@WILEY
`
`Radio Access For Third Generation
`Mobile Communications
`
`Edited by Harri HOIma and Antfi Toskala
`
`Ericsson Exhibit 1007
`Page 1
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`
`Radio Access For Third Generation
`Mobile Communications
`
`Edited by Harri Holma and. Anni Tm
`Both ofNokia, Finland
`
`IOHN WILEY (‘9. SONS, LTD
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`Ericsson Exhibit 1007
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`Copyright © 2002
`
`John Wiley 8-: Sons Ltd. Ihe Atrium. Southern Gate, Chichester,
`West Sussex P019 SSQ. England
`
`Telephone (+44} 1243 779777
`
`Email (for orders and customer service enquiries): cs-books@wiley.co.ui<
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`Reprinted April 2004
`
`All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or
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`This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject
`matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering
`professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a
`competent professional should be sought.
`
`Other Wiley Editorial Ofi‘ices
`
`John Wiley & Sons Inc, 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
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`Jossey—Bass, 989 Market Street, San Francisco, CA 94103—l74l, USA
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`Wiley—VCH Verlag GmbH, Boschstr. 12, Da69469 Weinheim, Germany
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`
`British Library Cataloguing in Pubiicm‘ian Data
`
`A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
`
`1333" 0-470-84467—i
`
`T
`
`
`.eset in 10/12pt Times by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai. India
`d and bound in Great Britain by TJ International. Padstow, Cornwall
`7'.) sick is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry
`'_ 213?“. at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production.
`
`
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`
`
`Contents
`
`Preface
`
`Acknowledgements
`
`Abbreviations
`
`1 Introduction
`
`Harri Holma, Anni Toskala and Ukko Lappalainen
`1.1 WCDMA in Third Generation Systems
`1.2
`Air Interfaces and Spectrum Allocations for Third Gemini.
`1.3
`Schedule for Third Generation Systems
`1.4
`Differences between WCDMA and Second Generation Air "er-me»
`1.5
`Core Networks and Services.
`References
`
`
`
`2 UMTS Services and Applications
`
`Jami Salonen, Antti Toskala and Harri Holma
`2.1
`Introduction
`2.2
`UMTS Bearer Service
`
`2.3
`
`UMTS QoS Classes
`2.3.]
`Conversational Class
`
`Streaming Class
`2.3.2
`Interactive Class
`2. 3.3
`Background Class
`2.3.4
`Service Capabilities with Different Terminal Classes
`Location Service in WCDMA
`2.5.]
`Location Services
`
`2.4
`2.5
`
`2.5.2
`2.5.3
`2.5.4
`
`Cell COVerage Based Location Calculation
`Observed Time Difi‘erence ofArrn-‘ai, 01200.3;
`Assisted GPS
`
`Concluding Remarks
`2.6
`References
`
`xv
`
`Ifii
`
`m
`
`1
`
`I
`2
`3'
`6
`8
`10
`
`11
`
`11
`3.1
`
`3
`34
`
`19
`21
`21
`23
`23
`23
`
`24
`25
`27
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`28
`28
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`
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`3e: WCDMA for UMTSW
`
`3 Emfimrtion to WCDMA
`
`aT‘e'ie r §{45;“735¢€j and Harri Holnm
`
`E redaction
`!!t”
`
`_ -enmary of Main Parameters in WCDMA
`- L
`5,5
`Serending and Despreading
`3 .1
`Sioln'path Radio Channels and Rake Reception
`3.5-
`?ower Control
`3.6
`Softer and Soft Handovers
`'. o’erences
`
`4 Background and Standardisation of WCDMA
`Anni Toskala
`
`4.1
`4.2
`
`4.3
`4.4
`4.5
`
`Introduction
`Background in Europe
`4.2.] Wideband CDMA
`4.2.2 Wt'deband TDMA
`4.2.3 Wideband TDMA/CDMA
`4.2.4
`OFDMA
`4.2.5
`ODMA
`4.2.6
`ETSI Selection
`Background in Japan
`Background in Korea
`Background in the United States
`4.5.1
`W~CDMA N/A
`4.5.2
`UWC—136
`4.5.3
`cdma2000
`4.5.4
`TR46J
`4.5.5 WP-CDMA
`Creation of BGPP
`4.6
`Creation of SGPP2
`4.7
`Harmonisation Phase
`4.8
`IMT-ZOOO Process in ITU
`4.9
`4.10 Beyond 3GP? Release-99
`References
`
`5 Radio Access Network Architecture
`
`Fabio Longoni, Atte Lansisalmi and Amn‘ Toskaia
`5.}
`System Architecture
`5.2
`UTRAN Architecture
`5.2.]
