ONTReelae
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`
`Ericsson Exhibit 1016
`
`aa—
`
`=
`
`~~
`
`raHTuaalkriaSthtiacybhcFUGacs
`Page 1
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`4,@ i OEIC TELECTL Tat)
`
`Ericsson Exhibit 1016
`Page 1
`
`

`

` NEWTON
`
`TELECO
`DICTIONAR
`
`—-
`
`Ericsson Exhibit 1016
`Page 2
`
`Ericsson Exhibit 1016
`Page 2
`
`

`

`NEWTON's TELECOM DICTIONARY
`copyright © 2002 Harry Newton
`email: Harry@HarryNewton.com
`ersonal website: www.HarryNewton.com
`pusiness website: www.Technologylnvestor.com
`All rights reserved underInternational and Pan-American Copyright conventions, including
`the right to reproduce this book or portions thereof in any form whatsoever.
`
`Published by CMP Books
`An imprint of CMP Media LLC.
`12 West 21 Street
`New York, NY 10010
`
`ISBN Number 1-57820-104-7
`
`February 2002
`
`Eighteenth Edition
`
`Forindividual orders, and for information on special discounts for quantity orders,
`please contact:
`
`CMPBooks
`6600Silacci Way
`Gilroy, CA 95020
`Tel: 1-800-500-6875 or 408-848-3854
`Fax: 408-848-5784
`Web: www.cmpbooks.com
`Email: cmp@rushorder.com
`
`This bookis also sold through www.Amazon.com, www.Fatbrain.com and
`www.BarnesAndNoble.com
`
`Distributed to the book trade in the U.S. and Canada by Publishers Group West
`1700 Fourth St., Berkeley, CA 94710
`
`Manufactured in the United States of America
`
`
`
`Ericsson Exhibit 1016
`Page 3
`
`Ericsson Exhibit 1016
`Page 3
`
`

`

` 1
`
`Answerback / Anti Dilution
`
`urable impedance of a practical antenna from a value theoretically calculated for a perfect
`start and end, announcementstart and end, dialtone reorigination prevention, call progress
`antenna.
`sequenceindications, and otheruses. This service offering may be used by terminal equip-
`Antenna Effective Area The functionally equivalent area from which an antep.
`ment (PBX, pay telephone, call diverter, etc). connected to the calling line to determine
`nd directed toward the source of the received signal gathers or absorbs the energy of qn
`that the call has been answered.”
`incident electromagnetic wave. Antennaeffective area is usually expressed in square
`Answerback In dato communications, answetbackis a response programmed into a
`meters. For parabolic and horr-parabolic antennas,
`the antenna effective area is oboyt
`data terminal to identify itself when polled by a remote computer or terminal. This response
`0.35 to 0.55 of the geometric area of the antenna aperture.
`is usually in reply to o ControLE (ASCII Choracter 5, Inquiry), which is known on the Telex
`Antenna Efficiency Refets to the degree to which an antenna’s power is tadiq}:
`and TWX networks as a “Who Are You?” character, or “WRU.” The Answerback allows a
`ed in relation to the power which is wasted in various lasses,
`remote computerto verify it has dialed correctly (usually on the Telex or TWX networks)
`Antenna Electrical Beam Tilt The shaping ofthe radiation pattern in the
`by matching the Answerback received with the Answerback expected.
`vertical plane of a transmitting antenna by electrical means so that maximum radiation
`Answering Machine A machine that answers your telephone when you don't. The
`machine plays a message that you have recorded fo greet the caller, and then allows the caller
`occurs at on angle below the horizontal plane.
`Antenna Entrance A pathwayfacility from the antenna to the associated equip.
`to leave you a message. Reportedly, one ofthe first answering machines was developed in
`ment.
`Swedenin the 1950s; it took about three days to install the beast. Answering machines large-
`Antenna Feed An antenna device which collects radio signals from space and puts
`ly are consumeritems. They are not the samething as voice mail, See also Voice Mail.
