RUNNING A
`PERFECT ,
`AORMND
`
`NA0Usl
`
`Turn Your UNIX Machineinto a
`Fully Functional Web Server
`
`Everything you need
`to set up your own
`World Wide Web server
`
`Learn howto create
`and manage a
`powerful intranet
`Py)atic)g
`
`Discover why
`Apache’s newfeatures
`have madeit the most
`popular Web server
`
`for UNIX*!
`
`APACHE
`
`CD-ROM includes all the
`tools and utilities you
`a \
`need to set up a World
`) Wide Website, including
`the Apache Web Server
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1007
`Page1
`
`Brian Behlendorf and David Chandler
`
`a
`
`J
`
`}
`
`7
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1007
`Page 1
`
`

`

`Here's what people are saying about Running
`a Perfect Web Site with Apache ...
`
`"Running a Perfect Web Site with Apache is a must-have for Webmasters of all
`levels of experience. It helps beginners clear the first, most difficult hurdle of
`installing their servers, but provides clear explanations for the more subtle
`points of configuration that leave even the most experienced Webmasters
`scratching their heads. This book is an essential piece of documentation for
`anyone setting up a server-from a small personal set of pages to a corporate
`intranet or high-powered commercial site. This book simplifies even the most
`cryptic aspects of the process."
`
`Sean Welch
`Webmaster
`HotWired
`
`'
`
`1Running a Perfect Web Site with Apache is a handy, no-nonsense overview for
`Apache users. If you're running Apache, this book deserves a spot in your
`toolbelt. It's the first real, comprehensive book on Apache. fl
`
`Kevin Hughes
`Webmaster
`Enterprise Integration Technologies
`
`"The authors have put together an impressive collection of information for
`Webmasters wanting to run a perfect Web site. Everything you need, from
`planning to final execution and maintenance, is there. The juxtaposition of
`technical facts with real-world advice and the software collection on the CD
`makes this a valuable asset to anyone running a Web server.fl
`
`Tony Sanders
`Member of Technical Staff
`Berkeley Software Design, Inc.
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1007
`Page 2
`
`

`

`...
`
`l'ICRQSOrl
`
`(NY ,rs You 10
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`
`Running a Perfect
`Web Site with
`Apache
`
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`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1007
`Page 3
`
`

`

`Check out Que® Books
`on the World Wide Web
`http:/ /www.mcp.com/ que
`
`As the biggest software release in computer history,
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`• Stay informed on the latest industry trends and products available
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`0 u e ® Copyrigl,i O 1996, -.nillon c.mp.,.r Mlbhing-USA, AV'°'""' Company
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1007
`Page 4
`
`

`

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`
`Running a Perfect
`Web Site with
`Apache
`
`Written by
`Brian Behlendorf and David M . Chandler
`with
`Lee Brintle
`Rich Casselberry
`and contributions by
`Tobin Anthony
`Chris Hubbard
`Rick Darnell
`Eric Ladd
`Noel Estabrook
`Robert Parker
`Jeffrey Graber
`Crispen A. Scott
`
`Ml3813:+#li;JSlii•iii§l•i•l*iMta•t-J3
`
`E: p
`
`~ SHES
`
`THI. \X'ORI I)
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1007
`Page 5
`
`

`

`Running a Perfect Web Site with Apache
`
`Copyright©l996 by QueQ!> Corporation.
`
`ALI rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this book may be
`used or reproduced in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval
`system, without prior written permission of the publisher except in the case of brief
`quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Making copies of any part of this
`book for any purpose other than your own personal use is a violation of United States
`copyright laws. For information, address Que Corporation, 201 W. 103rd Street, India(cid:173)
`napolis, IN 46290. You may reach Que's direct sales line by calling 1-800-428-5331.
`
`Library of Congress Catalog No.: 96-68043
`
`ISBN: 0-7897-0745-4
`
`This book is sold as is, without warranty of any kind, either express or implied, respect(cid:173)
`ing the contents of this book, including but not limited to implied warranties for the
`book's quality, performance, merchantability, or fitness for any particular purpose.
`Neither Que Corporation nor its dealers or distributors shall be liable to the purchaser
`or any other person or entity with respect to any liability, loss, or damage caused or
`alleged to have been caused directly or indirectly by this book.
`
`98 97 96
`
`6 S 4 3 2 1
`
`Interpretation of the printing code: the rightmost double-digit number is the year of
`the book's printing; the rightmost single-digit number, the number of the book's print(cid:173)
`ing. For example, a printing code of 96-1 shows that the first printing of the book
`occurred in 1996.
`
`All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks
`have been appropriately capitalized. Que cannot attest to the accuracy of this informa(cid:173)
`tion. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any
`trademark or service mark.
`
`Screen reproductions in this book were created using Collage Plus from Inner Media,
`Inc., Hollis, NH.
`
`Composed in Stone Serif and MCPdigital by Que Corporation
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1007
`Page 6
`
`

