.C45
`
`2004
`
`TK5103.452
`
`With a Foreword by Dr. Alain Briancon
`
`DR. PRABHAKAR CHITRAPU
`
`Ericsson Exhibit 1015
`Page 1
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`

`

`
`
`Wideband TDD
`
`WCDMaAfor the Unpaired Spectrum
`
`Prabhakar Chitrapu
`
`interDigital Communications Corporation, USA
`
`With a Foreword by Alain Briancon
`
`John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
`
`
`
`Ericsson Exhibit 1015
`Page 2
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`Ericsson Exhibit 1015
`Page 2
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`

`

`
`
`Copyright © 2004
`
`John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester,
`West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England
`:
`
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`Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears
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`
`"3GPP TSs and TRsare the property of ARIB, CWTS, ETSI, T1, TTA and TTC
`who jointly own the copyright in them. They are subject to further modifications
`and are therefore provided to you "as is" for information purposes only. Further
`use is strictly prohibited”.
`
`British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
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`A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
`
`ISBN 0-470-86104-5
`
`Typeset in 10/12pt Times by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India
`Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire
`This bookis printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry
`in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production.
`
`
`
`cnesuuibeaiaaaltials
`:
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`Page 3
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`Ericsson Exhibit 1015
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`

`

`
`
`cya
`
`To
`The InterDigital Engineers, who developed the TDD WCDMA Technology;
`my parents, Ramanamma & Vencatachelam, because of whom, I am;
`myfamily, Uma, Anjani & Anil, for their Love & Being;
`my teachers, for their Insights & Values.
`
`COLORADO STATE
`UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES Ericsson Exhibit 1015
`Page 4
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`Ericsson Exhibit 1015
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`