`The Radio Network Controller
`5.2.2
`The Node B (Base Station)
`
`31
`
`31
`31
`33
`36
`40
`43
`45
`
`47
`
`47
`47
`48
`49
`49
`50
`50
`50
`51
`51
`52
`52
`52
`52
`53
`53
`53
`55
`55
`55
`57
`57
`
`59
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`59
`62
`63
`64
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`Contents atW
`
`5.3
`
`General Protocol Model for UTRAN Terrestrial Interfaces
`5.3.1
`General
`
`5.4
`
`Horizontal Layers
`5. 3.2
`Vertical Planes
`5.3.3
`In, the UTRAN—CN Interface
`5.4.]
`Protocol Structure for In CS
`5.4.2
`Protocol Structure for In PS
`5.4.3
`RANAP Protocol
`5.4.4
`In User Plane Protocol
`5.4.5
`Protocol Structure of In BC, and the SABP protocol
`UTRAN Internal Interfaces
`5.5.1
`RNC—RNC Interface (Iur Interface) and the RNSAP Signalling
`5.5.2
`RNC—Node B Interface and the NBAP Signalling
`UTRAN Enhancements and Evolution
`5. 6.]
`IP Transport in UTRAN
`5.6.2
`In flex
`5.6.3
`Stand Alone SMLC and Iupc Interface
`5.6.4
`lnterworking between GERAN and UTRAN, and the Iur-g Interface
`5.6.5
`All IP RAN Concept
`UMTS Core Network Architecture and Evolution
`571-1
`Release ’99 Core network elements
`5. 7.2
`Release 5 Care Network and IP Multimedia Subsystem
`References
`
`5.5
`
`5.6
`
`5.7
`
`‘r.'.‘'1".
`
`I,I
`
`5
`66
`6 7
`68
`69
`70
`7]
`72
`72
`75
`77
`77
`78
`78
`78
`79
`79
`79
`81
`82
`
`85
`
`8:3
`86
`87
`87
`5'9
`3'9
`9'53
`9'3
`9.?
`«if
`96-
`9;
`1:31}
`fit}
`no
`£05
`106
`106
`
`
`
`:.'_.
`
`{3;-
`
`g
`g“:
`if;
`
`:15
`[
`E
`$;
`:9:
`.5
`2
`it:
`l
`a..
`:‘
`
`E;
`'
`
`6 Physical Layer
`
`Antti Toskala
`
`6. I
`6.2
`
`6.3
`
`6.4
`
`Introduction
`Transport Channels and their Mapping to the Physical Channels
`6.2.1
`Dedicated Transport Channel
`6.2.2
`Common Transport Channels
`6.2.3 Mapping of Transport Channels onto the Physical Channels
`6.2.4
`Frame Structure of Transport Channels
`Spreading and Modulation
`6.3.]
`Scrambling
`6.3.2
`Channelisation Codes
`6.3.3
`Uplinlc Spreading and Modulation
`6.3.4
`Downlink Spreading and Modulation
`6. 3.5
`Transmitter Characteristics
`User Data Transmission
`6.4.1
`Uplink Dedicated Channel
`6.4.2
`Uplinh Multiplexing
`6.4.3
`User Data Transmission with the Random Access Carr
`6.4.4
`Upltnk Common Packet Channel
`6.4.5
`Downlink Dedicated Channel
`
`
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`viii
`WCDMA for UMTS
`MM
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`6.5
`
`Downlink Multiplexing
`6.4.6
`Downlink Shared Channel
`6.4. 7
`Forward Access Channel for User Data Transmission
`6.4.8
`Channel Coding for User Data
`6.4.9
`6.4.10 Coding for TFC1 Information
`Signalling
`6.5.1
`Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)
`6.5.2
`Synchronisation Channel (SCH)
`6.5.3
`Primary Common Control Physical Channel (Primary CCPCH,1
`6.5.4
`Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (Secondary
`CCPCH,1
`Random Access Channel (RACH) for Signalling Transmission
`6.5.5
`Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)
`6.5.6
`Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)
`6.5.7
`Physical Channels for CPCH Access Procedure
`6.5.8
`Physical Layer Procedures
`6.6.1
`Fast Closed Loop Power Control Procedure
`6.6.2
`Open Loop Power Control
`6.6.3
`Paging Procedure
`6.6.4
`RACH Procedure
`6.6.5
`CPCH Operation
`6.6.6
`Cell Search Procedure
`6.6.7
`Transmit Diversity Procedure
`6.6.8
`Handover Measurements Procedure
`6.6.9
`Compressed Mode Measurement Procedure
`6.6.10 Other Measurements
`6.6.11 Operation with Adaptive Antennas
`6.6.12 Site Selection Diversity Transmission
`Terminal Radio Access Capabilities
`6.7
`References
`
`6.6
`
`7 Radio Interface Protocols
`
`Jukka Viale’n
`7.1
`Introduction
`7.2
`7.3
`
`Protocol Architecture
`
`The Medium Access Control Protocol
`7.3.1
`MAC Layer Architecture
`7.3.2
`MAC Functions
`7.3.3
`Logical Channels
`7.3.4
`Mapping Between Logical Channels and Transport Channels
`7.3.5
`Example Data Flow Through the MAC Layer
`The Radio Link Control Protocol
`7.4.1
`RLC Layer Architecture
`7.4.2
`RLC Functions
`
`7.4
`
`
`
`109
`110
`111
`112
`113
`114
`114
`114
`115
`
`116
`117
`118
`118
`119
`119
`120
`120
`121
`121
`123
`124
`125
`125
`127
`129
`130
`130
`132
`134
`
`135
`
`135
`135
`137
`137
`138
`139
`140
`140
`142
`142
`143
`
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`Contents
`
`7.5
`
`7.6
`
`Example Data Flow Through the RLC Liner
`7.4.3
`The Packet Data Convergence Protocol
`7.5.]
