USOO6983166B2
`
`(12) United States Patent
`Shiu et al.
`
`(10) Patent No.:
`(45) Date of Patent:
`
`US 6,983,166 B2
`Jan. 3, 2006
`
`(*) Notice:
`
`(54) POWER CONTROL FOR A CHANNEL WITH
`MULTIPLE FORMATS INA
`COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
`(75) Inventors: Da-shan Shiu, San Jose, CA (US);
`Serge Willenegger, Onnens (CH);
`Richard Chi, Santa Clara, CA (US);
`Parvathanathan Subrahmanya,
`Sunnyvale, CA (US); Chih-Ping Hsu,
`San Diego, CA (US)
`(73) Assignee: Qualcomm, Incorporated, San Diego,
`CA (US)
`Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this
`patent is extended or adjusted under 35
`U.S.C. 154(b) by 597 days.
`(21) Appl. No.: 09/933,604
`(22) Filed:
`Aug. 20, 2001
`(65)
`Prior Publication Data
`US 2003/0036403 A1
`Feb. 20, 2003
`(51) Int. Cl.
`(2006.01)
`H04O 7/20
`(52) U.S. Cl. ..................... 455/522; 455/69; 455/127.1;
`370/342
`(58) Field of Classification Search ................ 455/522,
`455/69, 68, 67.1, 67.2, 226.1, 127.1, 343.1;
`370/320, 252, 348,337,342
`See application file for complete Search history.
`
`(56)
`
`References Cited
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`5,056,109 A 10/1991 Gilhousen et al.
`
`5,265,119 A 11/1993 Gilhousen et al.
`5,903,554 A 5/1999 Saints
`6,097.972 A 8/2000 Saints et al.
`6,654,922 B1* 11/2003 Numminen et al. ........ 714/748
`6,754,506 B2 *
`6/2004 Chang et al. ............... 455/522
`2002/0009061 A1* 1/2002 Willenegger ......
`... 370/328
`2002/0054578 A1* 5/2002 Zhang et al. .....
`... 370/328
`2002/0136.192 A1
`9/2002 Holma et al. ............... 370/347
`* cited by examiner
`
`Primary Examiner Tilahun Gesesse
`(74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Philip R. Wadsworth; Thien
`T. Nguyen
`
`(57)
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`Techniques to more efficiently control the transmit power for
`a data transmission that uses a number of formats (e.g., rates,
`transport formats). Different formats for a given data chan
`nel (e.g., transport channel) may require different target
`SNIRS to achieved a particular BLER. In one aspect, indi
`vidual target BLER may be specified for each format of each
`data channel. In another aspect, various power control
`schemes are provided to achieve different target SNIRS for
`different formats. In a first power control scheme, multiple
`individual Outer loops are maintained for multiple formats.
`For each format, its associated outer loop attempts to Set the
`target SNIR such that the target BLER specified for that
`format is achieved. In a Second power control Scheme,
`multiple individual outer loops are maintained and the base
`Station further applies different adjustments to the transmit
`power levels for different formats.
`
`8 Claims, 14 Drawing Sheets
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`Start
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`72
`Receive TTI) containing
`TrCH(k), k=t,2,..., K
`
`via
`
`71.
`Determine TF(i) of TrCH(k),
`i=1,2,...,N.
