
`References
`
`13.2
`
`13.3
`
`13 UTRA TDD Mode
`Otto Lehtinen, Antti Toskala, Harri Holma and Heli Vaéitéjd
`13.1
`Introduction
`[3.1.1
`Time Division Duplex (TDD)
`UTRA TDDPhysical Layer
`13.2.1 Transport and Physical Channels
`13.2.2. Modulation and Spreading
`13.2.3 Physical Channel Structures, Slot and Frame Format
`13.2.4 UTRA TDD Physical Layer Procedures
`UTRA TDD Interference Evaluation
`13.3.1 TDD-TDD Interference
`13.3.2 TDD and FDD Co-existence
`13.3.3 Unlicensed TDD Operation
`13.3.4 Conclusions on UTRA TDD Interference
`Low Chip Rate TDD
`Concluding Remarks on UTRA TDD
`References
`
`13.4
`13.5
`
`14 cdma2000
`
`14.3
`
`14.4
`
`Antti Toskala
`14.1
`Introduction
`14.2
`Logical Channels
`14.2.1 Physical Channels
`Multi-Carrier Mode Spreading and Modulation
`14.3.1 Uplink Spreading and Modulation
`14.3.2 Downlink Spreading and Modulation
`User Data Transmission
`14.4.1 Uplink Data Transmission
`14.4.2. Downlink Data Transmission
`14.4.3 Channel Coding for User Data
`Signalling
`14.5.1 Pilot Channel
`14.5.2.
`Synch Channel
`14.5.3 Broadcast Channel
`/4.5.4 Quick Paging Channel
`
`334
`334
`
`336
`S37
`337
`343
`346
`
`351
`
`351
`351
`393
`354
`354
`525)
`359
`364
`364
`366
`368
`368
`369
`370
`STE
`
`373
`
`373
`375
`375
`376
`376
`376
`377
`378
`379
`380
`381
`38]
`381
`38]
`382
`
`
`
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`Contents
`
`14.5.5 Common Power Control Channel
`14.5.6 Common and Dedicated Control Channels
`14.5.7 Random Access Channel (RACH)for Signalling Transmission
`14.6 Physical Layer Procedures
`14.6.1 Power Control Procedure
`14.6.2 Cell Search Procedure
`14.6.3 Random Access Procedure
`14.6.4 Handover Measurements Procedure
`References
`
`Index
`
`wii
`
`382
`382
`382
`383
`383
`383
`384
`384
`385
`387
`
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`

`ieee.
`
`Preface
`
`Second generation telecommunication systems, such as GSM, enabled voice traffic to go
`wireless: the number of mobile phones exceeds the number of landline phones and the
`mobile phonepenetration exceeds 70% in countries with the most advanced wireless mar-
`kets. The data handling capabilities of second generation systems are limited, however.
`and third generation systems are needed to provide the high bit rate services that enable
`high quality images and video to be transmitted and received. and to provide access
`to the web with high data rates. These third generation mobile communication systems
`are referred to in this book as UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System),
`WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access} is the main third generation air
`interface in the world and will be deployed in Furope and Asia. including Japan and
`Korea, in the same frequency band. around 2? GHz. WCDMA will be deployed also in
`USA in the US frequency bands. The large market for WCDMAandits flexible mul-
`timedia capabilities will create new business opportunities for manufacturers, operators,
`and the providers of content and applications. This book gives a detailed description of
`the WCDMAairinterface andits utilisation. The contents are summarised in Figure 1.
`Chapter 1 introduces the third generation air interfaces, the spectrum allocation, the
`time schedule, and the main differences from second generation air interfaces. Chap-
`ter 2 presents example UMTSapplications, concept phones and the quality of service
`classes. Chapter 3 introduces the principles of the WCDMA air interface,
`including
`spreading, Rake receiver, power control and handovers. Chapter 4 presents the background
`to WCDMA,the global harmonisation process and the standardisation. Chapters 5—7 give
`a detailed presentation of the WCDMA standard, while Chapters 8-11 cover the utili-
`sation of the standard and its performance. Chapter 5 describes the architecture of the
`radio access network, interfaces within the radio access network between base stations
`and radio network controllers (RNC), andthe interface between the radio access network
`and the core network. Chapter 6 covers the physical layer (layer 1), including spreading,
`modulation, user data and signalling transmission, and the main physical layer procedures
`of power control, paging, transmission diversity and handover measurements. Chapter 7
`introduces the radio interface protocols, consisting of the data link layer (layer 2) and
`the network layer (layer 3). Chapter 8 presents the guidelines for radio network dimen-
`sioning, gives an example of detailed capacity and coverage planning. and covers GSM
`co-planning. Chapter 9 covers the radio resource management algorithms that guarantee
`the efficient utilisation of the air interface resources and the quality of service. These
`algorithms are power control, handovers, admission and load control. Chapter 10 depicts
`packet access and presents the performanceof packet protocols of WCDMA. Chapter 11
`
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`