`PDCP Layer Architecture
`7.5.2
`PDCP Functions
`The Broadcast/Multicast Control Protocol
`7.6.]
`BMC Layer Architecture
`7.6.2
`BMC Functions
`The Radio Resource Control Protocol
`7. 7.] RC Layer Logical Architecture
`7.7.2
`RRC Service States
`7. 7.3
`RRC Functions and Signalling Procedure;
`References
`
`7.7
`
`ix
`
`144
`146
`146
`147
`147
`147
`148
`148
`148
`149
`15]
`l 66
`
`167
`
`167
`168
`169
`1 3”]
`179
`184
`185
`186
`J89
`190
`190
`190
`193
`196
`199
`201
`201
`203
`204
`205
`205
`207
`208
`208
`208
`209
`210
`
`8.3
`
`8 Radio Network Planning
`Harri Holma, Zhi—Chun Honkasalo, Seppo Hamiiiiiinen. Jean; L... "
`
`and Achim Wacker
`8.1
`Introduction
`8.2
`Dimensiornng
`8.2.1
`Radio Link Budgets
`8.2.2
`Load Factors
`.
`8.2.3
`Example Load Factor Calculation
`8.2.4
`Capacity Upgrade Paths
`8. 2.5
`Capacity per km2
`8.2.6
`Sojt Capacity
`8.2. 7 Network Sharing
`Capacity and Coverage Planning and Optimisation
`8.3.1
`Iterative Capacity and Coverage Prediction
`8. 3.2
`Planning Tool
`8.3.3
`Case Study
`8. 3.4
`Network Optimisation
`GSM Co—planning
`Inter-operator Interference
`8.5.]
`Introduction
`8.5.2
`Upiink vs. Downlink Efiects
`8.5.3
`Local Downlink Interference
`8.5.4
`Average Downlink Interference
`.
`8.5.5
`Path Loss Measurements
`8.5.6
`Solutions to Avoid Adjacent Channel Interior-H:
`8.5 WCDMA19DO
`8. 6.1
`Introduction
`8.6.2
`Differences Between WCDMAJ900 and ‘ii'CDfiL—ifiiw}
`8.6.3 WCDMAJ900 in Isoiated 5-MHz Biocic
`References
`
`8.4
`8.5
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` x WCDMA for UMTS
`
`9 Radio Resource Management
`
`9.3
`
`Harri Holma, Klaus Pedersen, Janne Laakso and Oscar Salonaho
`9.1
`Interference—Based Radio Resource Management
`9.2
`Power Control
`9.2.1
`Fast Power Control
`9.2.2
`Outer Loop Power Control
`Handovers
`9.3.1
`Intra-fieqnency Handovers
`9.3.2
`Inter-system Handovers Between WCDMA and GSM
`9.3.3
`Interfreqnency Handovers within WCDMA
`9.3.4
`Summary of Handovers
`9.4 Measurement of Air Interface Load
`9.4.1
`Uplink Load
`9.4.2
`Downlink Load
`Admission Control
`9.5.1
`Admission Control Principle
`9.5.2 Wideband Power-Based Admission Control Strategy
`9.5.3
`Throughput-Based Admission Control Strategy
`Load Control (Congestion Control)
`References
`
`9.5
`
`9.6
`
`19 Packet Scheduling
`
`Jeroen Wigard, Harri Holma and Mika Raitolo
`10.1
`Packet Data Protocols over WCDMA
`10.2 Overview of WCDMA Packet Scheduling
`103 Transport Channels for Packet Date
`10.3.1 Common Channels
`10.3.2 Dedicated Channels
`10.3.3 Shared Channels
`10.3.4 Common Packer Channel
`10.3.5 Selection of Channel Type
`10.4 Packet Scheduling Algorithms
`10.4. 1 Priorities
`10.4.2 Scheduling Algorithms