`
`78
`Determine if any transport
`block for TrcH(k) in TTI(r)
`was received in error
`
`Any
`error block
`
`720
`
`SNR(n+1) =
`SNIRITE(n)t AUPrict
`
`YES
`
`Determine SNR(n+1) as
`max{SNR(n+1)}
`for alkan alli
`
`SNLR(n+1) =
`SNIRrot(n) - ADNickTF
`
`
`
`Ericsson Exhibit 1008
`Page 1
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`

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`U.S. Patent
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`Jan. 3, 2006
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`Sheet 1 of 14
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`US 6,983,166 B2
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`Ericsson Exhibit 1008
`Page 2
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`U.S. Patent
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`Jan. 3, 2006
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`Sheet 2 of 14
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`US 6,983,166 B2
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`Transports Block for
`Transport Channel 1
`
`Transports Block for
`Transport Channel 2
`
`CRC Attachment
`
`22
`
`Transport Block
`Concatenaton/Code
`Block Segmentation
`
`214
`
`Channel Coding
`
`216
`
`Rate Matching
`
`1ST insertion of
`DTX indication
`
`28
`
`220
`
`1ST interleaving
`
`222
`
`Rate Matching
`
`O
`
`Radio Frane
`Segmentation
`---7------------------------------- v--
`
`224
`
`Transport Channel
`Multiplexing
`
`2ND Insertion of
`DTX indication
`
`Physical Channel
`Segmentation
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`2ND Interleaving
`
`Physical Channel
`Mapping
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`232
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`234
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`236
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`re-238
`O
`Pr240
`O
`
`Physical
`Channel
`
`Physical
`Channel 2
`
`FIG. 2A
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`Ericsson Exhibit 1008
`Page 3
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`U.S. Patent
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`Jan. 3, 2006
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`Sheet 3 of 14
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`US 6,983,166 B2
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`Physical
`Channel 1
`
`Physical
`Channel 2
`
`2ND De-interleaving
`
`OO)
`
`Physical Channel
`Concatenation
`
`2ND Removal of
`DTX indication
`
`Transport Channel
`Demultiplexing
`
`254
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`256
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`258
`
`260a
`- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - sm
`
`as as
`
`an us as
`
`260b
`as as999 - - - - - -
`
`Radio Frame
`Concatenation
`
`262
`
`1st De-Interleaving
`
`264
`
`1ST Removal of
`DTX Indication
`
`266
`
`Inverse Rate Matching
`
`8 ---
`
`268
`- - - - - - -
`
`Inverse Rate Matching
`
`O)
`- - - - - - - -
`
`Channel Decoding
`
`270
`
`
`
`Decode Block
`Concatenation/Transport
`Block Segmentation
`
`CRC Parity Check
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`274
`
`- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - eas so as p as an o
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`Transport Blocks for
`Transport Channel 1
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`Transport Blocks for
`Transport Channel 2
`FIG. 2B
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`Ericsson Exhibit 1008
`Page 4
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`Ericsson Exhibit 1008
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`U.S. Patent
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`Jan. 3, 2006
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`Ericsson Exhibit 1008
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`Ericsson Exhibit 1008
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`U.S. Patent
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`Jan. 3, 2006
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`Sheet 8 of 14
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`US 6,983,166 B2
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`Receive TTI(n) containing
`TrCH(k), k = 1,2,..., K
`
`k
`
`716
`Determine TF(i) of TrCH(k),
`i = 1,2,..., N
`
`718
`Determine if any transport
`block for TrCH(k) in TTI(n)
`WaS received in error
`
`Any
`
`720
`
`
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`SNIRrot(n+1) =
`SNIRTckTF(n) + AUPro
`
`Determine SNIR (n+1) as
`max (SNIRrce (n+1)}
`for all k and all i
`
`
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`FIG. 7
`
`734
`NIRrot(n) SNYES
`SNIR(n)?
`
`SNIRrot(n+1)
`= SN Ricktf(n)
`
`
`
`SNIRrot(n+1) =
`SNIRrot(n) - ADNick
`
`Ericsson Exhibit 1008
`Page 9
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`

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`US. Patent
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`Jan. 3, 2006
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`Sheet 9 0f 14
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`US 6,983,166 132
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`U.S. Patent
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`Jan. 3
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`9
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`Sheet 10 of 14
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`983,166 B2
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`983,166 B2
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`U.S. Patent
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`Jan. 3, 2006
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`Sheet 12 of 14
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`US 6,983,166 B2
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`Receive TT (n) containing
`TrCH(k), k = 1,2,..., K
`
`Determine SNIR(n) as
`max{SNIRrot(n)}
`for all k and with ilimited
`to TFs received in TTI(n)
`fif4
`
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`Determine TF(i) of TrCH(k),
`i = 1, 2, ..., N
`
`Determine if any transport
`block for TrCH(k) in TTI(n)
`was received in error
`
`Any
`
`1 20
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`
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`SNIRrot(n+1) =
`SNRTckTFe(r) + AUProTF
`
`
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`
`Determine SNIR (n+1) as
`max (SN Rickfire (n+1 )}
`for all k and all i
`
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`f 46
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`SNRickFe(n)
`SNR(n)?