`Answering Machine Detection The ability of outbounddialing systems,
`them onto a coaxial line. See Feedham.
`inside of the host ACD, the PBX, or as part of the predictive dialer product, to detect and fil
`Antenna Gain The ratio, usually expressed in decibels, of the power required atthe
`input of a loss-ftee-reference antennato the power supplied to the input of the given anten-
`ter out calls answered by answering machines. These systems may place the associated tele-
`phone number in a callback (see Callback) queue ond moy also play a recorded message.
`na fo produce,in a given direction, the same field strength, or the same irradiance, at the
`same distance. When not specitied otherwise, the gain refers to the direction of maximum
`Answering ToneThe tone an asynchronous modem will transmit when it answers
`the phone. The tone indicates that it is willing to accept data,
`radiation. The gain may be considered for a specified polarization.
`Antenna Illumination The degree to which an antennafeed pattem covers an
`ANT 1. Access Network Termination.
`2, Alternate Number Translation. The ability to reroute 1-800 calls on NCPfailure.
`antennareflector.
`Ant Farm Gigantic multiscreen movie theater complex with glass facade, often found
`Antenna LobeApicture showing an antenna’s radiation patter. A moretechnical
`explanation: A three-dimensional radiation pattern of a directional antenna bounded by one
`near American malis. Also called multiplexes or gigaplexes.
`ANTC Advanced Networking Test Center. An FDDIinteroperability testing center estab-
`or more cones of nulls (regions of diminished intensity),
`Antenna Matching he process of adjusting impedance so that the input imped:
`lished in 1990.
`ance of an antenna equals or approximates the characteristic impedanceof its transmission
`Antediluvian Before the flood. Very old fashioned.
`AntennaAdevice fortransmitting, receiving or transmitting and receiving signals. The
`line over a specified range of frequencies. The impedance of either the transmission line,
`of the antenna,or both, may be adjustedto effect the match,
`plural of antenna is antennas.It used to be antennae. But then weall decided that anten-
`nae werefor ants and antennas were for satellite and other telecommunications devices.
`Antenna Noise Temperature The temperature of a hypothetical resistor at
`Antennas comein all shapes and sizes. Their shape depends on the frequencyofthe sig-
`the input of an ideal noise-free receiver that would generate the same output noise power
`per unit bandwidth as that-at the ontenna output at a specified frequency. The antenna
`nal they're receiving or transmitting and the use to which their communicationsare being
`put fo. Antennas can broadcast signalsinall directions. They're called omnidirectional. They
`noise temperature depends on antenna coupling to all noise sources in its environmentas
`well as onnoise generated within the ontenno. The antennanoise temperature is 0 meas:
`can also broadcast signals in a fine straight line — like a flashlight. Electrical signals with
`frequencies higher onthe spectrum, for example, are shorter and moredirectional. As they
`ure of noise whose value is equal to the actual temperature of a passive device.
`get higher on the spectrum, they look more like light. These must be focused and thus,
`Antenna Power Gain An FCC term for “the square rootof the ratio of the root:
`mean-square free space field intensity produced at one mile in a horizontal plane in micro-
`require antennas which are shaped likethe mirror reflectorof a focusing flashlight. This par-
`abolic shape focuses the broad beam (ofthe bulb or the electrical signal) into a nartow,
`volis per meter for one kilowatt antenna input power 137.6 mV/m.” This ratio may be
`focused beam. The weakerthe received signal, the bigger the antenna must be. Antennas
`expressed in dB.
`come in many varieties and have cute names,
`like parabola, caresgrain, helix, lens and
`Antenna Power Imput An FCC term for the RF peak or RMS power supplied to
`the antennofromits associated transmission line and matching network.
`hom. See Antenna Beam.
`Antenna Arreyy
`An assembly of antenna elements with dimensions, spacing, and illu-
`Antenna Structure An FCC termwhich refers to the whole tower system includ:
`mination sequence such that the fields for the individual elements combine fo produce a max-
`ing radiation system, supporting structure and ony “surmounted appurtenances.”