`Interaction between Packet Scheduler and Other RRM Algorithms
`10.5. 1 Packet Scheduler and Handover Control
`10.5.2 Packet Scheduler and Load Control (Congestion Control)
`10. 5.3 Packet Scheduler and Admission Control
`10.6 Packet Data Capacity
`10.6.1 Link-Level Performance
`10.6.2 System Level Performance
`References
`
`10.5
`
`213
`
`213
`214
`214
`221
`226
`226
`235
`238
`239
`240
`241
`243
`244
`244
`244
`247
`247
`248
`
`249
`
`249
`258
`258
`259
`259
`259
`259
`260
`264
`264
`265
`267
`267
`268
`268
`268
`269
`270
`278
`
`
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`Contents xiW
`
`11 High-speed Downlink Packet Access
`
`Anni Toskala, Harri Holma, Troels Kolding, Frank Frederiksen and Preben
`Mogensen
`11.1 Release’99 WCDMA Dowulink Packet Data Capabilities
`11.2 HSDPA Concept
`11.3 HSDPA Impact on Radio Access Network Architecture
`11.4 Release 4 HSDPA Feasibility Study Phase
`11.5 HSDPA Physical Layer Structure
`11.5.1 Higk~speed Downlink-snared Channel (HS-DSCH)
`11.5.2 High-speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH)
`11.5.3 Uplink High-speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel
`(HS-DPCCH)
`11.5.4 HSDPA Physical Layer Operation Procedure
`11.6 HSDPA Terminal Capability
`11.7 HSDPA Performance
`11.7.1 Factors Governing Performance
`1]. 7.2 Theoretical Dara Rates
`11.7.3 Spectral Efficiency, Code Efiicieney and Dynamic Range
`11.7.4 Cell Throughput and Coverage
`11.7.5 Delay and Q05
`11.8 Terminal Receiver Aspects
`11.9 Evolution Beyond Release 5
`11.9.1 Multiple Receiver and Transmit Antenna Techniques
`11.9.2 Fast Cell Seieciion
`11.10 Conclusion
`References
`
`12 Physical Layer Performance
`
`Harri Holma, Markku Jantti and Julia Ylitalo
`
`Introduction
`12.1
`12.2 Coverage
`1' 2.2.1 Uplink Coverage
`12.2.2 Random Access Channel Coverage
`12.2.3 Downlink Coverage
`12.2.4 Coverage Improvements
`12.3 Capacity
`12.3.1 Downiink Orthogonal Codes
`12.3.2 Downlink Transmit Diversity
`1 2.3.3 Voice Capacity
`12.3.4 Capacity Improvements
`12.4 High Bit Rates
`12.4.1
`Inter—path Interference
`12.4.2 Maltipath Diversity Gain
`12.4.3 Feasibility of High Bit Rates
`
`279
`
`279
`280
`282
`283
`283
`284
`287
`
`289
`290
`292
`393
`293
`293
`293
`297
`30]
`302
`302
`302
`303
`303
`304
`
`305
`
`305
`305
`307
`315
`316
`318
`319
`319
`324
`326
`328
`329
`329
`332
`332
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`
`
`131' WCDMA for UMTSM
`
`2:5 343?? Performance Requirements
`-3311 Eli/N0 Performance
`32.5.2 RF Noise Figure
`:16 Performance Enhancements
`12.6.1 Antenna Solutions
`12.6.2 Mala—user Detection
`References
`
`13 UTRA TDD Mode
`Otto Lehtinen, Antti Toskala, Harri Holma and Hell Vearaja
`13J.