`

`
`
`Contents
`
`List of Figures
`List of Tables
`Preface
`Acknowledgements
`Foreword
`Acronyms
`
`Introduction
`EL
`WTDD Technology
`L2
`Other Advanced Radio Interface Technologies
`L.3
`3GPP Standards for Wideband TDD (WTDD)
`1.4
`Overview of the Book
`
`ne
`
`System Architecture and Services
`2.1
`UMTSSystem Architecture
`2.1.1 CN Architecture
`2.1.2 UTRAN Architecture
`2.1.3 Radio Interface
`Protocol Architecture
`2.2.1 UMTS Protocol Layers
`2.2.2. Protocol Models for UTRAN Interfaces
`UMTSServices
`2.3.1 Traffic Classes and Quality of Service
`2.3.2. UMTS QoS Attributes
`References
`
`23
`
`Fundamentals of TDD-WCDMA
`Buh TDD Aspects
`
`
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`Contents
`viii
`
`eee‘‘COUGOnitents
`
`22
`22
`23
`25
`26
`
`S22
`
`3.3
`
`3.4
`
`3
`
`3.6
`
`TDMA Aspects
`3.2.1 Data Burst Structure
`3.2.2 Midamble Generation
`3.2.3. Synchronization Bursts
`WCDMA Aspects
`3.3.1
`Spreading and Modulation
`Modem Transmitter
`3.4.1
`EnrorProtection
`3.4.2
`Interleaving and Rate Matching
`3.4.3. WCDMAand TDMA Processing
`3.4.4 Pulse Shaping and Up Conversion
`3.4.5 RF Characteristics
`3.4.6 Transmit Diversity
`Mobile Radio Channel Aspects
`3.5.1 Mean Pathloss and Shadow Characteristics
`3.5.2 Multipath Characteristics
`Modem Receiver Aspects
`3.6.1 RF Characteristics
`3.6.2 Detectionof Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Signals
`3.6.3 Rake Receiver Structure
`3.6.4
`Joint Detection Receiver Structure
`References
`
`4.4
`
`4 TDD Radio Interface
`4.1
`Overview
`4.2
`Protocol Architecture
`43
`Layer 1 Structure
`4.3.1
`Physical Channels
`4.3.2 Transport Channels
`Layer 1 Communication
`4.4.1 Layer 1 Processing
`4.4.2
`Inter-Layer Communication
`Layer 2 Structure
`4.5.1 Logical Channels
`4.5.2 Radio Bearers
`Layer 2 Communication
`4.6.1 Medium Access Control (MAC) Protocol
`4.6.2 Radio Link Control (RLC) Protocol
`4.6.3 Packet Data Protocols (PDCP)
`4.6.4 BMC Protocol
`Layer 3 Communication
`4.7.1 Radio Resource Control (RRC) Protocol
`Appendix 4.1 System Information Blocks
`References
`
`4.5
`
`4.6
`
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`
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`5.2
`5.3
`5.4
`5.5
`
`Contents
`5 TDD Procedures
`Sal
`Introductory Concepts
`5.1.1 RRC Modes and States
`5.1.2 DRX/Sleep Mode
`Overview of Procedures
`PLMN/Cell Selection/Reselection Procedure
`Random Access Procedure
`Paging Procedures
`5.5.1 Paging Types
`5.5.2 Paging Process at Layer 2 and Above
`5.5.3 Broadcast Paging
`5.5.4 Paging at Layer |
`3.5.5 Dedicated Paging Example
`RRC Connection Procedures
`5.6.1
`Procedure between Network Elements
`5.6.2 Procedure between Protocol Entities
`RAB/RB Establishment Procedures
`RAB/RB Management Procedures
`Power Control Procedures
`UE Timing Advance Procedures
`5.10.1 Initial Timing Advance
`5.10.2 Steady-State Timing Advance
`Measurements Procedures
`5.11.1 Common UE Measurements
`5.11.2 Specific UE Measurements
`5.11.3 Measurement Types
`5.11.4 Measurement Reporting Methods
`5.11.5 Node B Measurements
`Cell/URA Update Procedures
`Handover Procedures
`NASSignaling Message Transmission Procedures
`Data Transmission Initialization Procedures
`5.15.1 Inter-Layer Procedure
`End-to-End Communication Procedures
`5.16.1 UE Registration Procedures
`5.16.2 Authentication and Security
`5.16.3 CS Call Control Procedures
`5.16.4 PS Session Control Procedures
`5.16.5 CS Call and PS Session Data Procedures
`References
`
`5.12
`5.13
`5.14
`5.15
`
`6 Receiver Signal Processing
`6.1
`Receiver Architecture
`6.2
`Channel Estimation
`6.2.1
`Post-processing
`
`ix
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`149
`
`151
`151
`154
`157
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`Contents
`
`6.3 Data Detection
`6.3.1
`Introduction
`6.3.2 Multi-User Detection
`6.3.3 Zero-Forcing Block Linear Equalizer (ZF-BLE) JD
`6.3.4 Minimum Mean Square Error Block Linear Equalizer
`(MMSE-BLE) Joint Detector
`6.3.5 Zero Forcing Block Linear Equalizer with Decision Feedback
`(DF ZF-BLE) Joint Detector
`6.3.6 Minimum Mean Square Error Block Linear Equalizer with
`Decision Feedback (DF MMSE-BLE)Joint Detector
`6.3.7 Approximate Cholesky/LDL” Factorization
`6.3.8 Parallel Interference Cancellation (PIC) Detectors
`6.3.9 Successive Interference Cancellers (SIC) Detectors
`6.3.10 Implementation and Performance
`6.4 Cell Search
`6.4.1 Basic Initial Cell Search Algorithm
`6.4.2 Basic Targeted Cell Search Algorithm
`6.4.3 Hierarchical Golay Correlator
`6.4.4 Auxiliary Algorithms
`References
`
`7 Radio Resource Management
`7.1
`Introduction
`7.2 RRM Functions
`7.2.1 Cell Initialization
`7.2.2. Admission Control
`7.2.3 Radio Bearer Establishment
`7.2.4 Radio Bearer Maintenance
`7.2.5 Cell Maintenance
`7.3. Physical Layer RRM Algorithms
`7.3.1 Basic Concepts
`7.3.2 Dynamic Channel Assignment (DCA) Algorithms
`References
`
`8 Deployment Scenarios
`8.1 Types of Deployment
`8.2 Capacity and Coverage
`8.2.1 Network Capacity
`8.2.2 Analysis
`8.2.3. TDD Capacity: Over-the-Rooftop Deployment
`8.3 Coexistence
`8.3.1 BS to BS Interference
`8.3.2 UE to UEInterference
`References
`
`157
`157
`159
`160
`
`161
`
`161
`
`162
`162
`165
`165
`166
`169
`170
`170
`171
`172
`173
`
`175
`175
`177
`177
`178
`179
`186
`190
`196
`196
`200
`207
`
`209
`209
`210
`210
`211
`214
`216
`217
`224
`228
`
`
`
`i
`i
`|
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`