`imum intensify in
`particular direction and minimum field intensifies in other directions.
`AntennaeThe plural of antenna — the type that grow on ants — is antennae. The
`Antenna Beam The radio frequency energy pattern emitted by an-antenno.
`plural of telecommunications antennas is antennas,
`Imogine a flashlight. Turn the head one wayandthe light becomes more focused,and thus
`Anthropomorphism [heprocess of giving human qualities to inanimateobjects.
`more intense. Now tum it the other and it becomesless focused. Radio and microwave
`For example, gelting a file cabinet to talk about what's insideit, or getting a modem to
`antennas are designed to be less or more focused. A broadcast TV satellite will have an
`explain how to do communications.
`antenna whose beam covers the entire continental United States. A satellite like Iridium
`Anti Aliasing See Antialicsing.
`which needs to send individual signals to individual cellular-like phones will have tightly
`Anti Clockwise Polarized Wave See LeftHand Polarized Wave.
`focused radio beams.
`Anti Curl A feature marketedby manufacturers of slimy paper fax machines (Le. ther
`Antenna Blind ConeThe volume of space, usually approximately conical with
`inal paper). As the paper emerges from the fax machine, “anti-cud”simply sends the paper
`its vertex at the antenna,that cannot be scanned by an antenna becauseof limitations of
`through a path which causesit to bend slightly in the opposite directionto whichit was rolled
`the antenna radiation pattern and mount. An example of an antennablind coneis that of
`over the roll, This bending purports to makethe paper less curly when it emerges.It works
`an air route surveillance radar (ARSR). The horizontal radiation pattern of an ARSR anten-
`fo on extent. Virtually all slimyfox machines now have the anti curl “feature,” though most
`don’t advertise it, since it’s like advertising that a fax machine makes faxes.
`na is very narrow. The vertical radiation pattern is fan-shaped,reaching approximately 70°
`of elevation above the horizontal plane. As the antenna is rotated about a vertical axis, it
`Anti Digit Dialing LeagueA groupof people thotresisted the move from
`homed exchanges to all number Sal. The Bell System fought against
`the League
`can illuminate targets only if they are 70° or less from the horizontal plane. Abovethat ele-
`vation, they are in the antennablind cone. Also called Coneof Silence.
`because there was no global standardization between numbers and digits on rotary dial
`Antenna CouplerA device used to matchthe impedance of a transmitter and/or
`phones. Thus, IDDD was impossible until the advent ofall digit numbers.
`receiver {0 an antenna to provide maximum power transfer,
`Anti Dilution A private company is raising money. You buy shares. Partof the deal
`Antenna Dissipative Loss A power lossresulting from changes in the meas-
`of buying shares is that you sign 0 “Shareholders Agreement” — onagreement between
`
`|
`
`54
`
`Ericsson Exhibit 1016
`Page 4
`
`Ericsson Exhibit 1016
`Page 4
`
`

`

`EE
`Delta Modulation / Demultiplex
`
`the preceding Key Frome. Delta Frames teduce the overall size of the video clip to be stored
`oa
`disk or transmitted on phone lines.
`Delta Modulation A method for converting analag voice to digital form for trans:
`inission.
`tf
`is the second most comion method of digitizing voice after Pulse Code
`jhodulation, PCM. Sampling is done in all conversions of anclog voice to digitalsignals. The
`rnethod of sampling is what distinguishes the various methods of digitization (Delta vs.”
`PCA, etc.). In delta modulation, the voice signal is scanned 32,000 times a second, and
`n reading is token to see if the latest value is greater or less thon it was at the previous
`ccan. If it’s greater, "1" is sent. if it’s smaller, 0 “0” is sent.
`{elta modulation’s sampling rate of 32,000 times a second is four times fuster than PCM.