`xvi
`
`WCDMAfor UMTS
`
`
`
`Introduction (Chapter 1)
`
`RNG
`
`Radio Resource Management
`(Chapter 9)
`
`
`
`
`
`Packet Access (Chapter 10)
`
`Radio Interface Protocols
`;
`Sonn(Chapter 7)
`PS = "="Bhysical Layer~ ae
`(Chapter 6)~~
`
`
`
`
`Background and
`Standardisation
`(Chapter 4)
`
`Radio Access Network
`Architecture (Chapter 5
`(Chapter 5)
`
`
`
`__
`
`BS
`
`(Chapier 3)
`
`Radio Network
`Pianning
`(Chapter 8)
`
`TDDMode
`(Chapter 13)
`Multicarrier COMA
`(Chapter 14)
`
`(Chapter 12)
`
`
`
`IntroductiontoWCDMA a
`High Speed Downlink
`
`a Packet Access, HSDPA
`
`
`LJ
`(Chapter 11)
`9
`some
`Uy
`UMTS Services and
`Applications (Chapter 2)
`
`Figure 1. Contents of this book
`
`presents the significant Release 5 feature, High Speed Downlink Packet Access, HSDPA,
`and its performance. Chapter 12 analyses the coverage and capacity of the WCDMAair
`interface with bit rates up to 2 Mbps. Chapter 13 introduces the time division duplex
`(TDD) mode of the WCDMAair interface and its differences from the frequency divi-
`sion duplex (FDD) mode. In addition to WCDMA,third generation services can also be
`provided with EDGE or with multicarrier COMA. EDGE is the evolution of GSM for
`high data rates within the GSM carrier spacing. Multicarrier CDMAis the evolution of
`IS-95 for high data rates using three IS-95 carriers, and is introduced in Chapter 14.
`The 2" edition of the book covers the key features of 3GPP Release 5 specifications,
`including High Speed Downlink Packet Access, HSDPA and IP Multimedia Subsys-
`tem (IMS), Also many of the existing features in Release’99 or Release 4 have been
`more widely covered than previously including TCP protocol over WCDMA packet
`channels, base station and mobile performance requirements and WCDMA for Amer-
`icas—WCDMAI1900.
`This book is aimed at operators, network and terminal manufacturers, service providers,
`university students and frequency regulators. A deep understanding of the WCDMAair
`interface, its capabilities and its optimal usage is the key to success in the UMTSbusiness.
`This book represents the views and opinions of the authors, and does not necessarily
`represent the views of their employers.
`
`i
`
`|
`
`[
`
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`

`
`
`
`
`6 P
`
`hysical Layer
`
`Antti Toskala
`
`6.1
`
`Introduction
`
`a terminal station and a base station. For th
`
`Tn this chapter the WCDMA (UTRA FDD) physical laver is described. The physical layer
`of the radio interface has been typically the :
`30
`whendierent cellular
`
`
`systems have been compared against each o
`structures naturally
`
`
`relate directly to the achievable performance issues
`sinhzleei between
`
`of eee Naturallyit
`e
`the other layers, such as handover patel:
`requirements for sufficient link
`- SER)
`performance with various cotins and div
`
`
`in the physical layer, since the
`s
`physical layer defines the fundamenta!
`
`is. The performance of the WCDMA
`physical layer is described in detail in
`
`The physical layer has a major imp
`
`quipment complexity with respect to the
`required baseband processing power int
`inal station and base station equipment. As
`
`well as the diversity benefits on the peper
`ce side, the wideband nature of WCDMA
`
`also offers new challenges inits:
`tion. As third generation systems are wide-
`
`as well. the physical layer cannot be designed around
`band from the service point of view
`
`speech: more flexibility is needed for future service intro-
`only a single service, such as
`duction. The new requirementsof the third generation systems andfortheair interface are
`summarised in Section 1.4. This chapter presents the WCDMAphysicallayer solutions
`to meet those requirements.
`This chapter uses the term ‘terminal’ for the user equipment. In 3GPP terminology
`the terms User Equipment (UE) and Mobile Equipment (ME)are often used,the differ-
`ence being that UE also covers the Subscriber Identification Module (SIM) as shown in
`Chapter 5, in which the UTRA network architecture is presented. The term ‘base station’
`is also used throughout this chapter, though in part of the 3GPP specifications the term
`Node B is used to represent the parts of the base station that contain the relevant parts
`from the physical layer perspective. The UTRA FDD physical layer specifications are
`contained in references [1—5].
`
`WCDMA for UMTS, edited by Harri Holma and Antti Toskala
`© 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
`
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`