`
`
`Contents
`
`9 Alternate Technologies
`9.1 WTDD-WLAN Comparison
`9.1.1 System and Service Attributes of WLANs
`9.1.2. Comparison of TDD and WLAN System and Service Attributes
`9.1.3 Performance of 802.11b WLAN Systems
`9.1.4 Comparison of UMTS TDD and 802.11b WLAN System
`Performance
`9.1.5 Deployment Considerations for UMTS TDD and WLAN
`Systems
`9.2 WTDD ~ TDSCDMA Comparison
`9.2.1 TD-SCDMA in the Standards Evolution
`9.2.2 Comparison
`9.2.3
`TD-SCDMAPotential Deployment Scenarios
`References
`
`Index
`
`229
`229
`229
`231
`233
`
`235
`
`237
`237
`237
`237
`239
`240
`
`241
`
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`

`
`
`List of Figures
`
`UMTSArchitecture
`Core Network (CN) Architecture for Release 99
`CN Architecture for 3GPP Release 4
`UTRANArchitecture
`One RNSProviding CN Interface and Node B Resources to a Given UE
`Use of Drift RNS When Different RNSs Provide CN Interface and Node
`B Resources to a Given UE
`UMTSProtocol Layers
`General Protocol Model for UTRANInterfaces
`lub Interface Protocol Structure
`Tu-CS Interface Protocol Structure
`Iu-PS Interface Protocol Structure
`Example Mapping of Applications to Traffic Classes
`QoS Architecture
`
`TDMAAspects: Frames and Timeslots
`Flexible Duplexing in Time Domain
`Radio Bursts: Top to Bottom = Type 1 to Type 3; GP = Guard Period;
`CP = Chip Period
`Location of TPC and TFCI Signaling Bits: Top = Downlink Burst:
`Bottom = Uplink Burst
`Midamble Generation by Periodic Extension of Complex Midamble Code
`Generation of Multiple (K = 2K’) Midambles
`Synchronization Bursts
`Basic Principle of Spreading
`OVSF Spreading/Channelization Code Generation
`WCDMAAspects: Spreading and Scrambling
`Essentials of Modem Tx-Processing
`Convolutional Coders
`Structure of Rate 1/3 Turbo Coder (dotted lines apply fortrellis
`termination only)
`Two Stages of Interleaving
`Principle of 1st Interleaving
`Pulse Shaping and Up Conversion
`
`Ericsson Exhibit 1015
`Page 10
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`tad
`
`—_ —
`
`UslaaH “13
`loaoo
`
`14
`lS
`3.16
`
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`