`fut delta records ifs samples as a zero (0) or a one (1), while PCM takes an S-bit som-
`lo, Thus PCM encodes voice into 64,000 bits per second, while delta codes if
`into
`37,000, Because delta has fewer bits, i could theoretically produce a poorer representa-
`tion of the voice. In actualfact, the humanear can‘t hear the difference between a PCM
`and 0 Delta encoded voice conversation.
`Delta modulation has muchto recommend it, especialy its use of fewerbits. Unfortunately
`no two delta modulation schemes are compatible with eachother. So to get one delta-mod
`digital PBXfo specktoanother, you havefo convertthe voiceaehacktoanalog.With,
`ATRT making 1-1 0 de facto digital encoding scheme, PCM has
`become the de facto stan-
`ord for digitally encoding voice. And although there are three types of PCM in general use,
`they can be made compatible on 0 direct digital basis (i.e. without having to go hack to
`analog voice), One problem with PCM is that American manufacturers typically pul twenty
`four 64,000 bit per second voice conversations on channel and call if 7-1. The Europeans
`+30 conversations ontheir equivalent transmission path, Thus, you can’t directly
`inter
`ace the American and the European systems. But there are “block boxes” ovale.
`ihis business,there ore always black boxes available.)
`Deltas The changes.
`Delta Sigma Modulation | voriant of delta modulation in which the integral
`of the input signal is encoded rather than the signal itself. A normal delta modulation
`encoder by an integrating network. See Delta Modulation.
`Delta Technology An Inteine! access term, Delta technology consists of special
`ized remote adaptive routing protocols for optimizing bandwidth. If
`prevents unnecessary
`iafficfrom being sant over slowWAN connections by onlysending fe changes (deltas).
`Delurkcing Coming out ofonline "lurking mode,” usually motivated by an inesistible
`need to flame cbout something. “I just had to delurk and add my two cents to that con-
`versation cbout a woman's right to. abortion,”
`Deluxe QueuingA feature that allows incoming calls from phone users, fie trunks
`and attendants to be placed in a queue when all routes for completing « particular call are
`HeyThequevecanbeeitheraRingbackQueue (RBQ)—theuserhangsupandiscalled
`back when a trunk becomes wwe — of an OffHook Queue (ONQ) — the userwaits
`offhook and is connected to the next available trunk. Deluxe Queuing is a term used main-
`ly by AT&T. Most modemPBXs have this feature. Most hove simpler names, however.
`Demand And Facility Chart D&f. A telephone company definition. A chart
`designed to: a. Record an up-to-date picture of working network access lines, actual usage
`rates, future quins in working network
`access lines, and fulure usage rates.
`b.eathecapacityofexisting equipmentand thecurrent nictureoftheplanned capac-
`ity auditions.
`¢. Provide a recording vehicle to report consistent data (using standardized terminology and
`definitions) for planning, and budget review evaluation purposes.
`Demand Assigned Multiple AccessSee DAMA.
`Demand AssignmentA technique where users share 0 communications chan-
`nel. A user needing to communicate with another user on the network activates the
`required circuit. Upon completion of the call, the circuit
`is deactivated and the capacity is
`available for other users.
`Demand FactorIhe rotio of the maxirnum demand on a power system to the total
`connected lond of the system.
`Demand Load In general, the total power required hy a facility. The demand load
`ig the sum of the operational load(including ony fucticolfoad) ond non-operational demand
`loads. It is determined by applying the proper demandfactorto each of the connected loads
`and a diversity factor to the sum total,
`Demand Paging [he common implementation ina PC of virtual memory, where
`poges of dota are read info memory from storage in response to page faults.
`Demand Priority Access method providing support for time sensitive applications
`
`the proposed 100BaseVG standard offering
`such as video and multimedia as part of
`1OOMbit/s over voice grade UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) cable.
`By managing ond allo:
`cating access to the network centrally, at a hub rather then from individual workstations,
`sufficient bandwidth for the particular application is quaranteed on demond, Users, say its
`proponents, con be assured of reliable, continuous transmission ofinformation.