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`
`SNRITE(n+1)
`= SNIRIce (n)
`
`SNIRrete (n+1) =
`SNRick Fiel (n) -
`ADNTckTF
`
`
`
`F.G. ff
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`Ericsson Exhibit 1008
`Page 13
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`U.S. Patent
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`Jan. 3, 2006
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`Sheet 13 of 14
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`US 6,983,166 B2
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`Jan. 3, 2006
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`Sheet 14 0f 14
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`US 6,983,166 132
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`Ericsson Exhibit 1008
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`US 6,983,166 B2
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`1
`POWER CONTROL FOR A CHANNEL WITH
`MULTIPLE FORMATS INA
`COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
`
`BACKGROUND
`
`1. Field
`The present invention relates generally to data commu
`nication, and more Specifically to techniques for controlling
`the transmit power of a data transmission that uses multiple
`formats (e.g., rates, transport formats) as Supported by a
`communication System using power control (e.g.,
`W-CDMA).
`2. Background
`In a wireleSS communication System, a user with a ter
`minal (e.g., a cellular phone) communicates with another
`user via transmissions on the downlink and uplink through
`one or more base Stations. The downlink (i.e., forward link)
`refers to transmission from the base Station to the terminal,
`and the uplink (i.e., reverse link) refers to transmission from
`the terminal to the base station. The downlink and uplink are
`typically allocated different frequencies.
`In a Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) system, the
`total transmit power available for a base Station is typically
`indicative of the total downlink capacity for that base Station
`Since data may be concurrently transmitted to a number of
`terminals over the same frequency band. A portion of the
`total available transmit power is allocated to each active
`terminal Such that the aggregate transmit power for all active
`terminals is less than or equal to the total available transmit
`power.
`To maximize the downlink capacity, a power control
`mechanism is typically used to minimize power consump
`tion and interference while maintaining the desired level of
`performance. Conventionally, this power control mechanism
`is implemented with two power control loops. The first
`power control loop (often referred to as an “inner power
`control loop, or simply, the inner loop) adjusts the transmit
`power to each terminal Such that the Signal quality of the
`transmission received at the terminal (e.g., as measured by
`a signal-to-noise-plus-interference ratio (SNIR)) is main
`tained at a particular target SNIR. This target SNIR is often
`referred to as the power control setpoint (or simply, the
`Setpoint). The Second power control loop (often referred to
`as an “outer power control loop, or simply, the outer loop)
`adjusts the target SNIR such that the desired level of
`performance (e.g., as measured by a particular target block
`error rate (BLER), frame error rate (FER), or bit error rate
`(BER)) is maintained. By minimizing the amount of trans
`mit power while maintaining the target BLER, increased
`System capacity and reduced delays in Serving users can be
`achieved.
`AW-CDMA system supports data transmission on one or
`more transport channels, and one or more transport formats
`may be used for each transport channel. Each transport
`format defines various processing parameterS Such as the
`transmission time interval (TTI) over which the transport
`format applies, the size of each transport block of data, the
`number of transport blocks within each TTI, the coding
`scheme to be used for the TTI, and so on. The use of multiple
`transport formats allows different types or rates of data to be
`transmitted over a Single transport channel.
`The W-CDMA standard currently permits one target
`BLER to be specified by the base station for each transport
`channel, regardless of the number of transport formats that
`may be Selected for use for the transport channel. Each
`transport format may be associated with a different code
`
`15
`
`25
`
`35
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`40
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`45
`
`50
`
`55
`
`60
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`65
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`2
`block length, which may in turn require a different target
`SNIR to achieve the target BLER. (For W-CDMA, the code
`block length is determined by the transport block size, which
`is specified by the transport format.) In W-CDMA, one or
`more transport channels are multiplexed together in a Single
`physical channel, whose transmit power is adjusted through
`power control. Using the conventional power control
`mechanism, the inner power control loop would adjust the
`target SNIR based on the received transport blocks to
`achieve the target BLER or better for each transport channel.