`

`
`
`xiv List of FigureseeSHOFFigures
`
`
`
`i
`
`3.17 Spectrum Emission Mask
`3.18 Transmit Diversity Schemes: (Top) Closed Loop; (Middle) Switched
`Open Loop — TSTD; (Bottom) Non-Switched Open Loop — SCTD
`3.19 Tapped Delay Line Model for Multipath Fading Effects
`3.20 Detection of Spread Spectrum Signals
`3.21 Rake Receiver Structure
`3.22
`Joint Detection Receiver Structure
`
`:
`
`Layered Modelfor the Radio Interface
`4.1
`Concept of Radio Channels
`4.2
`Radio Interface Protocol Architecture
`4.3,
`4.4 Mapping of Logical, Transport and Physical Channels
`4.5
`Physical Channel Examples
`4.6 MultiChannel Examples: (Top) Code domain; (Bottom) Time domain
`4.7
`Structure of Synchronization Channel
`4.8
`Paging Indicators in a PICH Burst
`4.9
`Structure of a PICH/P Block
`4.10 Example of a Transport Channel
`4.11 Example of a CCTrCH
`4.12 Paging Sub-Channels and Association of PICH and PCH blocks
`4.13 Peer-to-Peer Communication of a Transport Block Set by Layer 1
`4.14 Service Example of 64 kbps Traffic and 2.5 kbps Signaling Data
`4.15
`Interfaces between Physical and Higher Layers
`4.16
`Illustration of PDU, SDU Concepts
`4.17 MACArchitecture: UE (top) and RNC (bottom)
`4.18 MAC Processing at the UE
`4.19 MAC Processing at RNC
`4.20 MAC PDU
`4.21 Example MAC PDU Formats
`4,22. MAC Inter-Layer Primitives
`4.23, RLC Architecture
`4.24 Transparent Mode RLC Entity Peer-to-Peer Communication
`4.25 Unacknowledged Mode RLC Entity Peer-to-Peer Communication
`4.26 Acknowledged Mode RLC Entity Peer-to-Peer Communication
`4.27 RLC Inter-Layer Primitives
`4.28 PDCP Architecture
`4.29 PDCP PDU Formats: (Top to Bottom) (1) No Header PDU, (2) PDU
`with Header, (3) PDU with Header and Sequence Number
`4.30 PDCP Inter-Layer Primitives
`4.31 BMC Architecture
`4.32 BMC Inter-Layer Primitives
`4.33. RRC Model: UE View
`4.34
`RRCInter-Layer Primitives
`
`5.1
`5.2.
`
`UE Mode and State Transitions
`Optimization of Transitions Triggered by the UTRAN According to UE
`Activity and UE Mobility
`
`34
`
`35
`38
`39
`40
`4]
`
`44
`44
`45
`48
`50
`50
`52
`54
`55
`56
`37
`58
`60
`62
`62
`65
`66
`68
`69
`70
`70
`TA
`71
`74
`75
`75
`77
`77
`
`78
`719
`80
`80
`82
`85
`
`91
`
`oo
`
`_ Page11
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`Ericsson Exhibit 1015
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`:
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`

`

`
`
`List of Figures
`
`aataye.uo
`retetLOCOSENn
`OnUytn
`Caytan
`OnUntnrHbeReCnfeOobo
`
`—©
`
`Lay
`
`tn
`3.16
`5.17
`5.18
`5.19
`3.20
`3.21
`22
`5.23
`5.24
`3.25
`5.26
`5.27
`5.28
`E29
`5.30
`3.31
`5.32
`5.33
`5.34
`5.34
`5:35
`5.36
`5.37
`5.38
`5.39
`5.40
`5.41
`5.42
`5.43
`5.44
`5.45
`5.46
`
`DRX Cycle
`PLMN/Cell Selection Procedure
`Cell Search Procedure
`RACHInitial Access Procedure
`System Information Regarding RACH/T
`CN Paging Procedure across Network Elements
`Paging Procedure across Protocol Layers
`Paging Indicators and Paging Groups
`Paging for an UE in RRC Connected Mode (Cell_DCH or CellFACH
`States)
`RRC Connection Establishment Procedure — Network Element View
`RRC Connection Establishment Procedure — Protocol Entity View
`Example RAB Establishment Procedure - Network Element Viewpoint
`Radio Bearer Establishment Procedure
`RAB Modification -— Network Element Viewpoint
`RB Reconfiguration — Radio Interface Protocol Viewpoint
`Physical Channel Reconfiguration — Radio Interface Protocol Viewpoint
`Downlink Power Control Scheme
`Downlink Power Control Procedure
`Uplink Power Control Scheme
`Working of the Inner Loop Uplink Power Control
`UE Timing Advance Concept
`Initial TA Procedure
`Steady-State Timing Advance Procedure
`Example UE and Node B Measurement Procedures
`UE Measurement Control System Information
`UE Measurement Control by Dedicated Signaling
`Hysteresis Parameter for Measurements
`Use of Time-to-Trigger Parameter
`Cell Update with SRNS Relocation
`URA Update without SRNC Relocation
`Inter-Layer Procedure for Cell Update
`Handover Types
`(continued)
`Inter-RNC Handover Procedure (Peer-to-Peer Procedure)
`Inter-Node B Handover Procedure (Inter-Layer Procedure)
`Uplink Direct Transfer
`Downlink Direct Transfer Procedure
`Data Flow Initialization Procedure (Peer-to-Peer)
`Data Flow Initialization Procedure (Inter-Layer)
`UE Registration on CS Domain
`UE Registration on PS Domain
`Authentication and Security
`Call Control Setup Signaling Procedure
`Call Control Connect Signaling Procedure
`Activate PDP Context Signaling Procedure
`
`XV
`
`92
`
`97
`99
`100
`101
`102
`103
`
`104
`105
`106
`107
`109
`111
`113
`115
`116
`117
`118
`118
`119
`120
`122
`123
`124
`124
`124
`127
`128
`129
`130
`131
`132
`133
`135
`136
`136
`137
`138
`140
`141
`142
`144
`145
`147
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`