`Demand Publishing The production of just the numberof printed documents you
`need at the present time, os in “justin time.” In short, the immediate production of print
`ad documents which have been created and stored electronically.
`Demand Service In ISDN applications, 0 telecommunications service that estab-
`lishes an immediate communication path in response to a user request made through user
`network signaling.
`DemerrePronounced O-Marc. The demarcation point is the physical point at which the
`separationis madebetween thecarrier's responsesforthe circuitand thoseof theend
`user organization. The carrieris responsible for the local loop, whichconnects the user orga:
`nization’s promises to the carrier’s CO (Central Office) or POP (Point of Presence) at the
`edge of the nehwork. In a residential or small business application, the demarc is ot the NIU
`(Network Interface Unit), whichtypically is on the side of the house orinside the garage.
`Ina larger business application, it is at the MPOE (Minimum Point of Entry), which is the
`closest
`practical point to where the carrier facilities cross the property line or the closest
`nocdpo to where the cartier cabling enters a building. While the MPOEtypically is in
`ihe form of a physical demarc,in older installations tt may simply be in formn of a tog hung
`on the entrance cable to identify 0 point of logical demarcation. There are exceptions.In
`some older Centrex installations in some states, the demarc is at the jack for each individ:
`val voice or data terminal,
`in some older compus environments, there may be a demarc
`for each of several cables coming from various directions, and the demarcs may be well
`inside the pro ary lina. {n either case, it is the responsibility ofthe carrier to install and
`maintain the ti loop and the demarc device, which includes some form of protector
`againstlightening and other electrical anomalies, and some formofintelligence to support
`loopback testing. It is the responsibility of the end user organization or building owner to
`install and maintain theinside coble and wire system, ‘which typically terminates in the
`domarc through a plug-andjack arrangement. A demarc for voice services might be in the
`form of a simple RI+11C jack (one-line or trunk) connection, an RJ-14C (two trunks), on
`RI-ZTX (up to 25 trunks), or a 66-block. A demarcfor dota services typically supports an
`RI-48 termination. See also Smart Jack.
`Demiarlk An incortect spelling of Demarc.See Demarc.
`Demarcation PointThe point of o demarcation and/orinterconnection between
`telephone company communications facilities and terminal equipment, protective appara
`tus, of wiring at 0 subscriber's premises. Corrierinstalled facilities at or constituting the
`demarcation point consist of a wire or 0 jack conforming to Subpart F of Part 68 of the FCC
`Rules. See Demare.
`Demarcation Strip The terminal stip or block (typically o 66 block) which is the
`physica! interface between the phone company's lines and the lines going directly to your
`own phone system. See also Demarc.
`Demilitarized Zone DMZ. See DMZ ond Screened Subnet,
`DEMEO Denmork Elektriske MaterielKOntrol (Denmark Testing Laboratory).
`Democratically Synchronized Network A mutually synchronized net
`work in which all clocks in the network are of equal status and exert equal amounts of con:
`trol on the others.
`Demodulation The
`process of retrieving an electrical signal from a carrier signal or
`wave.The reverse of nodulation. Sea Modem.
`Demodulation Dial Tone DigitalThe process of rettieving data froma mot
`ulated signal, A tone indicating that automatic switching equipment is ready to receive dial
`signals. Refers to the use of digits fo formulate andsolve problemsor to encode information.
`Demodulator |n general, this termrefers to any device which recovers the original
`signal after it has modulated a high frequency carrier. {n television,it may refer to aninsttu-
`ment which takes video inits transmitted form (modulated picture carrier) andconverts it
`to baseband.
`Demon DialerSee Automatic Recall.
`Demod/Remod Demodulation/Remodulation. See Fax Relay.
`Demountable Walls Metal walls that can be disassembled and moved to other
`locations. They contain vertical and horizontal clots throughwhich cable can be run, also
`culled modular panels.