`Since different transport formats may require different
`target SNIRs to achieve the target BLER, the average
`transmit power for the physical channel may fluctuate
`depending on the Specific Sequence of transport formats
`Selected for use in the constituent transport channel(s) (i.e.,
`the relative frequency of the transport formats and their
`ordering). And Since the outer and inner loops take Some
`amount of time to converge, each time the transport format
`is changed, a transient occurs until the loops converge on the
`target SNIR for the new transport format. During this
`transient time, the actual BLER may be much greater or leSS
`than the target BLER, which would then result in degraded
`performance and lower System capacity.
`There is therefore a need in the art for an improved power
`control mechanism for a (e.g., W-CDMA) communication
`System capable of transmitting data on one or more transport
`channels using multiple transport formats.
`
`SUMMARY
`
`Aspects of the invention provide techniques to more
`efficiently control the transmit power for a data transmission
`over a power-controlled channel that includes one or many
`data channels, with each data channel being associated with
`one or more formats (e.g., rates, transport formats as defined
`in W-CDMA, and so on). As used herein, a data channel
`refers to any signaling path for information (e.g., traffic or
`control) for which there is one or more associated data
`integrity Specifications on the information (e.g., BLER,
`FER, and/or BER specification). The invention recognizes
`that different formats for a given data channel (e.g., a
`transport channel in W-CDMA) may require different target
`SNIRS to achieved a particular BLER. Various schemes are
`provided herein to effectively treat these different formats as
`“individual' transmissions with their own performance
`requirements, while reducing the Overall transmit power for
`the data transmission. For clarity, various aspects and
`embodiments are described specifically for W-CDMA
`whereby multiple transport formats may be defined for each
`transport channel, and one or more transport channels are
`multiplexed onto a physical channel. However, the tech
`niques described herein may also be applied to other Systems
`whereby multiple formats are defined for each data channel,
`and one or more data channels are multiplexed onto a single
`power-controlled channel.
`In one aspect, a particular target BLER may be specified
`for each transport format of each transport channel used for
`a data transmission, instead of a single target BLER for all
`transport formats of each transport channel. If N transport
`formats are available for use for a given transport channel,
`then up to N target BLERS may be specified for the transport
`channel.
`In another aspect, various power control Schemes are
`provided to achieve different target SNIRS for different
`transport formats. These Schemes may be used to achieve
`different target BLERS specified for different transport for
`mats (i.e., different code block lengths), which typically
`
`Ericsson Exhibit 1008
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`3
`require different target SNIRS. These schemes may also be
`used if a Single target BLER is Specified for all transport
`formats of a given transport channel, Since different trans
`port formats may require different target SNIRs to achieve
`the same target BLER.
`In a first power control Scheme for achieving different
`target SNIRS for different transport formats, multiple indi
`vidual Outer loops are maintained for multiple transport
`formats. For each transport format, its associated outer loop
`attempts to set the target SNIR such that the target BLER
`specified for that transport format is achieved. The multiple
`individual outer loops would then form an overall outer loop
`that operates in conjunction with the (common) inner loop to
`derive the proper power control commands for all transport
`formats.
`In a Second power control Scheme for achieving different
`target SNIRS for different transport formats, multiple indi
`vidual Outer loops are maintained for multiple transport
`formats, and the base Station further applies different adjust
`ments to the transmit power levels for different transport
`formats. The base Station has knowledge of the Specific
`transport format(s) that will be used for an upcoming
`transmission time interval (TTI) and can also participate in
`the power control by adjusting the transmit power for the
`data transmission based on the actual transport format(s)
`Selected for use.
`In one embodiment of the Second Scheme, the base Station
`is provided with a table of power offsets for the available
`transport formats, which can be computed based on the
`relative difference in the target SNIRs required for the
`transport formats to achieve their target BLERs. For each
`TTI, the base station selects one or more transport formats
`for use for the TTI, retrieves from the table the power offset
`for each Selected transport format, and transmits at a power
`level determined in part by the power offset(s) for the
`Selected transport format(s). The base Stations (transport
`format dependent) power adjustment may be made only to
`the data portion of a transmitted frame while the transmit
`power level for the remaining portion of the transmitted
`frame can be maintained (i.e., not adjusted based on trans
`port format).