`

`Xvi
`List of FigureseeeSEOFFigures
`
`5.47
`5.48
`
`CS Overall Procedure
`PS Overall Procedure
`
`6.1
`6.2
`6.3
`6.4
`6.5
`6.6
`
`6.7
`6.8
`6.9
`
`6.10
`6.11
`6.12
`
`6.13
`
`8.9
`8.10
`8.11
`
`BS Receiver Architecture
`Receiver Front End Processing Details
`Physical Channel Processing Details
`Transport Channel Processing
`UE Receiver Architecture
`Derivation of the Midamble Code Set from a Single Basic Midamble
`Code
`Model for Received Signal
`Raw BERvs. Eb/No in ITU Pedestrian Type B Channel
`Discrete-Time Baseband Model of Multi-user Signal Transmission and
`Reception
`A Typical PIC Detector
`Raw BERvs Eb/No Performance of MMSE-JD in Non-Fading Channel
`Raw BERvs Eb/No Performance of ZF-BLE JD and M, MMSE-BLE
`JD and Approx. MMSE-BLE JD with Known Pedestrian-A Channel
`Raw BER vs Eb/No Performance of Approx. MMSE-BLE JD and PIC
`Detectors in Indoor-A channel
`Raw BER vs Eb/No Performance of JD and SIC-ID
`Physical Synchronization Channel (SCH/P) Timeslot
`Initial Cell Search Algorithm Steps
`Hierarchical Golay Correlator
`Example Algorithm for Start-up AFC
`Steps Involved in Radio Bearer Establishment
`Example Mapping of Symmetric 12.2 kbps RT service
`Example DL TPC Behaviorfor Steady-State Step Size = 0.25, Transient
`Step Size = 3 dB,Initial Target SIR = 9 dB and Target BLER = 0.1
`Example Performance of UL Outer Loop Power Control
`Overview of FACH Flow Control (DCCH/DTCH Mapped to FACH)
`Blocked Codes
`Alternate Code Allocation
`Performance of 3 DCA Algorithms (Uplink - Downlink)
`Example of Cell Layout
`Example Coverage at 12.2 kbps
`Example of Cell Layout
`Example Capacity Numbers for Various Services
`TDD and FDD UL Carriers
`TDD-FDDInterference Scenarios
`Interference Scenarios between TDD Systems in Adjacent Bands
`Three Factors Affecting Interference
`Same-Site TDD Networks
`Same-Area TDD Networks
`Timeslot Allocation
`
`148
`149
`
`152
`152
`153
`153
`153
`
`155
`156
`158
`
`159
`165
`167
`
`167
`
`168
`168
`169
`171
`171
`172
`
`180
`187
`
`189
`191
`193
`194
`195
`204
`
`213
`213
`214
`215
`217
`218
`219
`220
`220
`221
`223
`
`
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`