`Innoducnon
`13.1.1
`Time Division Duplex (TDD)
`13.2 UTRA TDD Physical Layer
`13.2.1 Transport and Physical Channels
`13.2.2 Modulation and Spreading
`13.2.3 Physical Channel Structures, Slot and Frame Format
`13.2.4 UTRA TDD Physical Layer Procedures
`13.3 UTRA TDD Interference Evaluation
`13.3.1
`TDD—TDD Interference
`13.3.2 TDD and FDD Coexistence
`13.3.3 Unlicensed TDD Operation
`13.3.4 Conclusions on UTRA TDD Interference
`13.4 Low Chip Rate TDD
`13.5 Concluding Remarks on UTRA TDD
`References
`
`14 cdmaZOUO
`Antti Toskala
`14.1
`Introduction
`14.2 Logical Channels
`14.2.1 Physical Channels
`14.3 Mum-Carrier Mode Spreading and Modulation
`14.3.1 Uplink Spreading and Modulation
`14.3.2 Downlink Spreading and Modulation
`14.4 User Data Transmission
`14.4.1 Uplinlc Data Transmission
`14.4.2 Downlink Data Transmission
`14.4.3 Channel Coding for User Data
`Signalling
`14311 PflotCfiannel
`14.5.2
`Synch Channel
`14.5.3 Broadcast Channel
`14.5.4 Quick Paging Channel
`
`14.5
`
`334
`334
`336
`337
`337
`343
`346
`
`351
`
`351
`351
`353
`354
`354
`355
`359
`364
`364
`366
`368
`368
`369
`370
`371
`
`373
`
`373
`375
`375
`376
`376
`376
`37?
`3 78
`379
`380
`381
`381
`381
`381
`382
`
`
`
`
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`Contents
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`14.5.5 Common Power Control Channel
`14.5.6 Common and Dedicated Control Channels
`14.5.7 Random Access Channel (RACH) for Signalling Transmission
`14.6 Physical Layer Procedures
`14.6.1 Power Control Procedure
`14. 6.2 Cell Search Procedure
`14.6.3 Random Access Procedure
`14.6.4 Handover Measurements Procedure
`References
`
`Index
`
`tee
`
`3933
`333
`382
`383
`383
`383
`384
`384
`385
`387
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`{Fmiaae- ,
`
`Preface
`
`Second generation telecommunication systems, such as GSM, enabled voice traffic to go
`wireless: the number of mobile phones exceeds the number of landline phones and the
`mobile phone penetration exceeds 70% in countries with the most advanced wireless mar—
`kets. The data handling capabilities of second generation systems are limited, however.
`and third generation systems are needed to provide the high bit rate services that enable
`high quality images and video to be transmitted and received. and to provide access
`to the web with high data rates. These third generation mobile communication systems
`are referred to in this book as UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System).
`WCDMA (Widehand Code Division Multiple Access: is the main third generation air
`interface in the world and will be deployed in Europe and Asia. including Japan and
`Korea, in the same frequency band. around 3 GHz. \X'CDMA will be deployed also in
`USA in the US frequency bands. The large market for WCDMA and its flexible mul—
`timedia capabilities will create new business opportunities for manufacturers, operators,
`and the providers of content and applications. This book gives a detailed description of
`the WCDMA air interface and its utilisation. The contents are summarised in Figure 1.
`Chapter 1 introduces the third generation air interfaces, the spectrum allocation, the
`time schedule, and the main differences from second generation air interfaces. Chap-
`ter 2 presents example UMTS applications, concept phones and the quality of service
`classes. Chapter 3 introduces the principles of the WCDMA air interface,
`including
`spreading, Rake receiver, power control and handovers. Chapter 4 presents the background
`to WCDMA, the global harmonisation process and the standardisation. Chapters 5—7 give
`a detailed presentation of the WCDMA standard, while Chapters 8—11 cover the utili»
`sation of the standard and its performance. Chapter 5 describes the architecture of the
`radio access network, interfaces within the radio access network between base stations
`and radio network controllers (RNC), and the interface between the radio access network
`and the core network. Chapter 6 covers the physical layer (layer 1), including spreading.