`

`Credits
`
`President
`Roland Elgey
`
`Publisher
`Joseph B. Wikert
`
`Editorial Services Director
`Elizabeth Keaffaber
`
`Managing Editor
`Sandy Doell
`
`Director of Marketing
`Lynn E. Zingraf
`
`Title Manager
`Jim Minatel
`
`Acquisitions Manager
`Cheryl D. Willoughby
`
`Acquisitions Editor
`Doshia Stewart
`
`Product Director
`Benjamin Milstead
`
`Production Editor
`Danielle Bird
`
`Editors
`Elizabeth A. Bruns
`Noelle Gasco
`Patrick Kanouse
`Mike La Bonne
`Susan Ross Moore
`Kelly Oliver
`Brook Thaler
`
`Product Marketing Manager
`Kim Margolius
`
`Technical Editors
`Kyle Amon
`Todd Brown
`Paul Ehteridge
`Faisal Jawdat
`Greg Newman
`Paolo Papalardo
`Mark Surfas
`
`Technical Specialist
`Nadeem Muhammed
`
`Acquisitions Coordinator
`Jane Brownlow
`
`Operations Coordinator
`Patricia J. Brooks
`
`Editorial Assistant
`Andrea Duvall
`
`Book Designer
`Ruth Harvey
`
`Cover Designer
`Dan Armstrong
`
`Production Team
`Stephen Adams, Jason Carr,
`Anne Dickerson, Joan Evan,
`Jessica Ford, Trey Frank, Jason Hand,
`Daniel Harris, Damon Jordan,
`Daryl Kessler, Clint Lahnen,
`Bob LaRoche, Michelle Lee,
`Julie Quinn, Laura Robbins,
`Bobbi Satterfield, Jody York
`
`Indexer
`Tim Tate
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1007
`Page 7
`
`

`

`About the Authors
`
`Brian Behlendorf is a technologist and entrepreneur. As Chief Technology
`Officer at Organic Online, he directs the investigation and implementation of
`new functionality for Organic clients, and plays a strong role in the Internet
`public standards and software development communities. Predestined for the
`computer age when his parents met as employees at IBM, Behlendorf studied
`computer science at Berkeley where his interest in the Internet was piqued in
`1991. His interests in music and dance culture led to the establishment of one
`of the first nonacademic Web sites in early 1993, a site which has since
`grown into a collaborative publishing effort known as Hyperreal. In the fall of
`1993 he set up a Web server for Wired Magazine, at first served by a 486/66
`over a 14.4 connection. This served as the prototype for HotWired, where
`Behlendorf served as Chief Engineer. Behlendorf left in April 1995 to work for
`Organic Online, a startup he co-founded and had been moonlighting at since
`the fall of 1993. Behlendorf is also a co-founder and maintainer of the
`"www-vrml" mailing list, which served as the basis for the VRML public
`development effort, and he hosts, administrates, and contributes to the
`Apache development effort.
`
`David M . Chandler is a World Wide Web enthusiast in Cedar Rapids, Iowa.
`He currently runs Internet At Work, a Midwestern consulting firm specializ(cid:173)
`ing in network security, Intranet development, and advanced Web applica(cid:173)
`tions. Chandler previously managed Web servers for the Collins Avionics &
`Communications Division of Rockwell International. He has programmed
`computers since 1982 when he received a TI-99/4A as a gift. Chandler holds a
`degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Kansas. When he's not
`at his computer, he enjoys the mountains and flying as a private pilot. You
`can reach Chandler via e-mail at chandler@iwork.net or on the Web at
`http://www.iwork.net/-chandler.
`
`Lee Brlntle is the president and founder of Leepfrog Technologies, Inc.
`(http://www.leepfrog.com), located in Iowa City which specializes in
`custom database programming for the Web and providing direct access to the
`Internet. He has written a variety of Web browsers and servers, including a
`cable television Web browser. Lee has developed a trusted third-party user
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1007
`Page 8
`
`