`

`86
`
`WCDMAfor UMTS
`This chapter has been divided as follows, First, the transport channels are described
`together with their Mapping to different physical channels in Section 6.2. Spreading and
`modulation for uplink and downlink are presented in Section 6.3, and the physical chan-
`nels for user data and control data are described in Sections 6.4 and 6.5. In Section 6.6
`the key physical layer procedures, such as Power control and handover measurements,
`are covered. The biggest change in Release 5 impacting the Physical layer is the addi-
`tion of the high speed downlink packet access (HSDPA)feature. As there are significant
`differences in HSDPA when compared to Release’99 based operation (which is naturally
`retained as well), the HSDPA details are covered in a separate section to maintain clear
`separation between the first phase WCDMAstandard and the first evolution step of the
`
`6.2 Transport Channels and their Mappingto the Physical Channels
`In UTRA the data generated at higher layersis carried over the air with transportchannels,
`which are mapped in the physical layer to different physical channels. The physical layer
`is required to Support variable bit rate transport channels to offer bandwidth-on-demand
`services, and to be able to multiplex several services to one connection. This section
`presents the mapping of the transport channels to the physical channels, and how those
`two requirements are taken into account in the mapping.
`Eachtransport channelis accompanied by the Transport Format Indicator (TFT) at each
`
`for the current frame: the exception to this is the use ofBlind Transport Format Detection
`
`a case.
`
`of blocks and at any moment notall the transport channels are necessarily active.
`One physical control channel and one or more physical data channels form a single
`Coded Composite Transport Channel (CCTrCh). There can be more than one CCTrCh
`on a given connection but only one physical layer control channel is transmitted in such
`The interface between higher layers and the physical layer is less relevant for terminal
`implementation, since basically everything takes place within the Same equipment, thus the
`interfacing here is rather a tool for specification work, For the networkside the division of
`functions between physical and higher layers is more important, since there the interface
`between physical and higherlayers is represented bythe Jub-interface between the base
`station and Radio Network Controller (RNC) as described in Chapter 5. In the 3GPP
`
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`

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`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`‘ wk , :Physical Layer 87
`
`Transport ch 1.
`
`Transport ch 2.
`
`Transport block
`
`Transport block!
`
`Transport block &
`
`Transport block &
`
`
`TFI anspor= TFI [ransponblock)|TF ansporrs ecmbiek&
`
`
`\.
`\,
`- _
`’e/
`\
`‘
`eS
`*
`‘.
`ae
`4
`a
`-
`~.
`-
`‘
`X
`-*” Higher layers
`\
`\
`Ue
`~
`Wea
`\
`ek
` Physicallayer
`a4
`~
`SeDape pngerNy morneet en
`hy
`a
`we
`wt
`Te
`x
`mS
`iF
`4a
`ta”
`Sp
`See”
`TFCI}
`(Coding & Multiplexing:
`Decoding & Demultiplexing
`TFCI
`;
`tas
`.
`ea
`as
`
`Physical
`Physical
`Physical
`data ch’
`data ch
`control ch
`RECEIVER
`TRANSMITTER
`Figure 6.1. The interface between higher layers and the physical layer
`code on a certain frequency.is reserved for a single user only. The transport channels are
`compared in Section 10.3 for the transmission of packet data.
`
`Physical
`control ch
`
`6.2.1 Dedicated Transport Channel
`The only dedicated transport channelis the dedicated channel. for which the term DCH is
`used in the 25-series of the UTRA specification. The dedicated transport channel carries
`all the information intended for the given user coming from layers above the physical
`layer, including data for the actual service as well as higher layer control information.
`The content of the information carried on the DCH is not visible to the physical layer,
`thus higher layer control information and user data are treated in the same way. Naturally
`the physical layer parameters set by UTRAN mayvary between control and data.
`The familiar GSM channels, the traffic channel (TRCH)orassociated control channel
`(ACCH), do not exist in UTRA physical layer. The dedicated transport channel carries
`both the service data, such as speech frames, and higher layer control information, such
`as handover commands or measurement reports from the terminal. In WCDMAa separate
`transport channel is not needed because of the support of variable bit rate and service
`multiplexing.
`The dedicated transport channel is characterised by features such as fast powercontrol,
`fast data rate change on a frame-by-frame basis, and the possibility of transmission to
`a certain part of the cell or sector with varying antenna weights with adaptive antenna
`systems. The dedicated channel supports soft handover.
`
`6.2.2 Common Transport Channels
`There are currently six different common transport channel types defined for UTRA,
`which are introduced in the following sections. There are a few differences from second
`
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`