`
`
` XVil
`List of Figures
`
`=.12 Basic UE—UE Interference
`5.13 Deployment Scenario Used for the Simulations
`.14 Detail of the Building Containing the TDD Pico-Cells
`s.15 TDD Outage Probability as a Function of Distance
`
`9.1
`32
`3
`
`34
`9.5
`
`Aggregate Throughput of 802.11b-based WLANs
`Cell Layout and Cell Throughput (Capacity)
`Comparison of WLAN and TDD Throughput/Cell for Indoor and
`Outdoor Micro Deployments
`TD-SCDMAEvolution
`Example Deployment Scenarios
`
`294
`225
`225
`227
`
`234
`234
`
`236
`238
`240
`
`
`
`conesegs
`
`cme
`
`
`
`mayeramaahstosynepenannies
`
`Ericsson Exhibit 1015
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`

`

`
`
` List of Tables
`
`Classification and numbering of 3GPP specs
`TDDspecifications
`
`Value Ranges of UMTS Bearer Service Attributes
`
`(Time-Varying) Channel Impulse Characterization
`Radio Channels
`SSC Modulation and Code Group/Timing Offset Association
`Code Groups and Cell Parameters
`Number of Paging Indicators per Burst
`Channel Coding Scheme
`System Information Blocks
`
`UE States and Applicable Measurement Types
`TDD Burst Parameters
`Relative Complexity of MUD Algorithms
`
`RRM Functions and Algorithms
`Mapping of BLER Requirement
`RUs and Code Sets for Service Rates in the Downlink
`RUs and Code Sets for Service Rates in the Uplink
`Example Parameters for 12.2 kbps RT service
`TDD Capacity vs Traffic Asymmetry
`Robustness of Capacity Relative to Cell Size
`Robustness of Capacity Relative to Indoor/Outdoor Users
`
`TDD and FDD Adjacent Channel Leakage Power Regia
`
`TDD Transmitter ACLR Requirements
`FDD and TDD BS ACS
`TDD — FDD Co-sited Coexistence Scenarios
`TDD — FDD Same Area Coexistence Scenarios
`8.9
`System Characteristics of the TDD Pico System
`8.10 System Characteristics of the FDD Macro System
`9.1 Comparison of HCR and LCR TDDs
`
`176
`
`186
`
`216
`216
`216
`221
`221
`222
`223
`224
`226
`226
`
`229
`
`Ericsson Exhibit 1015
`Page 15
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`Ericsson Exhibit 1015
`Page 15
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`

`

`
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`114 TDD ProceduresEDProcedures
`
`
`
`mapped to FACH/T. The message includes information about the new physical channel,
`such as codes and the period of time for which the DCH is activated (This message
`does not include new transport formats. If a change of these is required due to the
`change of transport channel, this is done through the separate procedure Transport Channel
`Reconfiguration.)
`When the UE has detected synchronization on the new dedicated channel, L2 is
`configured on the UE side and a PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION COM-
`PLETE message can be sent on DCCH/L mapped on DCH/T to RRCin the network, see
`Figure 5.18. Triggered by either the NW CPHY_sync_ind or the L3 complete message,
`the RNC-L1 and L2 configuration changes are executed in the NW.
`As stated before, the configuration of network side L1, MAC,etc. may be performed
`prior to receiving the COMPLETEmessage, so that the UTRANis ready to receive any
`data that UE may send immediately following the sending of the COMPLETE message.
`
`5.9 POWER CONTROL PROCEDURES
`
`Power Control is used to adjust the transmit power of both UE and Node B in order
`to achieve a desired Quality of Service with minimum transmit power, thus limiting the
`interference level within the system.
`Power Control is useful for both Downlink and Uplink, although the reasons are dif-
`ferent. In the Uplink direction, Power Controlis useful — and necessary — to counter the
`near—far problem and to conserve the battery power consumption. The near-far problem
`refers to the signal received by BS from a Far user experiencing excessive interference
`from the signal received from a Near user. By decreasing the transmit powerof the Near
`user, the excessive interference can be reduced to normal levels. In the Downlink direc-
`tion, however, there is no Near—Far problem. Assumingthat transmitted signals to a Near
`and a Far User have equal power, the signal received by the Near Userwill have equal
`powers of the desired signal andthe interfering signal. Moreover, all DL transmitted sig-
`nals are Orthogonal at BS (although someof it may be lost by the time they arrive at the
`UE due to multipath). Therefore. the reason for PC is to overcomeeffects of interference
`from neighboring BSs.
`As previously stated, the purpose of Power Control is to achieve a desired QoS by
`adjusting the transmitted power. The desired QoS is measured in termsof block error rate
`(BLER) at the Physical layer. The BLER requirements at the Transport Channel level
`are translated into SIR per CCTrCH and the transmitted poweris controlled in order to
`maintain a desired SIR in the ways described below:
`
`e Inner and Outer Loop PC: The transmit power level of UL and DL dedicated physical
`channels are dynamically controlled based on QoS measurements. Their power control
`can be divided into two processes operating in parallel: inner loop power control and
`outer loop power control.
`The objective of the inner loop PC is to keep the received SIR of theDPCHs assigned
`to a CCTrCH as close as possible to a target SIR value for the CCTrCH, while the
`outer loop PC is used to keep the received BLER of each TrCH within the CCTrCH as
`close as possible to its target quality BLER. The outer loop PC provides a target SIR
`per CCTrCH to be used for the inner loop.
`
`
`
`Ericsson Exhibit 1015
`Page 16
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`Ericsson Exhibit 1015
`Page 16
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`