`modulation, user data and signalling transmission, and the main physical layer procedures
`of power control, paging, transmission diversity and handover measurements. Chapter 7
`introduces the radio interface protocols, consisting of the data link layer ( layer 2,) and
`the network layer (layer 3). Chapter 8 presents the guidelines for radio network dimen-
`sioning, gives an example of detailed capacity and coverage planning. and covers GSM
`co—planning. Chapter 9 covers the radio resource management algorithms that guarantee
`the efficient utilisation of the air interface resources and the quality of service. These
`algorithms are power control, handovers, admission and load control. Chapter 10 depicts
`packet access and presents the performance of packet protocols of “CDMA. Chapter ll
`
`Ericsson Exhibit 1007
`
`Page 14
`
`Ericsson Exhibit 1007
`Page 14
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`

`

`xvi
`
`WCDMA for UMTS
`
`
`
`Background and
`Standardisation
`(Chapter 4)
`
`Introduction (Chapter i)
`
`Radio Access Network
`Architecture Cha ter5
`(
`p
`
`)
`
`RNC
`
`Radio Resource Management
`(Chapter 9)
`
`i Packet Access (Chapter 10)
`
`
`
`
`7
`
`Radio interface Protocols
`L; l 44;;
`_, (Chapter 7)
`
`ptyr Layer
`
`,
`
`VHLLTT'T.‘:’..'.“L_.Z.; 7"
`
`
`
`v{rapier6)‘
`
`Physrcal Layer Performance
`(Chap er 12)
`introduction toWCDMA \-
`
`
`
`Radio Network
`Planning
`(Chapter 8) n
`
`-
`
`TDD Mode
`
`{Chapter 13)
`
`Multicarrier CDMA
`(Chapter 14)
`
`f
`
`
`
`(Chapter 3)
`
`~ -"
`
`High Speed Downlink
`Packet Access, HSDPA
`
`(Chapter 11)
`
`m
`UMTS Services and
`Applications (Chapter 2)
`
`Figure 1. Contents of this book
`
`presents the significant Release 5 feature, High Speed Downlink Packet Access, HSDPA,
`and its performance. Chapter 12 analyses the coverage and capacity of the WCDMA air
`interface with bit rates up to 2 Mbps. Chapter 13 introduces the time division duplex
`(TDD) mode of the WCDMA air interface and its differences from the frequency divi—
`sion duplex (FDD) mode. In addition to WCDMA, third generation services can also be
`provided with EDGE or with multicarrier CDMA. EDGE is the evolution of GSM for
`high data rates within the GSM carrier spacing. Multicarrier CDMA is the evolution of
`13—95 for high data rates using three IS~95 carriers, and is introduced in Chapter 14.
`The 2'“1 edition of the book covers the key features of 3GPP Release 5 specifications,
`including High Speed Downlink Packet Access, HSDPA and IP Multimedia Subsys-
`tem (1M8). Also many of the existing features in Release’99 or Release 4 have been
`more widely covered than previously including TCP protocol over WCDMA packet
`channels, base station and mobile performance requirements and WCDMA for Amer—
`icas—WCDMA1900.
`
`This book is aimed at operators, network and terminal manufacturers, service providers,
`university students and frequency regulators. A deep understanding of the WCDMA air
`interface, its capabilities and its optimal usage is the key to success in the UMTS business.
`This book represents the views and opinions of the authors, and dees not necessarily
`represent the views of their employers.
`
` Ericsson Exhibit 1007
`
`Page 15
`
`Ericsson Exhibit 1007
`Page 15
`
`

`

`
`
`6 P
`
`hysical Layer
`
`Antti Toskala
`
`6.1
`
`Introduction
`
`er :4 ies‘r‘eei Tee nhysical layer
`In this chapter the WCDMA (UTRA FDD: pr- eérr
`
`teen difterent cellular
`of the radio interface has been typically the 5
`
`'e-r SLflJCELtres naturally
`systems have been compared against each u
`.
`
`relate directly to the achievable performance isSLsz-
`'ngle link between
`
`
`a terminal station and a base station. For tn: :1 e
`
`the other layers, such as handover protocols
`
`
`
`'
`physical Sayer. since the
`
`
`physical layer defines the fundamentai care
`.. "line performance of the WCDMA
`.
`
`
`.
`physical layer is described in detail a1 C}
`
`
`in equipment complexity with respect to the
`The physical layer has a major int;
`
`required baseband processing power ir. the
`'
`a1 station and base station equipment. As
`well as the diversity benefits on the GET"
`ce side. the wideband nature of WCDMA
`
`also offers new challenges in its I
`‘
`~1on. As third generation systems are wide
`
`as veil. the physical layer cannot be designed around
`band from the service point of vie
`only a single service, such as 5 teen: more flexibility is needed for future service intro-
`duction. The new requirements of the third generation systems and for the air interface are
`summarised in Section 1.4. This chapter presents the WCDMA physical layer solutions
`to meet those requirements.
`This chapter uses the term 'terrninal’ for the user equipment. In 3GPP terminology
`the terms User Equipment (UE) and Mobile Equipment (ME) are often used, the differ—
`ence being that UE also covers the Subscriber Identification Module (SIM) as shown in
`Chapter 5, in which the UTRA network architecture is presented. The term ‘base station’
`is also used throughout this chapter, though in part of the 3GPP specifications the term
`Node B is used to represent the parts of the base station that contain the relevant parts
`from the physical layer perspective. The UTRA FDD physical layer specifications are
`contained in references [l—S].