`In another embodiment of the Second Scheme, the termi
`nal assists in the determination of the power offsets (which
`are updated via a third power control loop) and provides
`updates for the power offsets to the base Station based on a
`particular update Scheme (e.g., periodically, as necessary,
`upon fulfillment of one or more conditions, and So on).
`The various aspects and embodiments of the invention
`may be applied to any communication System that uses
`multiple formats for a Single power-controlled channel.
`Multiple formats or rates may be supported by the use of
`multiple transport formats in W-CDMA and by other mecha
`nisms in other CDMA standards. The techniques described
`herein may also be applied to the uplink as well as the
`downlink.
`The invention further provides methods, power control
`mechanisms, apparatus, and other elements that implement
`various aspects, embodiments, and features of the invention,
`as described in further detail below.
`
`BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
`
`The features, nature, and advantages of the present inven
`tion will become more apparent from the detailed descrip
`tion set forth below when taken in conjunction with the
`drawings in which like reference characters identify corre
`spondingly throughout and wherein:
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`FIG. 1 is a diagram of a wireleSS communication System
`that Supports a number of users and is capable of imple
`menting various aspects and embodiments of the invention;
`FIGS. 2A and 2B are diagrams of the Signal processing at
`a base Station and a terminal, respectively, for a downlink
`data transmission in accordance with the W-CDMA stan
`dard;
`FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate two different transport formats
`that may be used for two different transport channels;
`FIG. 4 is a diagram of a frame format and a slot format
`for a downlink DPCH defined by the W-CDMA standard;
`FIG. 5 is a diagram of a downlink power control mecha
`nism capable of implementing various aspects and embodi
`ments of the invention;
`FIG. 6 illustrates a first power control scheme whereby
`multiple individual outer loops are maintained to control the
`transmit power of a data transmission that uses multiple
`transport formats,
`FIG. 7 is a flow diagram of an embodiment of a process
`performed at the terminal to maintain a number of individual
`outer loops for a number of transport formats based on the
`first power control Scheme,
`FIG. 8 illustrates a second power control scheme whereby
`multiple individual outer loops are maintained and transport
`format dependent power adjustment is made at the base
`Station;
`FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating a specific implementation
`of the Second power control Scheme;
`FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a third
`power control loop to maintain power offsets for multiple
`transport formats,
`FIG. 11 is a flow diagram of an embodiment of a process
`performed at the terminal to maintain a number of individual
`outer loops for a number of transport formats based on the
`Second power control Scheme; and
`FIGS. 12 and 13 are block diagrams of an embodiment of
`the base Station and the terminal, respectively.
`
`DETAILED DESCRIPTION
`
`FIG. 1 is a diagram of a wireleSS communication System
`100 that supports a number of users and is capable of
`implementing various aspects and embodiments of the
`invention. System 100 includes a number of base stations
`104 that provide coverage for a number of geographic
`regions 102. A base Station is also referred to as a base
`transceiver system (BTS) (in IS-95), an access point (in
`IS-856), or a Node B (in W-CDMA). The base station and/or
`its coverage area are also often referred to as a cell. System
`100 may be designed to implement any combination of one
`or more CDMA standards such as IS-95, cdma2000, IS-856,
`W-CDMA, and other standards. These standards are known
`in the art and incorporated herein by reference.
`As shown in FIG. 1, various terminals 106 are dispersed
`throughout the System. A terminal is also referred to as a
`mobile Station, an access terminal (in IS-856), or a user
`equipment (UE) (in W-CDMA). In an embodiment, each
`terminal 106 may communicate with one or more base
`Stations 104 on the downlink and uplink at any given
`moment, depending on whether or not the terminal is active
`and whether or not it is in Soft handoff. As shown in FIG. 1,
`base station 104a communicates with terminals 106a, 106b,
`106c, and 106d, and base station 104b communicates with
`terminals 106d, 106e, and 106f. Terminal 106d is in soft
`handoff and concurrently communicates with base Stations
`104a and 104b.