`Demultiplex DEMUX.To separate two or more signals previously combined by conr
`
`
`
`213
`
`Ericsson Exhibit 1016
`Page 5
`
`Ericsson Exhibit 1016
`Page 5
`
`

`

`tone ond
`
` aa=
`
`Isochronous / IT
`
`Isochronows|sochronous transmission means “twoway without delay.” Normal
`everyday voice conversotions are isoctironous. They have always been isochronous, We
`could not tolerate delays. Wejust never called themisochronous. The word isochronous
`appeared when westarted digitizing voice, then joining it with data on o single channel.
`The data guys suddenly wokeup to the fact that users would only tolerate joining voice
`ond data — if the voice went throughwithout delays. So they came upwith this faney
`new term “Isochronous.”By accepting this realization, they thencould design buses —
`e.g. Universal Serial Bus — where other flows of data (e.g.printing, keybourd entry, data
`communicationsfromthe Internet) could he delayed minufe amounts oftime.
`Isochronous
`Isochronous comes from the Greek “iso” (equal) and “chronous” (time).
`transmission is used to move stuff which must gat to its destination with absolutely no
`delays. Voice ond video need isochronous transmission, Let meexplain. In the beginning,
`the phone network switched a call from A to B. It kept the circuit open. Whatever you said
`at one end went to the other end atthe speed of light, effectively instantly. Then they
`invented other methods of transmission, where the circuit isn’t open 100%from endto
`end during the “conversation,” One example is packet switching, used widely for sending
`dota. If you're sending an electronic mail,
`it clenrly doesn’t matter if your electronic letter
`orrives holf a second faster or slower. It does matter with voice and video.
`In isochronous data transmission, timing is derived from the signal carrying the data. No
`timing or clock lead is provided at the customerinterface. In bert dota transmission,
`data has no embedded timing - send it slower and it is still valid, just late. Voice and video
`are intimately tied to timing, Send voice slower and it sounds very different. With TOM,
`there is a direct relationship between the signal rate used to digitize the voice samples and
`the bearer channel rate, alien accurate reconstruction of the voice (or other signals) at
`the for end. With packet technologies no such relationship exists, See Isoetheret and
`Universal Serial Bus.
`Isochronous Ethernet A 10 Mbps LAN topology that sets aside 96 ISDN chan-
`nel fo carry voice, data and video. See Isochronous and Isoethernet.
`ISODE [SO Development Environment. An implementation of OSI’s upper layers on a
`TPC/APprotocol stock. Pronounced “eye-so-dee-vee”,
`ISODE Consortium X.500 directories (www.isode.com/overview.htm)
`EsoENETAnother wordfor lsotthemet. See lsoEtheret.
`IsoEthernet Isochronous Ethemet Integrated Services, An extensionto the Ethernet
`LAN standard proposed by IBM and Notional Semiconductor and first demonstrated at Fall
`Comdex 1992, and standardized as IEEE 802.9o. IsoEthemet adds six megabits per sec-
`ond of capacity to regular Ethernet, specifically to carry low delay, constantbit rate (CBR),
`isochronous data, especially voice and video. This isochronous capacity appears as up to 97
`telephony channels of 64 Kbps each — 96for transmission of information (voice, video,
`data, etc.) and one (called te ) channel) for signaling. Like FDDHI, IsoEthemet has the
`potential to carry both live voice or video calls together with LAN packet data on the same
`cable. sokthemetis limitedto a single-workgroup solution in support ofcollaborative com:
`munications os videoconferencing andwhiteboording, It never cought on, and has been ren-
`dered obsolete by Switched Ethernet, ATM, and other high-speed LAN technologies. See
`also Ethemet, Isochronous, FDDHI.
`Isolated Ground |G. In AC electricity, on isolated ground is o type of outlet char-
`acterized by the following fectures and uses:
`® |t may be orange and must have a Greek “delta” on thefront of the outlet,
`looks like a triangle.)
`@ |t must be grounded by on insulated green wire.