`

`Power Control Procedures
`
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`Ericsson Exhibit 1015
`Page 17
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`Ericsson Exhibit 1015
`Page 17
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`

`

`116
`
`*
`
`Power contro] respectively,
`
`TDD Procedures
`“he inner loop works on
`a frame-by-frame basis whereas the outer loop works on a
`Ser time scale.
`ClosedandOpenLoop Pc: ClosedLoopPCrefers to acontrolprocess, whichinvolves
`20th the UE and the UTRANwith Powercontrol information being fed back between
`the UE andthe UTRAN.Onthe otherhand, Open Loop PCrefers to a process where
`the poweris controlled autonomously byeither the UE or the UTRAN,for UL or DL
`ChannelPairingforClosedLoopPC:SinceClosedLoopPCTequires feedbackbetween
`the UEandthe UTRAN, afeedbacktransportchannelmustbepairedwiththe CCTrCH
`thatis being power controlled. For example, Closed Loop PC for a DL CCTrCH will
`require a paired UL. CCTrCH to send the feedbackinformation, Although itis simpler
`to pair a POWer-controlled CCTrCH and a feedback CCTRCH,itis sometimes more
`efficient to share the feedback CCTrCH for multiple Power controlled CCTRCHs.
`¢ DL PC: The Principles of DL. fansmit power contro] are shown in Figure 5.19. As
`shown in Figure 5.19, the inner loop is a closed loop technique, whereas the outer
`loop is an open loop technique. Open loop techniques arePossible because the uplink
`and downlink share the same frequency band, so that radio channel characteristics
`In theinner loop, the UEperforms SIRmeasurementofeachDI,DPCH assigned to
`a DL CCTrCHand compares the measured SIR with the farget STRforthe CCTrCHin
`order to generate Power control commands that are transmitted to Node B. Then Node
`B receives these commands and adjustsits transmitpower up or down accordingly.
`In the outer loop, the UEadjusts thetarget SIR autonomously(i.e. open loop) based
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`Interface
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`BS/Node B
`
`Initial Power
`
`
`
`
`
`Initialization
`TPG Step-Size
`DL OPCH/CCTCH
`
`Algorithm
`
`
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`|
`DPCH
`
`DPCH
`| Measurement
`
`Measurement
`
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`TPC Bits
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`RNC
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`Inner Loop
`Aigorithm
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`UL DPCH
`
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`inner Loop PG
`Commands
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`Inner Loop
`Algorithm
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`
`
`Ericsson Exhibit 1015
`Page 18
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`Ericsson Exhibit 1015
`Page 18
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`