`

`authentication security system for use on the Web, and also has tinkered
`with parallel processing and distributed databases. He was introduced to the
`distributed security and database arena by a too-healthy dose of the original
`MUDs. In that laughingly brief period he calls "free time," he plays Wally(cid:173)
`Ball, helps administrate the ISCABBS (telnet:/ /bbs.isca.uiowa.edu),
`enjoys role-playing, and the too-infrequent late-night card game. Lee received
`a BS in Computer Science from the University of Iowa, and can be reached at
`lbrintle@leepfrog.com. Drop him a line; he enjoys social e-mail.
`
`Rich Casselberry is currently working as the Network Manager for Current
`Technology in Durham NH (http://www.curtech.com/). He lives in
`Southern Maine with his fiancee Kandi, two cats (Mitz and Zeb) and a minia(cid:173)
`ture dachshund (Prince). Prior to working at Current Technology, Rich
`worked as a UNIX System Specialist for Cabletron Systems for four and a half
`years. It was here that he first learned about the Internet and networking.
`Rich graduated from New Hampshire Technical College in 1992 with an
`Associates degree in Computer Engineering Technology.
`
`Tobin Anthony holds a Ph.D. in aerospace engineering, but has been tinker(cid:173)
`ing with computers for over 18 years specializing in the UNIX and MacOS
`environments. A strict vegetarian, devout Roman Catholic, and lapsed private
`pilot, Anthony spends what little spare time he has with his wife Sharon and
`three children, Michelle, Austin, and Evan. Anthony works as a spacecraft
`control systems engineer at NASA's Goddard Space Flight·Center in
`Greenbelt, MD. E-mail and Web stops are welcome at tobin@pobox.com
`and http://pobox.com/-tobin.
`
`RJck Darnell is a rnidwest native who now lives with his wife and two
`daughters in Missoula, MT. He began his career in print at a small weekly
`newspaper after graduating from Kansas State University with a degree in
`broadcasting. While spending time as a freelance journalist and writer, Rick
`has seen the full gamut of personal computers since starting out with a Radio
`Shack Model I in the late 1970s. Darnell serves as a volunteer firefighter and
`member of a regional hazardous materials response team.
`
`Noel Estabrook is currently a faculty member of the College of Education at
`Michigan State University after having obtained degrees in Psychology, Edu(cid:173)
`cation, and Instructional Technology. He is heavily involved in delivering
`Internet Training and technical support to educators, professionals and lay(cid:173)
`men. In addition to writing, he also runs his own training business part-time.
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1007
`Page 9
`
`

`

`Most recently, Estabrook has been involved in authoring on the Web and co(cid:173)
`authored Que's Using UseNet Newsgroups and Using FTP. His e-mail address is
`noele@msu.edu.
`
`Jeffrey Graber is a technical consultant for Compuware Corp. at their Wash(cid:173)
`ington, DC branch. There, Graber is responsible for the management and
`development of Internet services and business. In addition, he manages a
`major client Internet site at the National Science Foundation. Graber has
`been involved in Web development almost since it began. He has developed
`several sites for other government agencies. Graber has spoken on the topic
`of the WWW at the 2nd and 4th International WWW conferences (sponsored
`by the official W3.org) as well as MecklerMedia's WebDev Conference. He
`is also founder and chair of the DC area Internet Developers Association
`(http: //www.shirenet.com/dcida/). Over the years, Graber has taught
`numerous computer science courses and given presentation at numerous
`conferences.
`
`Chris Hubbard is an Internet veteran and technical supervisor with Questar
`Microsystems, responsible for documentation, testing, and implementation
`of WebQuest products. His broad professional experience and a wide range of
`outside interests uniquely qualify him to discuss the World Wide Web in
`general, and WebQuest in particular. A member of the HTML Writers Guild,
`Hubbard has consulted and built HTML pages for numerous high-profile
`clients. For recreation, Hubbard surfs the Web discovering and correcting
`defective Web pages. You can e-mail him at chris.hubbard@questar.com.
`
`Eric Ladd is a "math teacher turned Internet teacher" and currently works as
`Internet training coordinator for Walcoff and Associates, Inc., a communica(cid:173)
`tions and technology firm in Fairfax, VA. He holds B.S. and M.S. degrees
`in Mathematics from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York,
`where he also taught calculus, linear algebra, and differential equations for
`six years. Rensselaer also taught Ladd a thing or two about running a newspa(cid:173)
`per, engineering late-night angst radio shows, and managing a bar. Away
`from work and writing, he enjoys running, ice hockey, and spending far too
`much time playing with his new computer.
`
`Robert Parker first caught the writing bug in the machine room of the Yale
`Computer Science Facility, tending mainframe systems equipped with an
`awesome 256K of core memory. He has crafted technical publications for
`such firms as Compu-Teach, DAK Industries, and most recently Quarterdeck
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1007
`Page 10
`
`