`
`
`
`WCDMA for UMTS, edited by Harri Holma and Antti Toskala
`© 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
`
`Ericsson Exhibit 1007
`
`Page 16
`
`Ericsson Exhibit 1007
`Page 16
`
`

`

`86
`
`WCDMA for UMTS
`
`This chapter has been divided as follows. First, the transport channels are described
`together with their mapping to different physical channels in Section 6.2. Spreading and
`modulation for uplink and downlink are presented in Section 6.3, and the physical chan-
`nels for user data and control data are described in Sections 6.4 and 6.5. In Section 6.6
`the key physical layer procedures= such as power control and handover measurements,
`
`which are mapped in the physical layer to different physical channels. The physical layer
`is required to support variable bit rate transport channels to offer bandwidth-on—demand
`services, and to be able to multiplex several services to one connection. This section
`presents the mapping of the transport channels to the physical channels, and how those
`
`is provided for each transport block. The transport channels may have a different number
`of blocks and at any moment not all the transport channels are necessarily active.
`One physical control channel and one or more physical data channels form a single
`
`The interface between higher layers and the physical laver is less relevant for terminal
`implementation, since basically even thing takes place within the same equipment, thus the
`interfacing here is rather a tool for specification work. For the network side the division of
`functions between physical and higher layers is more important, since there the interface
`between physical and higher layers is represented by the Tub-interface between the base
`station and Radio Network Controller (RNC) as described in Chapter 5. In the 3GPP
`specification the interfacing between ph rsical layer and higher layers is covered in [6].
`Two types of transport channels exist: dedicated channels and common channels. The
`main difference between them is that a common channel is a resource divided between all
`or a group of users in a cell, whereas a dedicated channel resource, identified by a certain
`
`
`
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`
`Page 17
`
`Ericsson Exhibit 1007
`Page 17
`
`

`

`
`
`87
`'
`'
`-
`-'
`-
`‘
`Physical Layer
`
`
`Transport ch 1.
`
`Transport ch 2.
`
`Transport block &
`
`Transport block &
`
`TF1
`
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`
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`u—Ex—————————vet—u—M—x—h—n—Te——————a— ——n—————~ ————a———~e—, ———————
`A
`\v
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`Phystcal layer
`,z’ \
`,’ x
`\
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`.
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`
`.
`
`Physical
`control ch
`
`Physical
`data ch
`
`TRANSMITTER
`
`Physical
`control ch
`
`Physical
`data ch'
`
`RECEIVER
`
`Figure 6.1. The interface between higher layers and the physical layer
`
`code on a certain frequency. is reserved for a single user only. The transport channels are
`compared in Section 10.3 for the transmission of packet data.
`
`6.2.1 Dedicated Transport Channel
`
`The only dedicated transport channel is the dedicated channel, for which the term DCH is
`used in the 25-series of the UTRJ. specification. The dedicated transport channel carries
`all the information intended for the given user coming from layers above the physical
`layer, including data for the actual service as well as higher layer control information.
`The content of the information carried on the DCH is not visible to the physical layer,
`thus higher layer control information and user data are treated in the same way. Naturally
`the physical layer parameters set by UIRAN may vary between control and data.
`The familiar GSM channels. the traffic channel (TRCH) or associated control channel
`(ACCT-I), do not exist in UTRA physical layer. The dedicated transport channel carries
`both the service data, such as Speech frames, and higher layer control information, such
`as handover commands or measurement reports from the terminal. In WCDMA a separate
`transport channel is not needed because of the support of variable bit rate and service
`multiplexing.
`The dedicated transport channel is characterised by features such as fast power control,
`fast data rate change on a frame—by—frame basis, and the possibility of transmission to
`a certain part of the cell or sector with varying antenna weights with adaptive antenna
`systems. The dedicated channel supports soft handover.
`
`6.2.2 Common Transport Channels
`
`There are currently six different common transport channel types defined for UTRA,
`which are introduced in the following sections. There are a few differences from second
`
`Ericsson Exhibit 1007
`
`Page 18
`
`
`
`Ericsson Exhibit 1007
`Page 18
`
`

`

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`(i) Payer: mh/w.;fiw+ymmml
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` "x m- ilitate-55¢t1) heyday Wig/W:88 WCDMA for UMTS
`
`
`
`
`their correct receipt.
`
`6.2.2.3 Paging Channel
`The Paging Channel (PCH) is a downlink transport channel that carries data relevant to
`the paging procedure, that is, when the network wants to initiate communication with the
`terminal. The simplest example is a speech cal! to the terminal: the network transmits
`the paging message to the terminal on the paging channel of those cells belonging to the
`transmitted in a single cell or in up to a few hundreds of cells. depending on the system
`configuration. The terminals must be able to receive the paging information in the Whole
`cell area. The design of the paging channel affects 3130 the tenninal‘s power consumption
`in the standby mode. The less otter: the terminai has to tune the receiver in to listen for a
`possible paging message. the longer trill the terminals battery last in the standby mode.