`

`
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`
`
`Power Control Procedures 117
`
`RADIO LINK SETUP REQUEST
`
`{TPC Step Size, UL/DL CCTrCH Pairing
`Rate Matching Attribute,Target BLER,
`RADIO LINK SETUP REQUEST
`Timeslot ISCP, P-CCPCH RSCP}
`
`{TPC Step Size, UL/DL CCTrCH,Pairing
`
`
`Timeslot ISCP, Initial DL Tx Power,
`
`Max DL Power, Min DL Power,
`
`Rate Matching Attributes)
`RADIO LINK SETUP RESPONSE
`
`RADIO LINK SETUP RESPONSE
`
`
`
`
`
`
`(Max DL Power, Min DL Power)
`
`RRC Messages for Radio Bearer
`Setup, RB or TrCH or PACH Reconfig
`(TPC Step Size, UL/DL CCTrCH,
`Pairing, Target BLER, Rate Matching
`Attributes)
`Compare
`Estimated and
`Target SIR
`
`TPC Commands
`
`Estimate BLER
`and Update
`Target SIR,if
`needed.
`
`Compare
`Estimated and
`Target SIR
`
`ane
`Outer Loop Power
`Control
`
`Inner Leop Power
`Contro!
`
`TPC Commands
`
`Figure 5.20 Downlink Power Control Procedure
`
`e Uplink PC: The principles of Uplink powercontrol are depicted in Figure 5.21. Clearly,
`the outer loop PC uses a closed loop technique, because it involves a feedback mech-
`anism between UTRANandthe UE.In contrast, the inner loop PC uses an open loop
`technique, because it is self-contained within the UE.
`For dedicated channels, the uplink power control outer loop is mainly the respon-
`sibility of the SRNC. For each dedicated UL CCTrCH,an initial value of target SIR
`(determined by the CRNC and passed to the SRNC) is provided to the UE (via RRC
`signaling) when the CCTrCHis first established. The SRNC then updates the target
`SIR based on measurement of uplink CCTrCH quality. CCTrCH quality is defined by
`the quality (BLER) of the CCTrCH’s transport channels. TrCH BLERis calculated by
`the SRNC based on the physical layer CRC results of the transport channels. The CRC
`results are passed from Node B to the SRNC via the Jub and Jur interfaces as part of
`the frame protocol. Updated target SIR is signaled by the SRNC (via RRCsignaling)
`to ihe UE whenever an outer loop update occurs.
`The UEB’s inner loop measures the serving cell’s PCCPCH/P RSCP each frame and
`calculates the pathloss between Node B and the UE. Based on the pathloss, UTRAN
`
`Ericsson Exhibit 1015
`Page 19
`
`Ericsson Exhibit 1015
`Page 19
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`

`

`
`
`118 TDD Procedures
`BE
`oe
`BS/Node B
`RNC
`UL Physical Channel Control
`
`
`DL-Pathioss
`Measurement
`
`
`
`
` P-CCPCH
`
` Inner Loop
`Algorithm
`
`
`Power
`Target SIR
` UL DPCH
`Adjustment
`
`
`Power
`
`Amplifier
`
`
`
`Outer Loap
`Algorithm
`
` '
`
`Initial Target
`SIR
`Initialization
`Algorithm
`
`DPCH
`Measurement
`
`Figure 5.21 Uplink Power Control Scheme
`
`n-th frame
`
`(n+1)-th frame
`
`
`
`
`
`B = P-CCPCHorother beacon
`U = Uplink
`PS = PowerSetting
`Figure 5.22 Working of the Inner Loop Uplink Power Control
`
`signaled values of UL Timeslotinterference, and UTRAN-signaled target SIR, the UE
`calculates its transmit power. Figure 5.22 illustrates the inner loop PC concept. The
`PCCPCH measurements are done in timeslot 2 and used to set the power levels of the
`two uplink timeslots 3 and 9.
`e PC for Common Channels: In DL,
`the transmit power level of the PCCPCH and
`SCCPCH,respectively, is determined by the C-RNCduring cell setup process, and can
`be changed based on network determination on a slow basis. Specifically, the power of
`PCCPCH(broadcast channel) is a constant and can range from —15 to +40 dBm. The
`powersof Primary SCH, Secondary SCH, PCH, PICH and FACHare specified individ-
`ually relative to the PCCPCH power. The power of RACHis controlled dynamically
`using the Open Looptechnique.
`
`
`
`
`
`Ericsson Exhibit 1015
`Page 20
`
`Ericsson Exhibit 1015
`Page 20
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`