`

`Contents
`
`Ix
`
`Corporation; scripted and narrated educational videotapes, radio theater, and
`commercials; and is currently on the faculty at Glendale College, where both
`he and his father teach courses in the same division. Parker is currently com(cid:173)
`pleting his doctorate in conducting, and hopes someday to retire from a suc(cid:173)
`cessful career as a beloved professor of music.
`
`Crispen A. Scott is an independent hardware and software engineering con(cid:173)
`sultant who lists among his accomplishments such varied projects as the
`digital anti-skid braking system for the B-2 Stealth Bomber, various Windows
`drivers and applications, and embedded control systems for the medical and
`industrial control fields. Scott is currently developing home pages, CGI appli(cid:173)
`cations, and establishing Web sites for Chicago-based customers of his Com(cid:173)
`mercial, Residential and Institutional Software Corporation. In addition, Scott
`also lectures, conducts seminars, and presents training reviews nationally.
`Scott is a continuing, lifelong student who barely remembers graduation from
`the University of Tennesee, and ardently follows his favorite sports: football
`and lacrosse. In his "spare" time, Scott is continuing to polish his writing
`skills in both the poetry and science fiction genres. Scott can currently be
`reached at crisin19@starnetinc.com, and, in the near future, at his Web
`site. Search for "Chicago Developments" using your favorite search engine.
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1007
`Page 11
`
`

`

`We'd Like To Hear From You!
`
`As part of our continuing effort to produce books of the highest possible
`quality, Que would like to hear your comments. To stay competitive, we
`really want you, as a computer book reader and user, to let us know what you
`like or dislike most about this book or other Que products.
`
`You can mail comments, ideas, or suggestions for improving future editions
`to the address below, or send us a fax at (317) 581-4663. For the online in(cid:173)
`clined, Macmillan Computer Publishing has a forum on CompuServe (type
`GO QUEBOOKS at any prompt) through which our staff and authors are
`available for questions and comments. The address of our Internet site is
`http://www.mcp.com (World Wide Web).
`
`In addition to exploring our forum, please feel free to contact me personally
`to discuss your opinions of this book: I'm 102121,1324 on CompuServe, and
`bmilstead.que.mcp.com on the Internet.
`
`Thanks in advance- your comments will help us to continue publishing the
`best books av.-i.lable on computer topics in today's market.
`
`Benjamin Milstead
`Product Director
`Que Corporation
`201 W. 103rd Street
`Indianapolis, Indiana 46290
`USA
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1007
`Page 12
`
`