`
`Ericsson Exhibit 1008
`Page 17
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`S
`In system 100, a system controller 102 couples to base
`stations 104 and may further couple to a public Switched
`telephone network (PSTN) and/or one or more packet data
`serving node (PDSN). System controller 102 provides coor
`dination and control for the base Stations coupled to it.
`System controller 102 further controls the routing of calls
`among terminals 106, and between terminals 106 and the
`PDSN or other users coupled to the PSTN (e.g., conven
`tional telephones). System controller 102 is often referred to
`as a base station controller (BSC) or a radio network
`controller (RNC).
`FIG. 2A is a diagram of the Signal processing at a base
`Station for a downlink data transmission, in accordance with
`the W-CDMA standard. The upper signaling layers of a
`W-CDMA system support data transmission on one or more
`transport channels to a Specific terminal, with each transport
`channel being capable of carrying data for one or more
`Services. These Services may include Voice, Video, packet
`data, and So on, which are collectively referred to herein as
`“data.
`The data for each transport channel is processed based on
`one or more transport formats Selected for that transport
`channel. Each transport format defines various processing
`parameters Such as a transmission time interval (TTI) over
`which the transport format applies, the size of each transport
`block of data, the number of transport blocks within each
`TTI, the coding scheme to be used for the TTI, and so on.
`The TTI may be specified as 10 msec, 20 msec, 40 msec, or
`80 msec. Each TTI can be used to transmit a transport block
`Set having N equal-sized transport blocks, as specified by
`the transport format for the TTI. For each transport channel,
`the transport format can dynamically change from TTI to
`TTI, and the set of transport formats that may be used for the
`transport channel is referred to as the transport format Set.
`As shown in FIG. 2A, the data for each transport channel
`is provided, in one or more transport blocks for each TTI, to
`a respective transport channel processing Section 210.
`Within each processing Section 210, each transport block is
`used to calculate a set of cyclic redundancy check (CRC)
`bits, in block 212. The CRC bits are attached to the transport
`block and are used at the terminal for block error detection.
`The one or more CRC coded blocks for each TTI are then
`Serially concatenated together, in block 214. If the total
`number of bits after concatenation is greater than the maxi
`mum size of a code block, then the bits are Segmented into
`a number of (equal-sized) code blocks. The maximum code
`block size is determined by the particular coding Scheme
`(e.g., convolutional, Turbo, or no coding) Selected for use for
`the current TTI, which is specified by the transport format.
`Each code block is then coded with the Selected coding
`Scheme or not coded at all, in block 216, to generate coded
`bits.
`Rate matching is then performed on the coded bits in
`accordance with a rate-matching attribute assigned by higher
`Signaling layerS and Specified by the transport format, in
`block 218. On the uplink, bits are repeated or punctured (i.e.,
`deleted) such that the number of bits to be transmitted
`matches the number of available bit positions. On the
`downlink, unused bit positions are filled with discontinuous
`transmission (DTX) bits, in block 220. The DTX bits
`indicate when a transmission should be turned off and are
`not actually transmitted.
`The rate-matched bits for each TTI are then interleaved in
`accordance with a particular interleaving Scheme to provide
`time diversity, in block 222. In accordance with the
`W-CDMA standard, the interleaving is performed over the
`TTI, which can be selected as 10 msec, 20 msec, 40 msec,
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`or 80 msec. When the selected TTI is longer than 10 msec,
`the bits within the TTI are segmented and mapped onto
`consecutive transport channel frames, in block 224. Each
`transport channel frame corresponds to the portion of the
`TTI that is to be transmitted over a (10 msec) physical
`channel radio frame period (or simply, a "frame').
`In W-CDMA, data to be transmitted to a particular
`terminal is processed as one or more transport channels at a
`higher signaling layer. The transport channels are then
`mapped to one or more physical channels assigned to the
`terminal for a communication (e.g., a call). In W-CDMA, a
`downlink dedicated physical channel (downlink DPCH) is
`typically assigned to each terminal for the duration of a
`communication. The downlink DPCH is used to carry the
`transport channel data in a time-division multiplexed man
`ner along with control data (e.g., pilot, power control
`information, and so on). The downlink DPCH may thus be
`Viewed as a multiplex of a downlink dedicated physical data
`channel (DPDCH) and a downlink dedicated physical con
`trol channel (DPCCH), as described below. The transport
`channel data is mapped only to the DPDCH, while the
`DPCCH includes the physical layer signaling information.