`Chtnacl Atego Ortirins:
`(4) Power :
`high/low.fast power conito
`88} Deda Rage: Mgh/lews
`fax o» vanible
`
`
`
`
`> Tnband Id
`generation systems, for example transmission of packet data on the common channels,
`and a downlink shared channel for transmitting packet data. Common channels do not
`have soft handover but some of them can have fast powercontrol.
`6.2.2.1 Broadcast Channel
`The Broadcast Channel (BCH)is a transport channelthat is used to transmit information
`specific to the UTRA network orfor a given cell. The most typical data needed in every
`
`WCDMAfor UMTS
`
`6.2.2.2 Forward Access Channel
`The Forward Access Channel (FACH)is a downlink transport channelthat carries control
`information to terminals knownto locate in the given cell. This is so, for example, after
`a random access message has been received by the base station. It is also possible to
`transmit packet data on the FACH. There can be more than one FACHin a cell. One
`of the forward access channels must have such a low bit rate that it can be received
`by all the terminals in the cel] area, When there is more than one FACH,the additional
`channels can have a higher data rate as well. The FACH does not use fast power control,
`and the messages transmitted need to include inbandidentification information to ensure
`their correct receipt.
`
`6.2.2.3 Paging Channel
`The Paging Channel (PCH) is a downlink transport channel that carries data relevant to
`the paging procedure,that is, when the network wants to initiate communication with the
`terminal. The simplest example is a speech call to the terminal:
`the network transmits
`the paging messageto the terminal on the paging channel ofthose cells belonging to the
`location area that the terminal is expected to be in. The identical paging message can be
`transmitted in a single cell or in up to a few hundreds ofceils, depending on the system
`configuration. The terminals must be able to receive the paging information in the whole
`cell area. The design ofthe paging channel affects also the terminal's power consumption
`in the standby mode. The less often the terminal has to tune the receiver in to listen for a
`possible paging message. the longer will the terminal's battery last in the standby mode.
`6.2.2.4 Random Access Channel
`The Random Access Channel (RACH)is an uplink transport channel intended to be used
`to carry control information from the terminal. such as requests to set up a connection.It
`can also be used to send small amounts of packet data from the terminal to the network.
`For proper system operation the random access channel must be heard from the whole
`
` eeeae(ieoan
`
`ameas:
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`Physical Layer 89
`
`6.2.2.5 Uplink Common Packet Channel
`The uplink common packet channel (CPCH) is an extension to the RACH channelthatis
`intended to carry packet-based user data in the uplink direction. Thepair providing the data
`in the downlink direction is the FACH. In the physical laver. the main differences from
`the RACH are the use of fast power control. a physical layer-based collision detection
`mechanism and a CPCHstatus monitoring procedure. The uplink CPCH transmission
`may last several frames in contrast with one or two frames for the RACH message.
`
`6.2.2.6 Downlink Shared Channel
`alecSa
`The downlink shared channel (DSCH)is a wr.
`m channel intended to carry dedicated
`user data and/or control information: it can b
`ared by several users. In many respects
`
`it is similar to the forward access channel. but
`shared channel supports the use of fast
`powercontrol as well as variable bit rate on a frame-by-frame basis. The DSCH does not
`need to be heard in the whole cell area and
`can employthe different modes of transmit
`
`antenna diversity methods that are used with the associated downlink DCH. The downlink
`shared channel is always associated with 2 downlink DCH.
`
` B
`
`6.2.2.7 Required Transport Channels
`The common transport channels needed for the ioe network operation are RACH, FACH
`and PCH, while the use of DSCH and CPCH 5 eptiegshand can be decided by the
`network.
`
`6.2.3 Mapping of Transport Channels ante the Physical Channels
`
`
`The different transport channels aré mapped to
`iterent physical channels, though some
`of the transport channels are carried b
`21 (or even the same) physical channel.
`
`
`The transport channel to physical channel m
`is illustrated in Figure 6.2.
`
`In addition to the transport channels introduced earlier, there exist physical channels
`to carry only information relevant
`to physical
`layer procedures. The Synchronisation
`Channel (SCH), the Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) and the Acquisition Indication
`Channel (AICH) are not directly visible to higher layers and are mandatory from the
`system function point of view, to be transmitted from every basestation. The CPCH Status
`Indication Channel (CSICH) and the Collision Detection/Channel Assignment Indication
`Channel (CD/CA-ICH) are needed if CPCH is used.
`The dedicated channel (DCH) is mapped onto two physical channels. The Dedicated
`Physical Data Channel (DPDCH) carrie