`

`Contents at a Glance
`
`Introduction
`Planning Your Web Server
`1 The State of the Wo.rld Wide
`Web
`2 Introduction to Web Servers
`3 Setting Up a Web Presence
`
`1
`7
`
`9
`21
`35
`
`Setting Up a Web Server
`4 Getting Started with Apache
`5 Apache Configuration
`6 Managing an Internet Web
`Server
`7 Creating and Managing an
`Intranet
`
`57
`59
`73
`
`103
`
`115
`
`Doing HTML
`8 Basic HTML: Understanding
`Hypertext
`9 HTML 2.0, HTML 3.0, and
`Extensions
`10 HTML Editors and Tools
`11 Graphics and Imagemaps
`12 HTMLForms
`
`Applications
`13 CGI Scripts and Server APis
`14 More Scripting Options
`15 Search Engines and
`Annotation Systems
`16 Usage Statistics and
`Maintaining HTML
`17 Database Access and
`Applications Integration
`18 Financial Transactions
`19 Interactive and Live
`Applications
`
`Index
`
`159
`
`193
`233
`285
`315
`
`337
`339
`355
`
`379
`
`403
`
`429
`445
`
`471
`
`497
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1007
`Page 13
`
`

`

`Contents
`
`Introduction
`1
`What This Book Is ........................................................................ 2
`What This Book Is Not ................................................................. 4
`Conventions Used in This Book .................................................. 4
`
`I Planning Your Web Server
`1 The State of the World Wide Web
`
`7
`9
`The Scope of the World Wide Web .............................................. 9
`The Web's Phenomenal Growth ................................................ 11
`The Proliferation of Web Server Software .......................... 12
`Why You Want To Be on the WWW ......................................... 13
`More Than a High-Tech Billboard:
`Your Name on the Web ................................................. 13
`Web Demographics: Who Is Your Audience? .................... 16
`Cautionary Note ................................................................. 16
`What Will the Web Be Like Tomorrow? Next Week? ................ 17
`Problems with Today's Web Technology .......................... 17
`Breaking the Speed Limits ........................................ 18
`New Technologies ..................................................... 19
`What Looks Good About the Web1s Future ....................... 20
`21
`2 Introduction to Web Servers
`Web Tech Terminology .............................................................. 21
`Definitions ......................................................................... 21
`The Client-Server Model .................................................... 22
`Web Protocols .................................................................... 22
`Understanding MIME ........................................................ 24
`Pre-WWW Protocols .......................................................... 25
`Content Delivery ........................................................................ 26
`Text .................................................................................... 26
`Graphics ............................................................................. 26
`Audio .................................................................................. 27
`Video .................................................................................. 28
`Forms .................................................................................. 28
`Virtual Reality .................................................................... 29
`Custo1n Web Scripts ........................................................... 30
`
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`Page 14
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`

`

`xiv
`
`Contents
`
`Security ....................................................................................... 30
`The WWW Security Model ................................................ 31
`Domain Restrictions ................................................. 31
`User Authentication .................................................. 31
`Data Encryption ................................................................. 31
`The Secure Sockets Layer Protocol ............................ 32
`Secure-HTTP .............................................................. 32
`35
`3 Setting Up a Web Presence
`Establishing a Presence .............................................................. 35
`Key Considerations ............................................................ 36
`Reviewing and Comparing the Alternatives ...................... 36
`Leasing Space ............................................................................. 38
`Working with Leased Space ............................................... 38
`Finding a Provider .............................................................. 38
`Costs ................................................................................... 42
`Concerns and Advantages .................................................. 42
`Connecting Your Own Web Server ............................................ 42
`Connection Types: Switched versus Leased ....................... 43
`Frame Relay ............................................................... 52
`ISDN .......................................................................... 53
`Analog Modem ......................................................... 53
`Building the Perfect Server ......................................................... 54
`
`57
`59
`
`II Setting Up a Web Server
`4 Getting Started with Apache
`Compiling Apache ..................................................................... 59
`Step 1: Edit the Configuration File .................................... 60
`Step 2: Run the Configure Script ......................................... 61
`Step 3: Run make ................................................................ 61
`Establishing the File Hierarchy .................................................. 61
`Basic Configuration .................................................................... 62
`httpd.conf .......................................................................... 63
`srm.conf ............................................................................. 65
`access.conf .......................................................................... 65
`Starting Up Apache .................................................................... 66
`Debugging the Server Start-Up Process ...................................... 67
`Apache-SSL ................................................................................. 69
`5 Apache Configuration
`73
`Configuration Basics .................................................................. 74
`Per-Directory Configuration Files ...................................... 74
`MIME Types: AddType and AddEncoding ............................ 75
`Alias, ScriptAlias, and Redirect ............................................. 77
`
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`Page 15
`
`