`@ |t must have aninsulator between the ground terminal and the mounting bracket.
`@ |r is used primarily to powerelectronic equipment because it reduces the incidence
`of electrical “noise” on the ground path.
`Isolation See Power Conditioning.
`IsolatorA device that permits microwave energy to poss in one direction while pro-
`viding highisolation to reflected energy in the reverse direction, Used primarily at the input
`of communications-bond microwave amplifiers to provide good reverse isolation and mini-
`mize VSWR.Consists of microwave cielo with one port (port 3) terminated in the char-
`acteristic impedance. See Optical Isolator,
`porrenis Exhibiting properties of the some values when measured along axes in all
`irections.
`Isotropic Antenna A hypothetical omnidirectional point-source antenna that
`selves 05 an engineering reference for the measurement of antenna gain. See also EIRP
`and Isotropic Radiator,
`
`
`
`(A delta
`
`402
`
`Ericsson Exhibit 1016
`Page 6
`
`Isotropic Radiator A completely omni-directional antenna, i.¢., one Whict
`Og
`ates equally well in all directions, This antenna exists only as a mathematical conce
`is used as a knownreference to measure antanna gain expressed as dBi. See oso
`nd
`ISP ]. Intemet Service Provider, A vendor who provides access for customers (cor
`and private individuals) to the Intemet and the World Wide Web. The ISPalso typicalitis
`vides a core group of intemet utilities and services like Email, News Group Render Dio.
`sometimes weather reports andlocal restaurant reviews. The user typically reaches ticee
`by either dialing-up with their own computer, modem and phone line, or over a dak y
`line installed by « the Intemet Service Provider, a CLEC, or a local or long dstncetg
`phone company. An ISP makes money from as many as four ways
`f
`zilie monty subscriptions for connecting customers to the Internet andpreg thee
`email, extra seivices (such as additional email addresses), 0 cut of inboun telephone a
`enues, advertising and commission fées. An ISP is also known as. a Telecommunicatggs
`Service Provider or an ITSP, for Internet Telephony Service Provider. See also |A
`2. InformationService Provider. A company which provides information over the phone jy 4
`response to fouchfones punched in by a subscriber. That information may be Weather, sto
`prices, etc. Often itis provided over 900 number, in which o phone company (local orlgny
`distance) bills the end user for calls to the ISP (Information Service Provider), payin
`of the revenuecollected to the ISP and keeping some ofit as its collection billing ond neh
`work fee.
`In many states, (SPs also use special local numbers, like those iin New Yok
`beginning with 970 and 976.
`3. Integrated Service Provider. This is a termfor a new (or relatively new) rompanythat.
`deliversall of the different dota and voice services including: Voice over IP, din
`Internet service,
`4. ISDN Signal Processor.
`5. Information Services Platform,
`ISPBX Integrated Services Private Branch eXchange.
`ISPC InternationalSignaling Point Code.
`ISPTInstituto Superiore delle Poste ¢ delle Telcomunicazioni. (Superior Institute for Posts
`and Telecommunications, aly),
`ISR Intemational Simple Resale.A system which allows intermational carriers to buy trans
`mission capacity in bulk, to plug it into the public network at each end, and to resell it, one
`coll at time, This eliminates the need for settlements between international carriers,
`ISSIntelligent Services Switch.
`ae: Interface. An interface between two SMDSswitching systems within
`LATA.
`a
`ISSN Integrated Special Services Network.
`Issue A euphemism for “problem,” Margaret Horak, wondertul wife Ray Horak, my
`Contributing Editor, is a top-notch consultant involved in customer service and certain relat
`ed OSSs (Operations Support Systems). Seems as though her clients lately refer to “prob:
`lems” as “issues.”It’s less scary that way.
`IST Initial Service Term.
`ISTFIntegrated Services Test Facility.