`The transport channel frames from all active transport
`channel processing Sections 210 are Serially multiplexed into
`a coded composite transport channel (CCTrCH), in block
`232. DTX bits may then be inserted into the multiplexed
`radio frames Such that the number of bits to be transmitted
`matches the number of available bit positions on one or more
`“physical channels' to be used for the data transmission, in
`block 234. If more than one physical channel is used, then
`the bits are Segmented among the physical channels, in block
`236. The bits in each frame for each physical channel are
`then further interleaved to provide additional time diversity,
`at block 238. The interleaved bits are then mapped to the
`data portions of their respective physical channels, at block
`240. The Subsequent Signal processing to generate a modu
`lated Signal Suitable for transmission from the base Station to
`the terminal is known in the art and not described herein.
`FIG.2B is a diagram of the Signal processing at a terminal
`for the downlink data transmission, in accordance with the
`W-CDMA standard. The signal processing shown in FIG.
`2B is complementary to that shown in FIG. 2A. Initially, the
`modulated Signal is received, conditioned, digitized, and
`processed to provide Symbols for each physical channel used
`for the data transmission. Each Symbol has a particular
`resolution (e.g., 4-bit) and corresponds to a transmitted bit.
`The Symbols in each frame for each physical channel are
`de-interleaved, in block 252, and the de-interleaved symbols
`from all physical channels are concatenated, in block 254.
`The Symbols are then demultiplexed into various transport
`channels, in block 258. The radio frames for each transport
`channel are then provided to a respective transport channel
`processing Section 260.
`Within each transport channel processing Section 260, the
`transport channel radio frames are concatenated into trans
`port block sets, in block 262. Each transport block set
`includes one or more transport channel radio frames a
`respective TTI. The symbols within each transport block set
`are de-interleaved, in block 264, and non-transmitted Sym
`bols are removed, in block 266. Inverse rate matching (or
`de-rate matching) is then performed to accumulate repeated
`Symbols and insert "erasures” for punctured Symbols, in
`block 268. Each coded block in the transport block set is
`then decoded, in block 270, and the decoded blocks are
`concatenated and Segmented into one or more transport
`blocks, in block 272. Each transport block is then checked
`for error using the CRC bits attached to the transport block,
`
`Ericsson Exhibit 1008
`Page 18
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`US 6,983,166 B2
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`in block 274. For each transport channel, one or more
`decoded transport blocks are provided for each TTI.
`FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate two different transport formats
`that may be used for two different transport channels. AS
`noted above, each transport channel may be associated with
`a respective transport format Set, which includes one or more
`transport formats available for use for the transport channel.
`Each transport format defines, among other parameters, the
`Size of the transport block and the number of transport
`blocks in a TTI.
`FIG. 3A illustrates a transport format set whereby one
`transport block is transmitted for each TTI, with the trans
`port blocks for different transport formats having different
`sizes. This transport format Set may be used, for example, for
`voice service whereby an adaptive multi-rate (AMR) speech
`coder may be used to provide a full rate (FR) frame, a silence
`descriptor (SID) frame, or a no-data (NULL or DTX) frame
`every 20 msec depending on the speech contents. The TTI
`can then be selected as 20 msec. FR frames are provided
`during periods of active speech, and a SID frame is typically
`sent once every 160 msec during periods of Silence (i.e.,
`pauses). In general, shorter transport blocks may be sent
`when there is no (or less) voice activity and longer transport
`blocks may be sent when there is (more) voice activity. The
`NULL frame is sent during periods of silence when SID is
`not Sent.
`FIG. 3B illustrates a transport format set whereby one or
`more transport blocks are transmitted for each TTI, with the
`transport blocks for different transport formats having dif
`ferent sizes. This transport format Set may be used, for
`example, to Support multiple Services on a given transport
`channel. For example, a non-real time Service (e.g., packet
`data) may be multiplexed with a real time Service (e.g.,
`voice). In this case, additional transport blocks may be used
`to Support the non-realtime Service whe