`

`Contents
`
`xv
`
`A Better Way To Activate CGI Scripts ................................ 78
`Directory Indexing ............................................................. 79
`User Directories .................................................................. 83
`Special Modules .......................................................................... 83
`Server Side Includes ............................................................ 84
`#include .................................................................... 84
`#exec ......................................................................... 84
`#echo ...................................................................... .. 85
`#fsize, #flastmod ....................................................... 85
`#config ...................................................................... 86
`Internal Imagemap Capabilities ......................................... 86
`Cookies ............................................................................... 87
`Configurable Logging ........................................................ 87
`NCSA Compatibility ................................................. 88
`Totally Configurable Logging ................................... 88
`Content Negotiation .......................................................... 91
`Content Type Negotiation ...................................... .. 91
`Human Language Negotiation .................................. 93
`As-Is Files ............................................................................ 94
`Advanced Functionality ............................................................. 95
`Host-Based Access Control ................................................. 95
`User Authentication ........................................................... 96
`DBM Authentication ................................................. 98
`Virtual Hosts .................................................................... 100
`Customized Error Messages .............................................. 101
`Assorted httpd.conf Settings ............................................ 101
`BindAddress ............................................................ 101
`PidFile ..................................................................... 102
`Timeout ................................................................... 102
`6 Managing an Internet Web Server
`103
`Server Child Process Control.. .................................................. 104
`The Scoreboard File and MMAP ............................................... 105
`Increasing Efficiency in the Server Software ............................ 106
`Server Side Includes .......................................................... 106
`.htaccess Files ................................................................... 107
`Using .asis Files for Server-Push Animations ................... 107
`Quick Tips on Hardware Issues ................................................ 108
`Separate Disks for Logs and Data ..................................... 108
`Disk Caching in Memory ................................................. 108
`Kernel Modifications ........................................................ 108
`Log File Rotation ...................................................................... 109
`Security Issues .......................................................................... 110
`CGI Issues ......................................................................... 110
`Server Side Includes ..................................... ..................... 111
`Symbolic Links ................................................................. 111
`Publicly Writeable Spaces ........................................ ........ 112
`
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`Page 16
`
`

`

`115
`
`7 Creating and Managing an Intranet
`Benefits of an Intranet ............................................................. 115
`Bulletin Boards ................................................................. 116
`Information Center .......................................................... 116
`Common Forms ............................................................... 117
`Workgroup Server ............................................................ 118
`Discussion Forum ............................................................. 119
`Monitoring Tool ............................................................... 120
`HTML as a User Environment .......................................... 121
`Choosing the Network ..................................................... 121
`About TCP/IP ................................................................... 122
`Using TCP/IP Software ..................................................... 124
`Trumpet Winsock ................................................... 125
`NetManage .............................................................. 125
`FTP Software .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . . 126
`MacTCP ................................................................... 126
`Other TCP/IP packages ........................................... 126
`Configuring TCP/IP .......................................................... 126
`Choosing a Browser ................................................................. 127
`The Mosaic Browser ......................................................... 128
`Netscape's Navigator ........................................................ 128
`Lynx Text Browser ........................................................... 130
`Microsoft's Internet Explorer ........................................... 131
`Chameleon's WebSurfer ................................................... 132
`Network Topology and Speed .................................................. 132
`Disk Space ................................................................................ 133
`Document Formats ................................................................... 134
`HTML ............................................................................... 134
`Microsoft Word ................................................................ 135
`Postscript .......................................................................... 135
`Adobe PDF ........................................................................ 135
`Images .............................................................................. 135
`A Combination of Formats .............................................. 135
`Setting Up the Web Documents .............................................. 136
`Managing Content ........................................................... 136
`Organizing Hierarchy ............................................. 136
`Getting Files on the Server ...................................... 13 7
`Access Control Methods .................................................. 13 7
`UNIX File Permissions ............................................ 138
`Open Access ...................................................... , ..... 139
`Distributed Access ................................................... 139
`Centralized Access .................................................. 140
`Using Multiple Access Methods .............................. 140
`
`Facebook's Exhibit No. 1007
`Page 17
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`Contents
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`· xvii
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`Adding Useful Features ............................................................ 141
`Bulletin Boards ................................................................. 141
`Handbooks and Newsletters ................................