`ISUP Integrated Services Digital Network User Port. The call control part of the SS7 pro:
`tocol. ISUP determines the procedures for setting up, coordinating, and taking down trunk
`calls on the SS7. network. ISUP is defined by ITUrecommendations Q.761 and 0.764,
`ISUP also provides:
`@ Calling porty numberinformation (including privacy indicator).
`@ Call status checking, to keep trunks in consistent states at both ends.
`@ Trunk management, and
`@ Relotes of trunks and the application of tones and/or announcements in the origk
`nating switch upon encountering error, blockage or busy conditions.
`There are seven ISUP Messages: Initial Address Massage (IAM), Continuity Check Message
`(COT), Address Complete Message (ACM), Answer Message (ANM), Release Messuge
`(REL), Release Complete Message (RLC) and Exit Message (EXM). For you tobenefit from
`these capabilities, your phone equipment mustfirst be able to access the CCS7 network.
`One suggested way (but not the only way) is through the (SDN primary rate access (PRA)
`stondard, which supports Q.931 protocol. See IAM, ISON and Common Channel Signaling.
`ESV Independent Software Vendor. Typically « company which weites and sells software,
`but not hardware, Manufacturers of hardware andoperating systems, i.e. (BA or Norther
`Telecom, oftencontract with (SVs to produce specializedsoftware to make their hardware
`and operating system more attractive,
`IT |. Information Technology, A foncy nome for data processing, which became monage
`
`||
`
`
`
`Ericsson Exhibit 1016
`Page 6
`
`

`

`:Q
`
`3 |i::i
`
`x
`
`Modified Read / Modulo
`
`ing. All Group 3 fax machines support MH, whichis the lowest common denominator com:
`I"’s important fo matchthe modular plugs to the type of cable you are Using. Plugs y
`pression algorithm, MH scans each line of o document, looking for redundant data,i.e., the
`for stranded cable will not work with solid conductor wire because they're designed
`same color repeated. A document typically includes lots of white space, which MI inter:
`pierce the cable in-between the strands. Used with a solid conductor cable,
`the
`y
`prets as redundant date. Rather than sending 1,728 bits of “nothing” across the circuit,
`pierce the cable and just get smashed, Plugs made for solid conductors usually Work ,
`MH sends o 9-bit code value, thereby compressing the data by a factor of 192. While the
`stranded cable. But | wouldn't recommend trying.
`ih
`actual level of compression achieved, of course, depends on the amount of redundant data
`Modulated WavesAlternating current waves which have their amplitude yoy
`in a. document, MH compression reduces transmission time and saves money. MH supports
`periodically. The signals transmitted by a radio station are examples of modulator iu
`relatively slow fox transmission at 9.6Kbps, or about 30 seconds
`per page. Group 3 stan
`Modulation [he process of varying
`some characteristic of
`the electrical COttiar va
`as the information to be transmitted on fotcartier wave varies. Three types of modulation,
`dards also include Modified Read (MR) and Modified Modified Read
`(MMR), which are suc-
`cessively more efficient. All Group 3 fox machines support MH, which is the lowest com:
`are commonly used for communications, Amplitude Modulation, Frequency Modulation nif
`mor denominator compression technique. See also Compression, Huffman, Modified READ,
`Phase Modulation. And there are variations on these themes called Phase Shift Keyi
`and Modified Modified READ.
`(PSK) and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM).
`"
`Modified Read MR. Modified READ (Modified Relative Element Address
`Modulation Imedex€
`In angle modulation, the ratio of the frequency deviation of
`Differentiation) js a two-dimensional coding scheme for facsimile machines that works both
`the modulated signal to the frequency of a sinusoidal modulating signal. The modulation
`indexis nian equal fo the phase deviationin radians.
`horizontally and vertically, using the previousline as a reference, In other words, Modified
`READ scans each line, compressing out redundant data, much as does Modified Huffman.
`Modulation Protocols Modemstands for MOdulator/DEModulator, mode
`Modified READ then compares each line to the previous line, further compressing out redun-
`a5
`converts digital signals generated by the computer into analog signals whic