`
`
`
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`
`
`
`Ericsson Exhibit 1007
`
`Page 19
`
`Ericsson Exhibit 1007
`Page 19
`
`

`

` aWMWeW°
`
`'
`
`" "'1: ”'
`
`
`
`I
`
`'
`
`
`
`Physical Layer 89
`
`6.2.2.5 Uplink Common Packet Channel
`
`The uplink common packet channel (CPCH) is an extension to the RACH channel that is
`intended to carry packet-based user data in the uplink direction. The pair providing the data
`in the downlink direction is the FACH. in the physical layer. the main differences from
`the RACH are the use of fast power control. a physical layer-based collision detection
`mechanism and a CPCH status monitoring procedure. The uplink CPCl—l transmission
`may last several frames in contrast with one or two frames for the RACH message.
`
`6.2.2.6 Downlink Shared Channel
`
`CJ
`The downlink shared channel (DSCH) is a rrar ~=:-
`rt channel intended to carry dedicated
`
`user data and/or control information: it can L
`.ared by several users. In many respects
`
`it is similar to the forward access channel. but
`shared channel supports the use of fast
`power control as well as variable bit rate on a frame—hydrazine. basis. The DSCH does not
`
`need to be heard in the whole cell area at
`can employ the different modes of transmit
`antenna diversity methods that are used with fize associated downlink DCH. The downlink
`shared channel is always associated with a (lOVu'flllfili DCH.
`
`6.2.2.7 Required Transport Channels
`The common transport channels needed for tit
`and PCH, while the use of DSCH and CFC; is
`network.
`
`
`
`6.2.3 Mapping of Transport Channel-t
`
`.9}: Physical Channels
`
`
`The different transport channels are mai - a;
`ifferent physical channels. though some
`
`
`of the transport channels are carried ‘93.
`J tor even the same) physical channel.
`
`
`The transport channel to physical channe.
`fining is illustrated in Figure 6.2.
`
`In addition to the transport channels ir.
`ed earlier, there exist physical channels
`to carry only information relevant
`to physical
`layer procedures. The Synchronisation
`Channel (SCH), the Common Pilot Channel (CPICl-l) and the Acquisition Indication
`Channel (AICH) are not directly visible to higher layers and are mandatory from the
`system function point of view. to be transmitted from every base station. The CPCH Status
`Indication Channel (CSICH) and the Collision Detection/Channel Assignment Indication
`Channel (CD/CA-ICH) are needed if CPCI—l is used.
`
`The dedicated channel (DCH) is mapped onto two physical channels. The Dedicated
`Physical Data Channel (DPDCH) carries higher layer information, including user data,
`while the Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH) carries the necessary physical
`layer control information. These two dedicated physical channels are needed to support
`efficiently the variable bit rate in the physical layer. The bit rate of DPCCH is constant,
`while the bit rate of DPDCH can change from frame to frame.
`
`6.2.4 Frams Structure of fiansport Channels
`
`The UTRA channels use the 10 ms radio frame structure. The longer period used is
`the system frame period. The System Frame Number (SFN) is a 12-bit number used by
`several procedures that span more than a single frame. Physical layer procedures, such as
`the paging procedure or random access procedure, are examples of procedures that need
`a longer period than 10 ms for correct definition.
`
`Ericsson Exhibit 1007
`
`Page 20
`
`
`
`Ericsson Exhibit 1007
`Page 20
`
`

`

`
`
`9D WCDMA for UMTSN
`
`Transport Channels
`Physical Channels
`BCH R Primary Common Control Physical Channel (PCCPCH)
`FACH 7 Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (SCCPCH)
`PCH
`
`RACH ——*———+ Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
`OCH Y Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH)
`Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH)
`DSCH “——_— Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
`CPCH ———~—~—~_
`Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH)
`Synchronisation Channel (SCH)
`
`Common Pilot Channel (CPiCi-i)
`
`Acquisition Indication Channel (AICH)
`
`Paging Indication Channel (PICH)
`
`CPCH Status Indication Channel (CSlCH)
`Collision Detection/Channel Assignment Indicator Channel
`(CD/CA-ICH)
`
`Figure 6.2. Transport-channel to physicalechannel mapping
`
`6.3 Spreading and Modulation
`
`6.3.1 Scrambling
`
`The conce